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Basics and Logarithm, Mod, WCM

Basic Math, Higher Mathematics expert notes which gives you insight in the depth of mathematics. It also includes the examples to make your understanding stable.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
317 views

Basics and Logarithm, Mod, WCM

Basic Math, Higher Mathematics expert notes which gives you insight in the depth of mathematics. It also includes the examples to make your understanding stable.

Uploaded by

Abhishek Asthana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basics of Mathematics JEE aDVANCED

Syllabus
 Number System
 Ratio and Proportion
 Wavy Curve Method
 Irrational Inequality
 Modulus
 Logarithm

Basics - Need to memorize


 Tables 1 to 19 Squares 1 to 30

 Cube 1 – 12

Number System
 Natural Number(N)or counting numbers: N={1,2,3,4………∞}
 Whole Numbers(W): W={0,1,2,3,4………∞}
 Integers(Z or I): I={0,±1,±2,±3,±4………∞}
o Positive Integer I+ = {1, 2, 3, …….} = N
o Negative Integers I- = {…..-3, -2, -1}
o Non-negative integers = {0, 1, 2, 3,…….}
o Non – positive integers {…….-3, -2, -1, 0}
 Even Integers = {…-4, -2, 0, 2, 4….}
 Odd Integers = {….-3, -1, 1, 3….}
 Prime Numbers: Natural Numbers which has exactly 2 factors, 2 is only even prime number = {2, 3, 5, …..}
 Composite No: Natural Numbers which has more than 2 facotrs-{4, 6, 8….}
o Note
 1 is neither prime nor a composite no
 2 is smallest prime no and 4 is smallest composite no
 Twin Prime no :2 prime numbers with difference 2. eg:{5,7},{11,13}
 Co-prime/relatively prime :two natural numbers(not necessarily prime) having HCF=1, (2,3), (9,10), (1, 2)
o Consecutive natural nos are always co-prime
o 2 primer numbers are always co-prime
𝑝
 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔(𝑸): 𝑄 = {𝑞 |𝑝 ∈ 𝐼, 𝑞 ∈ 𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 ≠ 0}
22
o 7
= 3.14287
𝑝
o 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑞 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
5
Q 2.5 = 2
5
Q 0.5 =
9
Q ̅̅̅̅ =?,
3. 14
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 3.141414 … … … … … … …
100𝑥 = 314.141414 … … ….
311
99𝑥 = 311 ⇒ 𝑥 =
99
̅̅̅ ̅̅̅ = 3 + 14
Direct 3. 14 = 3 + 0. ̅14
̅
99
𝑸𝒄
 𝑰𝒓𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒐 𝑸′ − 𝑸 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆:
Def 1: can^' t be written in p/q form
𝑒𝑔: √2, √3, √5, 𝜋
22
𝜋≈ (𝑖𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 7), 𝜋 ≈ 3.14(𝑖𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙 𝑒𝑜𝑓 100)
7
22 22
𝜋 = 3.14159, = 3.14287 𝑠𝑜 𝜋 − ≠0
7 7
Def 2 : Non repeating and nen terminating number are irrational number but repeating and non-terminating are
rational number

 Real no: R=Q∪IR


 Complex Number (C)(imaginary number):
−𝑏±√𝐷
o 𝑥 2 + 1 = 0, 𝑥 = 2𝑎
o 𝑥 = ±√−1 = ±𝑖
𝑵⊂𝑾⊂𝑰⊂𝑸⊂𝑹⊂𝑪

Ratio and Proportion

Ratio –
 Used to compare two comparable quantities. Eg : sides of two triangles, radius of two circles.
𝑎
 If a and b are two quantities of same kind then ratio is a : b which can also be written as 𝑏 .
 In a : b, a(antecedent) and b(consequent)
𝑎 𝑚𝑎 𝑛𝑎
 𝑏
= 𝑚𝑏
= 𝑛𝑏
 Comparison of two ratios
o (a : b) > (c : d) if ad > bc
o (a : b) = (c : d) if ad = bc
o (a : b) < (c : d) if ad < bc
Q What term must be added to each term of the ratio 5 : 37 to make it equal to 1 : 3 ?
Hint: Let’s add x. make equation and solve to get x x = 11.
Q What term must be added to each term of the ratio 11 : 59 to make it equal to 1 : 4 ?
Hint: Let’s add x. make equation and solve to get x x = 5.
Q If x: y = 3: 4; find the ratio of 7x – 4y : 3x + y.
Hint: keep x = 3y/4. 5: 13
Q If x: y = 4: 3; find the ratio of 2x + 4y : 4x + y. 20:19
Q In a triangle the sides are in the ratio 7:24:25. If its parameter is 112. Find its area. Ans(Sides 14, 48, 50--PGT) 336

Proportion
 When two ratios are equal, then the four quantities compositing them are said to be proportional.
𝑎 𝑐
 So if 𝑏 = 𝑑, then it is written as a : b = c : d or a : b :: c : d, Where 'a' and 'd' are known as extremes and 'b and c' are
known as means.
Q

Exponent formulae
 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥+𝑦
𝑎𝑥
 = 𝑎 𝑥−𝑦
𝑎𝑦
 (𝑎 𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥𝑦
 𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 𝑎 = (𝑥𝑦)𝑎

Quadratic Equation
𝑏 𝑐 √𝐷
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑜, 𝑖𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝛼𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝛼 + 𝛽 = − , 𝛼. 𝛽 = , 𝛼 − 𝛽 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐷 = √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
(−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐)
𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
2𝑎

Important Formulae

a. 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 = 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0, 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧


Inequalities
𝑎 > 𝑏, 𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑎=𝑏

𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠:
1. we can add some or subtract some, sign of inequalities remains the same.
2. if we multiply and divide by the positive number , the sign of inequality will be same
3. if we multiply and divide by the negative number the sign of inequality will be changed
4. if we take reciprocal both sides, the sign of inequality will be changed.
5. Squaring both sides.

Wavy Curve Method


( x  a1 ) k1 ( x  a2 ) k2 ( x  a3 ) k3 ......( x  an ) kn
Let g ( x)  where everything is real number then to solve the inequality g(x)>0
( x  b1 )k1 ( x  b2 ) k2 ( x  b3 ) k3 ......( x  bn ) kn
or g(x)<0

1. Find zeroes.
2. Mark it on number line.
3. Determine sign in any interval and alternate the sign.
a. Odd Power – Sign change
b. Even power – No sign change
4. For g(x)>0; take the union of all the positive intervals and for g(x)<0 take the union of all the negative intervals.

Solve the following questions

Q ( x  2)  0 x  (2, )
Q ( x  2)( x  3)  0 x  (, 2)  (3, )
Q ( x  1) 2 ( x  2)  0 x  (2, )
( x  1)2022 ( x  2)2024
Q 0 x  (2,3)
( x  3)2023
5
( x  1)6 (2  x)
Q 0 x  [2,3)
( x  3)
Q Find x if ( x  2) 2 ( x  3)( x  4)( x  5)  0 is defined.
Q Find the number of integral values of variable x satisfying the following pairs
( x  2)( x  4)
 0 and x 2  10 x  39  0
( x  13)
Q MDPP ( x 2  x)( x 3  x)( x 5  x )  0
( x 2  7 x  12)
Q MDPP The solution set of 0
100( x 2  x  1)
( x 2  3x  4)
Q MDPP Find the number of integers in the solution set of 2 0
( x  4 x  3)
1
Q Solve 0
( x  2)
x2  4x 1
Q MDPP Solve 
x2 x2
x2 1 5  17
Q The complete solution of  0 and x 2  5 x  2  0 x  [1, ]
x3 2
Q No of non-negative integral values of x satisfying the inequality
2 1 2x 1
  3 0 3
x  x 1 x 1 x 1
2

Q MDPP solve for X, x2  4 x  x  2

Modulus
(Absolute Value Function)

Absolute value means without sign


 Absolute value of +2 is 2 ,of -2 is 2, of π is π, of -7 is 7
So
a. +ve no’s absolute value = same
b. -ve no’s absolute value = (-1)×number
c. Absolute value of 0 = 0

Definition of Mod function


𝑥, 𝑥≥0
|𝑥| = {
−𝑥 𝑥<0

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ≥ 0
|𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛| = {
−𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 < 0

𝑒𝑔:

1. √(−2)2 = 2
2. √(−1)2 = 1
3. √(2)2 = 2
4. √(log 1 7)2 = − log 1 7 = log 2 7
2 2

𝑥, 𝑥≥0
𝑠𝑜 √𝑥 2 = √(−𝑥)2 = |−𝑥| = |𝑥| = {
−𝑥 𝑥<0

Q |𝑥| = 5, 𝑠𝑜 𝑥 = ±5
Q |𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 − 3| = 5, 2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 3 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠, 3 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑛 4 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛:
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥,
𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼: 𝑓𝑜𝑟 3 ≤ 𝑥
9
(𝑥 − 1) + (𝑥 − 3) = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑥 = (𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑)𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑧 𝑥 ≥ 3 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑑𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
2
𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝐼 𝑓𝑜𝑟 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 3
(𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 − 3) = 5, 4 ≠ 5 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − ∞ ≤ 𝑥 < 1
1
−𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 + 3 = 5, 𝑥 = − , 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑧 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, )
2

Q |𝑥| − |𝑥 − 2| = 2 (𝑥 ≥ 2, 𝑠𝑜 ∞ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛)
1 5
Q |𝑥 + 1| + |𝑥 + 2| = 2 (𝑥 = − 2 , − 2)
9 13
Q |3𝑥 − 2| + 𝑥 = 11 (𝑥 = − 2 ,4
)
2 −1
Q |𝑥 − 2|10𝑥 = |𝑥 − 2|3𝑥
𝒊𝒇 {𝒂(𝒙)}𝒃(𝒙) = {𝒂(𝒙)}𝒄(𝒙) 𝒔𝒐 𝟐 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔, 𝒆𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒂(𝒙) = 𝟏, 𝒐𝒓 𝒃(𝒙) = 𝒄(𝒙), 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌
𝟏 𝟎
𝒆𝒈: 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝟑𝒙 = 𝒃𝟐𝒙 𝒔𝒐 𝒆𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙, 𝒊 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒅𝒍 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒈𝒆𝒕 𝟎𝟎 , 𝒐𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎
𝟎 𝟎
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛: 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼 ∶ |𝑥 − 2| = 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑥 = 3, 1, 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑
1 1
𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝐼: 10𝑥 2 − 1 = 3𝑥, 𝑠𝑜 𝑥 = 2 , − 5 (𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑)

Q 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 |𝑥 − 3| + 2|𝑥 + 1| = 4 𝑥 = −1


3𝑥 2 −10𝑥+3 1
Q |𝑥 − 3| =1 𝑥 ≠ 3, 𝑥 = 3 , 4, 2

Exponent and Log Theory

 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎:
o 𝑁 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 (+𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑜)𝑁 = 𝑎↖𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥⟵𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
o 𝑁 > 0, 𝑎 > 0 & 𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
o 𝑠𝑜 𝑎 𝑥 > 0 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
o 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒 = 2.71828
 𝑳𝒐𝒈𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎:
o 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑁 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
o log 𝑎 𝑁 = 𝑥 (𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑁 > 0, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
Q log 81 27 = 𝑥 ⇒ 81𝑥 = 27
Q log 2 log 2 4 =?, 𝑙𝑒𝑡 log 2 4 = 𝑥
3
Q log 625 125 =
4
5
Q log 1 9√3 = −2 (𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑)
3

Fundamental Log Identity


𝑎log𝑎 𝑁 = 𝑁, 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 log 𝑎 𝑁 = 𝑥 , ⇒ 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑁 ⇒ 𝑎log𝑎 𝑁 = 𝑁
1 𝑙𝑜𝑔1/3 2
𝑒𝑔: 2log2 7 = 2, ( ) =2
3
3 Imp Deduction
1. log 𝑁 𝑁 = 1
2. log 𝑎 1 = 0; 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
1
3. log 1 𝑁 = −1 = log 𝑁 𝑁 , 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒
𝑁

Q log tan 20 tan 70 = 1


Q log 2−√3 2 + √3 = 1
Q log10 0. 9̅ = 0, 0. 9̅ = 1
Q log 5 √5√5√5 … … … … … … . . ∞ = 1,

o 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = √5√5√5 … … … … … … . . ∞ = √5𝑦, 𝑦 2 − 5𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 0(𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)𝑠𝑜 𝑦 = 5


Q 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 7𝑙𝑜 𝑔7 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 9 = 0, 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 9 = 0, 𝑥 = −3(log 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑)(𝑳𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒏 𝒓𝒆𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏), 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Q log (tan 5) . log(tan 9). log(tan 13) . … … … … … … log(tan 45) … … … … … . … … log(tan 61) (𝑶𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏) = 0
Antilog form
𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥
2
2 ( )
Q 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔8 (3) = 8 3 =4
1
1 1 −
Q 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 (− 2) = (100)
2
= 10
100

Principal Properties of Log


log 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 = log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛
𝑚
log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑚 − log 𝑎 𝑛
𝑛
log 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛 log 𝑎 𝑚
1
log 𝑎𝑥 𝑚 = log 𝑚
𝑥 𝑎
𝑛
log 𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑛 = log𝑎 𝑚
𝑥
𝑚𝑛
Q 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑 log𝑐
𝑎𝑏
Note: 2
log 2 𝑥 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 log 2 𝑥 = 4 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
log 2 𝑥 2 = 4 2log 2 𝑥 = 4
24 = 𝑥 2 = 16 log 2 𝑥 2 = 4
𝑥 = ±4 24 = 𝑥 2 = 16
𝑥 = ±4, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑥 ≠ −4 𝑠𝑜 𝑥 = 4
Q 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = √(log 2 3 . log 2 12 . log 2 48 . log 2 192) + 16 − log 2 12 . log 2 48 + 10, 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑦
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛: 𝑦 = √log 2 3 . log 2 3 × 4 . log 2 3 × 16 . log 2 3 × 64 + 16 − log 2 3 × 4 . log 2 3 × 16 + 10, 𝑙𝑒𝑡 log 2 3 = 𝛼
𝑠𝑜 𝑦 = √𝛼(𝛼 + 2)(𝛼 + 4)(𝛼 + 6) + 16 − (𝛼 + 2)(𝛼 + 4) + 10
𝑦 = √(𝛼 2 + 6𝛼)(𝛼 2 + 6𝛼 + 8) + 16 − (𝛼 + 2)(𝛼 + 4) + 10
𝑦 = √(𝛼 2 + 6𝛼)2 + 8(𝛼 2 + 6𝛼) + 42 − (𝛼 + 2)(𝛼 + 4) + 10
𝑦 = √(𝛼 2 + 6𝛼 + 4)2 − (𝛼 + 2)(𝛼 + 4) + 10
𝑦 = 𝛼 2 + 6á + 4 − (𝛼 2 + 6𝛼 + 8) + 10 = 4 − 8 + 10 = 6
Q 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓

1 1 1 1 1 1
𝐴 = 6 + log 3 4− 4− √4 − √4 − √4 − ……………………∞ 𝐽𝐸𝐸 2𝑘12
2 3√2 3√2 3√2 3√2 3√2 3√2
√ √
( )

1 1 1 1
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = √4 − √4 − ………………..∞ = √4 − 𝑦
3√2 3√2 3√2 3√2
2 1 4
(𝑦 3√2) = 4 − 𝑦, 18𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − 4 = 0, 𝑦 = − (𝑛. 𝑝. ) 𝑜𝑟
2 9
2 2
𝑠𝑜 𝐴 = 6 + log 3 ( ) = 6 − 2(−1) = 4
2 3
Note
𝑓𝑜𝑟 log 𝑎 𝑏 > 0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 > 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 > 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 < 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 < 1, (𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦)
𝑓𝑜𝑟 log 𝑎 𝑏 < 0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 > 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 < 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 < 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 > 1, (𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦)
Base change Theorem
log 𝑎
 log 𝑏 𝑎 = log𝑐 𝑏 (𝑡𝑜 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒); 𝑐 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 ≠ 1
𝑐
log𝑎 𝑎 1
 log 𝑏 𝑎 = log𝑎 𝑏
= log 𝑏
𝑎

 𝑎log𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥 log𝑏 𝑎

log𝑎 𝑥 1
log𝑏 𝑎
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 = 𝑎 log𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑎log𝑎 𝑏 = (𝑎log𝑎 𝑥 )log𝑎 𝑏 = (𝑎log𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 log𝑎 𝑏

Q 𝑖𝑓 (log 2 3)(log 3 4)(log 4 5)(log 5 6) … … … … (log 𝑛 𝑛 + 1) = 10 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 = ? (𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚) (𝑛 = 1024)
Q 7 log3 5
+3log5 7
−5 log3 7
−7 log5 3
=?
Q 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 log 2 7 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙. (𝐽𝐸𝐸 1982)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 log 2 7 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜
𝑝
log 2 7 = , 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ 𝑁
𝑞
𝑝 𝑞
(2𝑞 = 7 ) , 2𝑞 = 7𝑞 ,
2 × 2 × 2 × … … … … 𝑝 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 7 × 7 × 7 × … … … … . 𝑞 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 × 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 × … … . . = 𝑜𝑑𝑑 × 𝑜𝑑𝑑 × … … … (𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒) 𝑠𝑜 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − log 2 7 = 𝑥,
log 2 1 < log 2 2 < log 2 4 < log 2 8
𝑠𝑜 2 < log 2 7 < 3
Q 𝑖𝑓 log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑏, ⇒ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑥
a) 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
 22 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 21/2 = √2, 𝑠𝑜 𝑥 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜
b) 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
2 3
 √2 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 √2 = 2√2 ⇒ 𝑠𝑜 𝑥 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜
c) 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
 2log2 7 = 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2√2 = 𝑥, 𝑠𝑜 𝑥 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ
d) 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
2 log2 7 log√2 7
 √2 = √2 = 7, 𝑠𝑜 𝑥 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ

Trichotomy (Comparison of 2 nos)


True/False
Q log 3 5 > log17 25 , (𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒)
1 1
log 3 5 > log √17 5 ⇒ < ⇒ log 5 3 < log 5 √17 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒
log 3 5 log √17 5
1 𝟏 𝟏
𝟑 𝟐.𝟓
Note: 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎, 𝑛
√𝑎 = 𝑎𝑛 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 ≥ 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁, 𝒆𝒈: √𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑 , 𝒃𝒖𝒕 √𝟐 ≠ 𝟐𝟐.𝟓
2.5
1
√2 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑡 22.5 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑.

Logarithmic Equation solving


Q 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 log 4(𝑥 − 1) = log 2(𝑥 − 3) (JEE 2001)(𝑥 ≠ 2, 𝑥 = 5)
𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙
𝑥−7 𝑥−1
Q 2 log 2 (
𝑥−1
) + log 2 (
𝑥+1
) =1 (𝑥 ≠
−17) 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛
1 1 1
Q log 5 (51/𝑥 + 125) − log 5 6 = 1 + 2𝑥 , (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 51/2𝑥 = 𝑎) (𝑥 = 2 𝑜𝑟 4)
𝑥 1 1 1
Q log 5 ( √5 + 125) − log 5 6 = 1 +
2𝑥
, (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 51/2𝑥 = 𝑎) (𝑥 ≠ 𝑜𝑟 )
2 4
26 1 26 1
Q 51+log4 𝑥 + 5(log1/4 𝑥)−1 = 5
, (𝐻 ∶ 𝑎 + 𝑎 = 5
, 𝑎 = 5, 5 )

Taking Log Both side


2 2 log3 𝑥 1
Q 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 3log3 𝑥 + 𝑥 log3 𝑥 = 162 (𝐻: 3log3 𝑥 = (3log3 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 log3 𝑥 ) (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒) (𝑥 = 9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 )
9
9
Q (𝑥 + 1)log10 (𝑥+1) = 100(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 = − 10 , 99)

Common and Natural Log


log10 2 = log 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔) ,

log 𝑒 2 = ln 2 (𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑔) 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑁𝐶𝐸𝑅𝑇 log 2 = log 𝑒 2 = ln 2

Q 𝑖𝑓 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 (2𝑥)ln 2 = (3𝑦)ln 3 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥0 𝑖𝑠 (𝐽𝐸𝐸 2𝑘12)


o 1/6 1/3 1/2* 6

2
Q 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑥 log10 3 ) − (3log10 𝑥 ) − 2 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑎log𝑏 𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑁 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐. 2 + 3 + 10
Q log 4 (𝑥 2 − 1) − log 4 (𝑥 − 1)2 = log 4 √(4 − 𝑥)2 3 − √6
4
Q 2 log 8 (2𝑥) + log 8 (𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑥) = 3
𝑥 ≠ −1, 𝑥 = 2
3
Q 2
log 4 (𝑥 + 2)2 + 3 = log 4 (4 − 𝑥)3 + log 4 (6 + 𝑥)3 𝑥 ≠ −8,1 + √33, 𝑥 = 2,1 − √33
3𝑥 2 −10𝑥+3 1
Q |𝑥 − 3| =1 𝑥 ≠ 3, 𝑥 = 3 , 4, 2
Q 2 log 3 (𝑥 − 2) + log 3(𝑥 − 4)2 = 0 𝑥 ≠ 3 − √2, 𝑥 = 3 + √2, 3
log3 𝑥 2 −2 log𝑥 9 1
Q |𝑥 − 1| = (𝑥 − 1) 7
𝑥 ≠ 0,
√3
, 𝑥 = 81, 2
3 2 5
Q 𝑥4(log2 𝑥) +log2 𝑥−4 = √2
1
1
(𝐻: 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 log 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝 log 2 𝑥 = 𝛼) 𝑥 = 2, , 2− 3
4

Characteristic and Mentissa


Standard form of a positive number
210.0 = 2.10 × 102 (𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 10 𝑖𝑠 2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 3)

1000 = 1.0 × 103 (𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 10 𝑖𝑠 3 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 4)

999.2 = 9.992 × 102 ( 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 10 𝑖𝑠 2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 3 )

1.0 = 1.0 × 100 (𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 10 𝑖𝑠 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 1)

0.007 = 7.0 × 10−3 ( 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 10 𝑖𝑠 − 3 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 2 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠)

0.000123 = 1.23 × 10−4 (𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 10 𝑖𝑠 − 4 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 3 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 )

 𝑛 = 𝑎 × 10𝑏 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 ∈ [1,10)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ∈ 𝐼


 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑏 + 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒 − 𝑏 − 1
 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 log 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
o 𝑛 = 𝑎 × 10𝑏
o log10 𝑛 = log10 𝑎 + 𝑏 = [0,1)𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑧 𝑎 ∈ [1,10) + 𝑏
𝑀𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎↗ ↖
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐
𝟏𝟎
𝒊𝒇 𝐥𝐧 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑, 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟏𝟎, 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟏, 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟓𝟏, 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟓 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
Q 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛
1. 650 (39) 2. 525 (18)

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑛 = 650 , log 𝑛 = 50 log 6 = 38.905 = 0.905(𝑀) + 38(𝐶), 𝑠𝑜 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑠 38 + 1 = 39

𝑀 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 [0,1)

Q 𝐹𝐼𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
9 −100
1. (8) (5) 2. 3−50 (23)
1 1
𝑒𝑔; 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = = 0.25, log = −2 log 2 = −0.602 = 1 − 0.602 + 1 = 0.398(𝑀) − 1(𝐶) = 1̅. 398
4 4
𝑠𝑜 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 = −𝑏 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0
9 −100 𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑛= ( ) 𝑠𝑜 log 𝑛 = −5↙ . 12 = 6 − 5.12 − 6 = 0.88 − 6, 𝑠𝑜 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑠 = 6 − 1 = 5
8

Different base
Note
log 3 1 = 0 log 3 3 = 1 log 3 9 = 2
log 3 4 (> 1) = 1 + ⋯ log 3 10 = 2 + ⋯ ..
log 3 5 (> 1) = 1 + ⋯ log 3 11 = 2 + ⋯ ..
log 3 6 (> 1) = 1 + ⋯ log 3 12 = 2 + ⋯ ..
log 3 7 (> 1) = 1 + ⋯ log 3 21 = 2 + ⋯ ..
log 3 8 (> 1) = 1 + ⋯ log 3 26 = 2 + ⋯ ..
𝑎𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 1 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝟐
Q 𝑙𝑒𝑡 log 3 𝑁 = 𝐴1 + 𝐵1 ; log 5 𝑁 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 ; log 7 𝑁 = 𝐴3 + 𝐵3 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ,
𝐴3 (𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠) 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵1 , 𝐵2 , 𝐵3 ∈ [0,1)(𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎)
1. 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴1 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴2 = 2
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛: 𝐴1 = 4, log 3 81 = 4 … … 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 243 = 5 𝑠𝑜 𝑁 ∈ {81,82, … … … … … … … . .242}

𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛: 𝐴2 = 2, log 5 25 = 2 … … 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 125 = 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑁 ∈ {25,26, … … … … … … … . .124}

𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑁 ∈ {81,82 … … . .124}𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 124 − 81 + 1 = 44

2. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑖𝑓 𝐴1 = 5, 𝐴2 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴3 = 2


𝑁 ∈ {243, … … .342}

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