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Chapter 2

1) The document discusses separable and exact first-order differential equations. It provides examples of using separation of variables and exact equations to solve differential equations. 2) Separable equations can be solved by separating the variables and integrating both sides. Exact equations can be solved by integrating both sides and setting them equal to an arbitrary constant. 3) Examples show solving separable equations by separating variables and integrating, and solving exact equations by checking if derivatives are equal and then integrating.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
41 views76 pages

Chapter 2

1) The document discusses separable and exact first-order differential equations. It provides examples of using separation of variables and exact equations to solve differential equations. 2) Separable equations can be solved by separating the variables and integrating both sides. Exact equations can be solved by integrating both sides and setting them equal to an arbitrary constant. 3) Examples show solving separable equations by separating variables and integrating, and solving exact equations by checking if derivatives are equal and then integrating.

Uploaded by

wazirkqasem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

First-Order Differential Equations


𝒚′ = 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚
2.2 : Separable Equation
Definition 2.2.1 (Separable Equation)

• A first-order differential equation of the form

𝒅𝒚
= 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒉 𝒙 . 𝒈(𝒚)
𝒅𝒙
is said to be separable.
Example 1: Solve the differential equation
𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎

❑Solution
∵ 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 Separable Equation
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
∴ = ⇒ න =න
𝒚 𝟏+𝒙 𝒚 𝟏+𝒙
then
𝐥𝐧 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝟏 + 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐧 𝒄 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒄 𝟏 + 𝒙
∴ 𝒚 = 𝐜(𝟏 + 𝒙)
Example 3: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
= 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
𝒅𝒚
∵ = 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒 Separable Equation
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
∴ 𝟐 = 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ න 𝟐 = න 𝒅𝒙
𝒚 −𝟒 𝒚 −𝟒
𝟏 𝒚−𝟐
∴ 𝐥𝐧 = 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟏
𝟒 𝒚+𝟐
𝒚−𝟐
⟹ 𝐥𝐧 = 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒𝒄𝟏
𝒚+𝟐

𝒚−𝟐
⟹ = ±𝒆𝟒𝒙+𝟒𝒄𝟏 = ±𝒆𝟒𝒙 𝒆𝟒𝒄𝟏 = 𝒄𝒆𝟒𝒙 𝒔. 𝒕. 𝒄 = ±𝒆𝟒𝒄𝟏
𝒚+𝟐
⟹ 𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝒚𝒄𝒆𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒄𝒆𝟒𝒙
⟹ 𝒚 − 𝒚𝒄𝒆𝟒𝒙 = 𝟐𝒄𝒆𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐
⟹ 𝒚 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒆𝟒𝒙 = 𝟐𝒄𝒆𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐
𝟐𝒄𝒆𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐
⟹ 𝒚=
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒆𝟒𝒙
Example 4: Solve the differential equation
𝟐𝒚
𝒅𝒚
𝒆 − 𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒙
❑Solution
𝒆𝟐𝒚 −𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
∴ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒅𝒙 Separable Equation
𝒆𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝒆𝟐𝒚 − 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
∴ න 𝒚
𝒅𝒚 = න 𝒅𝒙
𝒆 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

𝒚 −𝒚
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
⟹ න 𝒆 − 𝒚𝒆 𝒅𝒚 = න 𝒅𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

⟹ න 𝒆𝒚 − 𝒚𝒆−𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟐 න 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
⟹ 𝒆𝒚 − න 𝒚𝒆−𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = −𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒄

• Let
𝒖=𝒚 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒆−𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒚 𝒗 = −𝒆−𝒚

∴ 𝒆𝒚 − −𝒚𝒆−𝒚 + න 𝒆−𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = −𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒄

⟹ 𝒆𝒚 − −𝒚𝒆−𝒚 − 𝒆−𝒚 = −𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒄


⟹ 𝒆𝒚 + 𝒚𝒆−𝒚 + 𝒆−𝒚 = −𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒄
Exer. No. 6: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
− 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙
❑Solution
𝒅𝒚
∵ = 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 Separable Equation
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝐝𝒚
∴ 𝟐 = 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 ⟹ න = න 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒚 𝒚𝟐
⇒ −𝒚−𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄
𝟏
⟹ 𝒚=− 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒄
Exer. No. 20: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚 𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒙 − 𝟐
=
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝒚 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝒙 − 𝟑

❑Solution

𝒅𝒚 𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒚 𝒙 + 𝟐 − (𝒙 + 𝟐) (𝒚 − 𝟏) 𝒙 + 𝟐
∵ = = =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝒚 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒚(𝒙 − 𝟑) + 𝒙 − 𝟑 (𝒚 + 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑)

Separable Equation

𝒚+𝟏 𝒙+𝟐
∴ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒅𝒙
𝒚−𝟏 𝒙−𝟑
𝒚−𝟏+𝟐 𝒙−𝟑+𝟓
⟹ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒅𝒙
𝒚−𝟏 𝒙−𝟑

𝟐 𝟓
⟹ 𝟏+ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟏 + 𝒅𝒙
𝒚−𝟏 𝒙−𝟑

𝟐 𝟓
∴ න 𝟏+ 𝒅𝒚 = න 𝟏 + 𝒅𝒙
𝒚−𝟏 𝒙−𝟑

∴ 𝒚 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝒙 + 𝟓 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟑 + 𝒄
Exer. No. 28: Solve the differential equation
𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 𝟏 =𝟎

❑Solution
∵ 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 Separable Equation
𝒅𝒚 𝒙𝒅𝒙
∴ න 𝟐
+න 𝟒
=𝒄
𝟏 + 𝟒𝒚 𝟏+𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒄
−𝟏
⇒ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟐𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐𝒄
𝟐 𝟐
𝝅
at 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟎 then 𝒄 =
𝟖
−𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐
𝝅
∴ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 =
𝟒
2.4 : Exact Equation
• The first-order differential equation
𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

➢is called an exact equation if


𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
= 𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝒚 = 𝑵𝒙 .
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

➢is called nonexact equation if


𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
≠ 𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝒚 ≠ 𝑵𝒙
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
Example 1: Solve the differential equation
𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

❑Solution
∵ 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
∴ = 𝟐𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝟐𝒙
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
•∵ = , then the differential equation is exact
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

∴ න 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + න 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒖 ⟹ 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒚 = 𝒖

Then
⟹ 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒚 = 𝒄.
Example 3: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚 𝒙 𝒚𝟐 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
=
𝒅𝒙 𝒚(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )

❑Solution
∵ 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝒚𝟐
𝟐
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒚(𝟏 − 𝒙 )
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
∵ = −𝟐𝒙 𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 = −𝟐𝒚𝒙
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
•∴ = , then the differential equation is exact
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
∵ න 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + න (𝒚 − 𝒙 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝒖

𝟏 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒚 𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐
∴ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 − + − =𝒖
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒚 𝟐
⟹ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 − + = 𝒄𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
∴𝒚 𝟏−𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝒄 𝒔. 𝒕. 𝒄 = 𝟐𝒄𝟏
OR
𝟐
𝝏𝒇 𝒚
∵ = 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒚 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ⟹ 𝒇= 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒉 𝒙
𝝏𝒚 𝟐
𝝏𝒇 𝟐
𝒅𝒉
= 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 = −𝒙𝒚 + = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒉 𝟏
∴ = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 ⟹ 𝒉 𝒙 = න 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
• Thus
𝒚𝟐 𝟏
𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒄𝟏
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

⟹ 𝒚𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒄
Exer. No. 9: Solve the differential equation
𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝒚𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒚

❑Solution

∵ 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝒚𝟑 𝒅𝒙

⟹ 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎


∵ 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝝏𝑴 𝟐
𝝏𝑵
= 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟐𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
∴ =
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
• Then the differential equation is exact
∴ න 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + න 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝐮
𝟐
𝒙
⟹ 𝒙𝒚𝟑 − + 𝒚𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝒚𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝐮
𝟐
𝟐
𝒙
∴ 𝒙𝒚𝟑 − + 𝒚𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝒄
𝟐
Integrating Factors:

𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
• Let 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 and ≠ then the
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

DE is nonexact.

• That is, it is sometimes possible to find an integrating factor


𝝁 𝒙, 𝒚 so that after multiplying, the left-hand side of
𝜇 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜇 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0,

is an exact differential equation.


• If
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵

𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝑴𝒚 − 𝑵𝒙
= =𝒇 𝒙
𝑵 𝑵
is a function depends only on 𝑥, then an integrating factor is
‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒇 ׬‬
𝝁 𝒙 =𝒆
• Multiply the differential equation by an integrating factor
𝝁 𝒙 , then the equation will be exact.
𝝁 𝒙 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝝁 𝒙 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
OR

• If
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵

𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝑴𝒚 − 𝑵𝒙
= =𝐠 𝒚
𝑴 𝑴
is a function depends only on 𝑦, then an integrating factor is
− ‫𝒚𝒅 𝒚 𝐠 ׬‬
𝝁 𝒚 =𝒆
• Multiply the differential equation by an integrating factor
𝝁 𝒚 , then the equation will be exact.
𝝁 𝒚 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝝁 𝒚 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎.
Example 4: Solve the differential equation
𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

❑Solution
∵ 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
= 𝑴𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝑵𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
•∴ ≠ , then the D. E. is nonexact
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
− = 𝑴𝒚 − 𝑵𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 = −𝟑𝒙
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
If
𝑴𝒚 − 𝑵𝒙 −𝟑𝒙
= 𝟐
𝑵 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎
depends on 𝒙 and y.
• We find
𝑴𝒚 − 𝑵𝒙 −𝟑𝒙 𝟑
= =−
𝑴 𝒙𝒚 𝒚
depends only on 𝒚

• Then the integrating factor is


𝟑
− ‫ ׬‬− 𝒅𝒚
𝝁 𝐲 = 𝒆 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟑 𝐥𝐧 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟑
∴ 𝒙𝒚 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐
𝟐𝒙 𝒚 𝟑 + 𝟑𝒚 𝟓 − 𝟐𝟎𝒚 𝟑 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 the DE is exact

⟹ න 𝒙𝒚𝟒 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟑𝒚𝟓 − 𝟐𝟎𝒚𝟑 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑢

𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟔
⇒ 𝒙 𝒚 + 𝒙 𝒚 + 𝒚 − 𝟓𝒚𝟒 = 𝒖
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟔 𝟒
∴ 𝒙 𝒚 + 𝒚 − 𝟓𝒚 = 𝒄
𝟐 𝟐
Exer. No. 31: Solve the differential equation
𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

❑Solution
∵ 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚
𝑴𝒚 = 𝟒𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑵𝒙 = 𝟐𝒚
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
•∴ ≠ , then the differential equation is nonexact
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝑴𝒚 − 𝑵𝒙 = 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟐𝒚
𝑴𝒚 − 𝑵𝒙 𝟐𝒚 𝟏
⟹ = =
𝑵 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒙
depends only on 𝒙
• Then the integrating factor is
𝟏
‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙׬‬
𝝁 𝒙 = 𝒆 = 𝒆𝐥𝐧 𝒙 = 𝒙
∴ 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎,
the differential equation is exact.

න 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + න 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝒖

⟹ 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒖
∴ 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒄
2.3 : Linear Equation
Definition 2.2.2 (Linear Equation)
•A first-order differential equation of the form

𝒅𝒚
𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟎 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒈 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
is said to be a linear equation in the dependent
variable 𝒚.
Solving a linear first-order equation in 𝒚:

 Step 1: Put a linear equation into the standard form

𝒅𝒚
+𝑷 𝒙 𝒚=𝑸 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
 Step 2: From the standard form identify 𝑷 𝒙 and find
the integrating factor (I.F.)

𝝁 𝒙 = 𝒆‫𝑷 ׬‬ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
 Step 3: Multiply the standard form of the equation by the
integrating factor (I.F.). The left-hand side of the resulting
equation is automatically the derivative of the integrating
factor and 𝒚:
𝒅
𝝁 𝒙 𝒚 =𝝁 𝒙 𝑸 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
 Step 4: Integrate both sides of this last equation

𝒚 𝝁 𝒙 = න 𝝁 𝒙 𝑸 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 .
Solving a linear first-order equation in 𝒙:
• Step 1: Put a linear equation into the standard form

𝒅𝒙
+𝑷 𝒚 𝒙=𝑸 𝒚
𝒅𝒚

• Step 2: From the standard form identify 𝑷 𝒚 and find


the integrating factor (I.F.)
‫𝒚𝒅 𝒚 𝑷 ׬‬
𝝁 𝒚 =𝒆
• Step 3: Multiply the standard form of the equation by the
integrating factor (I.F.). The left-hand side of the
resulting equation is automatically the derivative of the
integrating factor and 𝒙:
𝒅
𝝁 𝒚 𝒙 =𝝁 𝒚 𝑸 𝒚
𝒅𝒚
• Step 4: Integrate both sides of this last equation
𝒙 𝝁 𝒚 = න 𝝁 𝒚 𝑸 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 .
Example 2: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
− 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟔
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
• The differential equation is linear in 𝒚, then
𝑷 𝒙 = −𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑸 𝒙 = 𝟔
• Hence the integral factor is
‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝑷 ׬‬ ‫ ׬‬−𝟑𝒅𝒙
∴𝝁 𝒙 =𝒆 =𝒆 = 𝒆−𝟑𝒙
• Then the solution of differential equation is given by

∴ 𝝁 𝒙 𝒚 = න 𝝁 𝒙 𝑸 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

⟹ −𝟑𝒙
𝒆 𝒚 = න 𝟔𝒆−𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝟐𝒆−𝟑𝒙 +𝒄

∴ 𝒚 = −𝟐 + 𝒄𝒆𝟑𝒙
Example 3: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝒙𝟔 𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
𝒅𝒚 𝟔 𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝟒
∵𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒆 ⟹ − 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟓 𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙
• The differential equation is linear in 𝒚, then
𝟒
𝑷 𝒙 =− 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑸 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟓 𝒆𝒙
𝒙
• Hence the integral factor is
𝟒
‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝑷 ׬‬ ‫ ׬‬−𝒙𝒅𝒙
∴𝝁 𝒙 =𝒆 = 𝒆 = 𝒆−𝟒𝐥𝐧𝒙 = 𝒙−𝟒
• Then the solution of differential equation is given by
∴ 𝝁 𝒙 𝒚 = න 𝝁 𝒙 𝑸 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

⟹ 𝒙−𝟒 𝒚 = න 𝒙−𝟒 𝒙𝟓 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙

• Let
𝒖=𝒙 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙

∴ 𝒙−𝟒 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙 − න 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄

∴ 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟓 − 𝒙𝟒 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄𝒙𝟒
Example 5: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
+𝒚=𝒙 , 𝒚 𝟎 =𝟒
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
• The differential equation is linear in 𝒚, then
𝑷 𝒙 =𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑸 𝒙 = 𝒙

• Hence the integral factor is


‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝑷 ׬‬ ‫𝒙𝒅 ׬‬ 𝒙
∴𝝁 𝒙 =𝒆 =𝒆 = 𝒆
• Then the solution of differential equation is given by
∴ 𝝁 𝒙 𝒚 = න 𝝁 𝒙 𝑸 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

⟹ 𝒆𝒙 𝒚 = න 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙 − න 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄

∴ 𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒆−𝒙
• But from the initial condition we know that 𝒚 = 𝟒 when 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝟎
𝟒 = 𝟎 − 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒆 ⇒ 𝒄=𝟓
∴ 𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟏 + 𝟓𝒆−𝒙
Exer. No. 15: Solve the differential equation
𝒚 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟔 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

❑Solution
𝒅𝒙 𝟒 𝟓
∵ − 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒚
𝒅𝒚 𝒚
• The differential equation is linear in 𝒙, then
𝟒
𝑷 𝒚 = − 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑸 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒚𝟓
𝒚
• Hence the integral factor is
𝟒
‫𝒚𝒅 𝒚 𝑷 ׬‬ ‫𝒚𝒅𝒚 ׬‬

∴𝝁 𝒚 =𝒆 =𝒆 = 𝒆−𝟒 𝐥𝐧 𝒚 = 𝒚−𝟒
• Then the solution of differential equation is given by

∴ 𝒙 𝝁 𝒚 = න 𝝁 𝒚 𝑸 𝒚 𝒅𝒚

𝒙 𝒚−𝟒 = න 𝒚−𝟒 𝟒𝒚𝟓 𝒅𝒚 = න 𝟒𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝒄

∴ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒚𝟔 + 𝒄 𝒚𝟒
Exer. No. 17: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
𝒅𝒚
∵ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟏
⇒ + 𝒚=
𝒅𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
• The differential equation is linear in 𝒚, then
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟏
𝑷 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑸 𝒙 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
• Hence the integral factor is
‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝑷 ׬‬
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
‫𝒙𝒅𝒙 𝐬𝐨𝐜׬‬ − 𝐥𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝟏
∴𝝁 𝒙 =𝒆 = 𝒆 =𝒆 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
• Then the solution of differential equation is given by
𝒚 𝝁 𝒙 = න 𝝁 𝒙 𝑸 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝒚 =න 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = න 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒄
∴ 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
2.5 : Solutions by Substitution

2.5.1: Homogeneous
Equations
• A first-order differential equation of the form
𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

is said to be homogeneous if both coefficient functions 𝑴


and 𝑵 are homogeneous equations of the same degree. In
other words, if
𝜶
𝑴 𝒕𝒙, 𝒕𝒚 = 𝒕 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑵 𝒕𝒙, 𝒕𝒚 = 𝜶
𝒕 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 .
• Then 𝑴 and 𝑵 are homogeneous functions of degree
𝜶,
• Let
𝒚
𝒗= ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒗𝒙
𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒗
⇒ =𝒗 +𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
• Then the homogeneous equation will be transformed to a
separable equation.
Example 1: Solve the differential equation
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 − 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

❑Solution
• Cleary, the differential equation is Homogenous
• Let
𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒗
𝒗= ⟹ 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒗 ⟹ =𝒗+𝒙
𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟐
∵ =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒗 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐
∴𝒗+𝒙 = 𝟐 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒗 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒗−𝟏
𝟐
𝒅𝒗 𝟏 + 𝒗
⟹ 𝒙 = −𝒗
𝒅𝒙 𝒗−𝟏

𝒅𝒗 𝟏 +𝒗𝟐 −𝒗𝟐 +𝒗 𝟏+ 𝒗
⟹ 𝒙 = =
𝒅𝒙 𝒗−𝟏 𝒗−𝟏

𝒗−𝟏 𝒅𝒙
⟹ 𝒅𝒗 =
𝒗+𝟏 𝒙
𝒗+𝟏−𝟏−𝟏 𝒅𝒙
⟹ න 𝒅𝒗 = න
𝒗+𝟏 𝒙
𝒗+𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
⟹ න − 𝒅𝒗 = න
𝒗+𝟏 𝒗+𝟏 𝒙
𝟐 𝒅𝒙
⟹ න 𝟏− 𝒅𝒗 = න
𝒗+𝟏 𝒙
⟹ 𝒗 − 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒗 + 𝟏 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝒚 𝒚
∴ − 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝟏 + = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝒙 𝒙
Exer. No. 6: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚 𝒚 − 𝒙
=
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 + 𝒚

❑Solution
• Cleary, the differential equation is Homogenous
• Let
𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒗
𝒗= ⟹ 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒗 ⟹ =𝒗+𝒙
𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒗 𝒗𝒙 − 𝒙 𝒗 − 𝟏
∴𝒗+𝒙 = =
𝒅𝒙 𝒗𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒗 + 𝟏
𝒅𝒗 𝒗 − 𝟏 𝒗 − 𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗 𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐
⟹𝒙 = −𝒗= =−
𝒅𝒙 𝒗 + 𝟏 𝒗+𝟏 𝒗+𝟏
𝒗+𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝒗+𝟏 𝒅𝒙
∴ 𝟐
𝒅𝒗 = − ⟹ න 𝟐
𝒅𝒗 = − න
𝟏+𝒗 𝒙 𝟏+𝒗 𝒙

𝒗 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
⟹න 𝟐
𝒅𝒗 + න 𝟐
𝒅𝒗 = − න
𝟏+𝒗 𝟏+𝒗 𝒙

𝟏
∴ 𝐥𝐧 𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒗 = − 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟐
𝟏 𝒚 𝟐 𝒚
−𝟏
⟹ 𝐥𝐧 𝟏 + + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 = − 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟐 𝒙 𝒙
Exer. No. 13: Solve the differential equation
𝒚 𝒚
𝒙 + 𝒚𝒆 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒆 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

❑Solution
𝒚 𝒚
𝒙 + 𝒚𝒆 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝒆 𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝒚
𝒅𝒚 𝒙 + 𝒚𝒆 𝒙 𝒚
− 𝒙 𝒚
⟹ = 𝒚 = 𝒆 +
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝒆 𝒙 𝒙
• Cleary, the differential equation is Homogenous
• Let
𝒚
𝒗= ⟹ 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒗
𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒗
⟹ =𝒗+𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒗
∴𝒗+𝒙 = 𝒗 + 𝒆−𝒗
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒗
⟹ 𝒙 = 𝒆−𝒗
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒗 𝒆−𝒗
⟹ =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒙
⟹ −𝒗
=
𝒆 𝒙
𝒗
𝒅𝒙
⟹ න𝒆 𝒅𝒗 = න
𝒙

∴ 𝒆𝒗 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐧 𝒄 ⟹ 𝒆𝒗 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒄𝒙
𝒚
∴ 𝒆𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒄𝒙
2.5 : Solutions by Substitution

2.5.2:
Bernoulli’s
Equation:

Johann Bernoulli
• The differential equation
𝒅𝒚 𝒏
+𝑷 𝒙 𝒚=𝑸 𝒙 𝒚
𝒅𝒙
where 𝑛 is any real number, is called Bernoulli’s equation.
Note that for 𝒏 = 𝟎 and 𝒏 = 𝟏, the equation is linear.

• For 𝒏 ≠ 𝟎 and 𝒏 ≠ 𝟏, multiply the equation into 𝒚−𝒏 , we


have
−𝒏
𝒅𝒚 𝟏−𝒏
𝒚 +𝑷 𝒙 𝒚 =𝑸 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
• let
𝒖 = 𝒚𝟏−𝒏 ⇒ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟏 − 𝒏 𝒚−𝒏 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒖 −𝒏
⇒ = 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝟏−𝒏
• Then
𝟏 𝒅𝒖
+𝑷 𝒙 𝒖=𝑸 𝒙
𝟏 − 𝒏 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖
⇒ + 𝟏−𝒏 𝑷 𝒙 𝒖= 𝟏−𝒏 𝑸 𝒙 .
𝒅𝒙
• Then the equation is linear in 𝒖.
Example 2: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
• We first rewrite the equation as
𝒅𝒚 𝟏
+ 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
• This is a Bernoulli differential equation. Multiply by 𝒚−𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝟏
∴ 𝒚−𝟐 + 𝒚−𝟏 = 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
• With 𝒏 = 𝟐, we let
−𝟏
𝒅𝒖 −𝟐
𝒅𝒚 −𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
𝒖= 𝒚 ⇒ = −𝒚 ⇒ 𝒚 =−
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
• We get
𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝒅𝒖 𝟏
− + 𝒖 =𝒙 ⇒ − 𝒖 = −𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙

• The differential equation is linear in 𝒖, then


𝟏
𝒑 𝒙 =− 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒒 𝒙 = −𝒙
𝒙
• Hence the integral factor is
𝟏
− ‫𝒙𝒅 ׬‬
𝝁 𝒙 = 𝒆‫𝒑 ׬‬ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝒆 𝒙 = 𝒆− 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒙−𝟏
• Then the solution of differential equation is given by

𝒖 𝝁 𝒙 = න 𝝁 𝒙 𝒒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

⟹ 𝒖 𝒙−𝟏 = න − 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒙 + 𝒄

∴ 𝒚−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 = −𝒙 + 𝒄 ⟹ 𝒚−𝟏 = 𝒄𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐


𝟏
∴𝒚=
𝒄𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
Exer. No. 16: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
− 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟐 𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
• This is a Bernoulli differential equation. Multiply by 𝒚−𝟐
−𝟐
𝒅𝒚
∴𝒚 − 𝒚−𝟏 = 𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒙
• With 𝒏 = 𝟐, we let
−𝟏
𝒅𝒖 −𝟐
𝒅𝒚 −𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
𝒖=𝒚 ⇒ = −𝒚 ⇒ 𝒚 =−
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
• We get
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
− − 𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 ⇒ + 𝒖 = −𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
• The differential equation is linear in 𝒖, then
𝒑 𝒙 =𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒒 𝒙 = −𝒆𝒙

• Hence the integral factor is


‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒑 ׬‬ ‫𝒙𝒅 ׬‬ 𝒙
𝝁 𝒙 =𝒆 =𝒆 =𝒆

• Then the solution of differential equation is given by


∴ 𝒖 𝝁 𝒙 = න 𝝁 𝒙 𝒒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 𝟐𝒙
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
⟹ 𝒖 𝒆 = න −𝒆 𝒅𝒙 =− 𝒆 +𝒄
𝟐
−𝟏
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
𝒙
⟹𝒚 𝒆 =− 𝒆 +𝒄
𝟐
−𝟏
𝟏 𝒙 −𝒙
⟹𝒚 =− 𝒆 +𝒄𝒆
𝟐
𝟐𝒄 𝒆 − 𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙
⟹ 𝒚−𝟏 =
𝟐
𝟐
∴ 𝒚 =
𝟐𝒄 𝒆− 𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙
Exer. No. 21: Solve the differential equation
𝟐
𝒅𝒚
𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 = 𝟑 𝒚𝟒
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
• This is a Bernoulli differential equation. Divided by 𝒚𝟒 𝒙𝟐
(multiply by 𝒚−𝟒 𝒙−𝟐 )
−𝟒
𝒅𝒚 𝟐 −𝟑
∴𝒚 − 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙−𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
• With 𝒏 = 𝟒, we let
−𝟑
𝒅𝒖 −𝟒
𝒅𝒚 −𝟒
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝒅𝒖
𝒖=𝒚 ⇒ = −𝟑𝒚 ⇒ 𝒚 =−
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟑 𝒅𝒙
• We get
𝟏 𝒅𝒖 𝟐 𝟑
− − 𝒖= 𝟐
𝟑 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝒅𝒖 𝟔 𝟗
⇒ + 𝒖=− 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
• The differential equation is linear in 𝒖, then
𝟔 𝟗
𝒑 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒒 𝒙 = − 𝟐
𝒙 𝒙
• Hence the integral factor is
𝟔
‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒑 ׬‬ ‫𝒙𝒅𝒙׬‬
𝝁 𝒙 =𝒆 = 𝒆 = 𝒆𝟔 𝐥𝐧 𝒙
= 𝒙𝟔
• Then the solution of differential equation is given by
∴ 𝒖 𝝁 𝒙 = න 𝝁 𝒙 𝒒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝟔 𝟔
𝟗 𝟒
𝟗 𝟓
⟹ 𝒖𝒙 = න𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = −𝟗 න 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝒙 𝟓
𝟗
⟹ 𝒚−𝟑 𝒙𝟔 = − 𝒙𝟓 + 𝒄
𝟓
−𝟑
𝟗 −𝟏
⟹𝒚 = − 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒙−𝟔
𝟓
2.5 : Solutions by Substitution

2.5.3: Reduction to
Separation of Variables
• A differential equation of the form
𝒅𝒚
= 𝒇 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪 ,
𝒅𝒙
can always be reduced to an equation with separable variables by
means of the substitution
𝒖 = 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪, 𝑩≠𝟎
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
=𝑨+𝑩 ⇒ 𝑩 = −𝑨
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝒅𝒖
⇒ = −𝑨
𝒅𝒙 𝑩 𝒅𝒙
Then
𝟏 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
−𝑨 =𝒇 𝒖 ⇒ = 𝑩𝒇 𝒖 +𝑨
𝑩 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Example 3: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
= −𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 𝟐 − 𝟕
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
• Let
𝒖 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
∴ = −𝟐 + ⟹ = +𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖
∴ + 𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 − 𝟕
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖
⟹ = 𝒖𝟐 − 𝟗
𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝟐 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 ⟹ න 𝟐 𝒅𝒖 = න 𝒅𝒙
𝒖 −𝟗 𝒖 −𝟗

𝟏 𝒖−𝟑
⟹ 𝐥𝐧 =𝒙+𝒄
𝟔 𝒖+𝟑

𝟏 −𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟑
⟹ ∴ 𝐥𝐧 =𝒙+𝒄
𝟔 −𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟑
Exer. No. 27: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
= 𝟐 + 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
• Let
𝒖 = 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
∴ = −𝟐 ⟹ = +𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖
∴ +𝟐=𝟐+ 𝒖
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖
⟹ = 𝒖
𝒅𝒙

𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 ⟹ න 𝒅𝒖 = න 𝒅𝒙
𝒖 𝒖

⟹ 𝟐 𝒖=𝒙+𝒄

⟹ ∴ 𝟐 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝒙 + 𝒄
Exer. No. 29: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙 + 𝒚)
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
• Let
𝒖=𝒙+𝒚
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
∴ =𝟏+ ⟹ = −𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖
∴ − 𝟏 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖
⟹ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 + 𝟏
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
∴ = 𝒅𝒙 ⟹ න = න 𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 + 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 + 𝟏
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 (𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖) 𝒅𝒖
⟹ න 𝟐
= න 𝒅𝒙 ⟹ න 𝟐
= න 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖

⟹ න 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒖 − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = න 𝒅𝒙

⟹ − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 + 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 = 𝒙 + 𝒄
⟹ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝒄
Or, we can solve the integral
𝒅𝒖
𝑰=න
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 + 𝟏
by using
𝒖
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 + 𝟏 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐
𝟐

𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝟐
𝒖
∴ 𝑰=න =න 𝒖 = න 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒅𝒖
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒖 𝒙+𝒚 𝟐
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝟐 𝟐

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