CLIMATE CHANGE & RISK REDUCTION MANAGEMENT Climate System-The climate system is the highly

complex global system consisting of 5 major

Layers of Atmosphere
components: the atmosphere, the oceans, the
 TROPOSHERE cryosphere (snow and ice), the landsurface, the
 Where the weather happens
biosphere, and the interactions between them.
 10-16km
 Molecules ( most abundant gas is nitrogen)
Climate System-The interactions of these components
 STRATOSPHERE
 Stable ( cold ) determine not only day-to-day weather, but also long-
 Turbolens ( tawag sa clouds na nasasagi ng term averages that we refer to as the climate.
eroplano)
 Ozone Layer Components and their interactions
 MESOSPHERE
 Coldest layer The atmosphere is the most unstable and rapidly
 Where we saw meteor
changing of the 5 components. Its composition has
-meteoroids ( outside the earth)
-meteor ( nasa kalawakan palang) changed many timesthroughout the history of the
-meteorites( landed) Earth, and it currently is made upprimarily of nitrogen
 THERMOSPHERE (78.1%) and oxygen (20.9%). These gases have limited
 Carbondioxide
interactions with incoming sunlight, and do not
 Nitrogen 78%
 Oxygen 20% interact with the infrared radiation emitted by
 Where the satelites ( signals) theEarth. There are a number of trace gases present
 Hottest layer in theatmosphere that do interact with this light
 EXOSPHERE
 Boundary between earth and atmosphere
however, notably carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and methane
(CH4 ) which arereferred to as greenhouse gases.
TOPIC 1 THE EARTH IN FOCUS
The cryosphere impacts the climate system greatly
Weather- is the combination of the current through itshigh albedo (reflectivity), it slow thermal
meteorological components, e.g. temperature, wind conductivity, andmost importantly its critical role
direction and speed, amount and type of indriving deep ocean watercirculation. Also, because
precipitation, sun shine hours, etc. The weather is the icesheets store a large amount ofwater, variations
defining a short time period up to several days. in their volumecontribute to sea level rise.

Climate- weather condition is the regional weather *the lighter the color the higher the albedo effect
during a defined time period from one up to several
weeks. Weather condition is describing typical TOPIC 2 The Science of Climate Change
weather phenomena, such as a series of
Climate Change - is a long-term change in the average
thunderstorm in hot summer, foggy month in autumn
weather patterns that have come to define Earth’s
or other weather conditions which are typical for a
local, regional and global climates.
specific region and/or season.
The energy emitted by the sun is known as solar
Climate Change- Change in global or regional climate
radiation. On the other hand, the upper layer of
patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid
atmosphere absorbs some amount of heat from the
to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to
raysof the sun as they pass through the atmosphere.
the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide
Radiation from the earth is called terrestrial radiation.
produced by the use of fossil fuels..

Climate variability- is the way aspects of climate

(such as temperature and precipitation) differ from an
average. Climate variability occurs due to natural and
sometimes periodic changes in the circulation of the
air and ocean, volcanic eruptions, and other factors.
What causes climate change? 3. Solar irradiance – Changing energy from the sun has
affected the temperature of Earth in the past.
1. The climate on Earth has been changing sinceit However, we have not seen anythingstrong enough to
formed 4.5 billion years ago. Until recently, natural change our climate.Any increase in solar energy would
factors have been the cause of thesechanges. Natural make the entire atmosphere of Earth warm, but we
influences on the climateinclude volcanic eruptions, can only see warming in the bottom layer.
changes in the orbit of the Earth, and shifts in the
Earth's crust (known as plate tectonics). What causes 4. Volcanic eruptions – Volcanoe shave a mixed effect
climate change? on our climate.Eruptions produce aerosol particles
that cool Earth, but they also releasecarbon dioxide,
2. Over the past one million years, the Earth has which warms it.Volcanoes produce 50 times less
experienced a series of ice-ages ('glacial periods')and carbon dioxide than humans do, so we know they are
warmer periods ('interglacial'). Glacial and interglacial not the leadingcause of global warming. On top ofthis,
periods cycle roughly every 100,000years, caused by cooling is the dominant effect ofvolcanic eruptions,
changes in Earth's orbit around the sun. For the past not warming.
few thousand years, Earth has been in an interglacial
period with a constant temperature. What causes Human causes of climate change
climate change?
Humans cause climate change by releasing carbon
3. However, since the Industrial Revolution in dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the air.
the1800s, the global temperature has increased at a Today, there is more carbondioxide in the atmosphere
much faster rate. By burning fossil fuels and changing thanthere ever has been in atleast the past 800,000
how we use the land, human activity has quickly years.During the 20th and 21st century,the level of
become the leading cause of changes to our climate. carbon dioxide roseby 40%.

Natural and Human–induced Natural changes to the 1. Burning fossil fuels – Fossil fuels suchas oil, gas, and
climate Natural cycles can cause the climate to coal contain carbondioxide that has been 'locked
alternate between warming and cooling. There are away' in theground for thousands of years. When
also natural factors that force the climate to change, wetake these out of the land and burn them, we
known as 'forcings'. Eventhough these natural causes release the stored carbon dioxide intothe air.
contribute to climate change, we know that they are
not the primary cause, based on scientific evidence. 2. Deforestation – Forests remove andstore carbon
dioxide from theatmosphere. Cutting them down
Natural changes to the climate meansthat carbon dioxide builds up quickersince
there are no trees to absorb it. Not only that, trees
1. Milankovitch cycles – As Earth travels around the release the carbon theystored when we burn them.
sun, its path and the tilt of its axis can change slightly.
These changes,called Milankovitch cycles, affect 3. Agriculture – Planting crops and rearinganimals
theamount of sunlight that falls on Earth. This can releases many different types of greenhouse gases
cause the temperature of Earth tochange. However, into the air. Forexample, animals produce methane,
these cycles take placeover tens or hundreds of which is 30 times more powerful thancarbon dioxide
thousands of years and are unlikely to be causing the as a greenhouse gas. Thenitrous oxide used for
changes to the climate that we are seein gtoday. fertilizers is tentimes worse and is nearly 300 times
morepotent than carbon dioxide!
2. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)–ENSO is a
pattern of changing watertemperatures in the Pacific 4. Cement – Producing cement is anothercontributor
Ocean. In an 'ElNiño' year, the global temperature to climate change, causing 2%of our entire carbon
warmsup, and in a 'La Niña' year, it cools down.These dioxide emissions.
patterns can affect the globaltemperature for a short
amount of time(months or years) but cannot explain
thepersistent warming that we see today.
The leading cause of climate change is human activity
and the release of greenhouse gases. However, there
are lots of natural causes that also lead to changes in Types of greenhouse gases
the climate system. Several major greenhouse gases that result from
Greenhouse gases trap heat and make the planet human activity are included in U.S. and international
warmer. estimates of greenhouse gas emissions:

Primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions  Carbon dioxide (CO2)

 Methane (CH4)
1. Transportation (28.2 percent of 2018greenhouse  Nitrous oxide (N2O)
 Industrial gases:
gas emissions) – The transportationsector generates
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
the largest share ofgreenhouse gas emissions. • Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
Greenhouse gasemissions from transportation • Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
primarily comefrom burning fossil fuel for our cars, • Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)
trucks,ships, trains, and planes. Over 90 percent of
thefuel used for transportation is petroleum Water vapor is the most abundantgreenhouse gas,
based,which includes primarily gasoline and diesel. but most scientists believethat water vapor produced
directly by humanactivity contributes very little to the
2. Electricity production (26.9 percent of amount ofwater vapor in the atmosphere.
2018greenhouse gas emissions) –
Global Warming Phenomenon of increasing average
Electricityproduction generates the second largest
air temperatures near the surface of Earth over the
shareof greenhouse gas emissions. Approximately past one to two centuries.
63percent of our electricity comes from burningfossil
fuels, mostly coal and natural gas. Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation

3. Industry (22.0 percent of 2018 greenhouse Mitigation refers to efforts to reduce or prevent
gasemissions) – Greenhouse gas emissions emission of greenhouse gases.
fromindustry primarily come from burning fossil -Mitigation strategies include retrofitting buildings to
fuelsfor energy, as well as greenhouse gas make them more energy efficient; adopting
renewable energy sources like solar, wind and small
emissionsfrom certain chemical reactions necessary
hydro; helping cities develop more sustainable
toproduce goods from raw materials. transport such as bus rapid transit, electric vehicles,
and biofuels; and promoting more sustainable uses of
4. Commercial and Residential (12.3 percentof 2018
land and forests.
greenhouse gas emissions) –Greenhouse gas Adaptation means anticipating the adverse effects of
emissions from businessesand homes arise primarily climate change and taking appropriate action to
from fossil fuelsburned for heat, the use of certain prevent or minimize the damage they can cause, or
productsthat contain greenhouse gases, and taking advantage of opportunities that may arise.
thehandling of waste.
GLOBAL EFFORT
5. Agriculture (9.9 percent of 2018 greenhousegas
emissions) – Greenhouse gas emissionsfrom United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) is a framework for
agriculture come from livestock such ascows,
intergovernmental efforts to tackle climate change.
agricultural soils, and rice production.
197 countries that have ratified the Convention are
called Parties to the Convention and Its ultimate
6. Land Use and Forestry (11.6 percent of2018
objective is to achieve the stabilization of greenhouse
greenhouse gas emissions) – Landareas can act as a gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that
sink (absorbing CO2fromthe atmosphere) or a source would prevent dangerous interference with the
of greenhousegas emissions. In the United States, climate system. as the main forum for international
since1990, managed forests and other lands are anet action on climate change. 197 countries have joined
sink, i.e. they have absorbed moreCO2 from the the international agreement (known as a convention).
atmosphere than they emit.
Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol The global Kyoto Protocol It is the first set of international rules
community reacted in 1985 with the Vienna designed to implement the UNFCCC. The United
Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, States has refused to ratify Kyoto, leaving the largest
followed in 1987 by the Montreal Protocol on emitter of greenhouse gases (GHGs) outside of the
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer which sets protocol designed to contain the problem. Kyoto calls
out a binding framework to phase out production and for relatively modest reductions in GHG emissions,
consumption of ODS. setting an average goal of 5% below 1990 levels for
developed countries. The protocol does not set
Vienna Convention was the first convention of any reduction targets for developing countries on the
kind to be signed by every country involved, taking principle that the developed countries that have
effect in 1988 and reaching universal ratification in created the problem should take the first steps to
2009. This speaks to the enormity of ozone depletion clean it up. However, rapidly developing economies
at the time and the willingness of countries around such as those of China and India will have a huge
the world to work together to solve it. The Convention impact on GHG emissions in the future. Lack of
aimed to promote cooperation among nations by developing country commitments is one of the
exchanging information on the effects of human reasons why the United States refused to ratify Kyoto.
activities on the ozone layer. In doing so, the creators
of the Convention hoped policymakers would adopt Paris Agreement The specific goal of the Paris climate
measures to combat those activities responsible for agreement was to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
ozone depletion. so that the global average temperature would not rise
more than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the levels with an earnest effort to not allow it to rise 1.5
Ozone Layer (the Montreal Protocol) is an degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. It went
international agreement made in 1987. It was into effect in November 2016. Agreement required
designed to stop the production and importation of both developed and developing countries to reduce
ozone depleting substances and reduce their their greenhouse gas emissions. Each country was also
concentration in the atmosphere to help protect the required to submit a plan to the UN for how they
earth's ozone layer. It is considered as the most intended to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.
successful environment protection agreement. It sets Most nations set targets for reducing greenhouse gas
out a mandatory timetable for the phase out of ozone emissions by a certain percentage by a date between
depleting substances. 2025 and 2030.
-Montreal Protocol sets binding progressive phase out -The United States, for example, had already set a
obligations for developed and developing countries goal in 2014 for reducing emissions to 26-28% below
for all the major ozone depleting substances, including 2005 levels. China planned for its greenhouse gas
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons and less damaging emissions to peak around 2030 and said it would
transitional chemicals such as make an honest effort to peak earlier. India also
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). The Montreal planned to cut 33-35% of its emissions stemming from
Protocol targets 96 ozone depleting chemicals in its GDP by about 2030, though India also commented
thousands of applications across more than 240 on the difficulty of accomplishing this while still
industrial sectors. In 2016 the Montreal Protocol also reducing poverty in the country. A committee was
became responsible for setting binding progressive also formed to annually report on the progress of the
phase down obligations for the 18 main reduction of emissions and nations abiding by the
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) agreement were asked to update their plans for
emissions reduction every 5 years.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) Negotiations focus on four key Maladaptation is when climate change adaptation
areas mitigating (reducing) greenhouse gas emissions actions backfire and have the opposite of the
adapting to climate change reporting of national intended effect – increasing vulnerability rather than
emissions financing of climate action in developing decreasing it.
countries The UNFCCC obligates all signatory
countries to formulate, implement, publish and ADAPTIGATION the term "adaptigation“ was coined,
update measures to prepare for the impacts of in response to climate change that integrates a focus
climate change, known as ‘adaptation’. It also on adaptation with a focus on mitigation, to avoid
obligates countries to cooperate on adaptation and conflicts and create synergies (Langlais, 2009; Langlais
provides a variety of support mechanisms for the & Dymén, 2009)
implementation of adaptation measures in developing
countries.
 document that shall be formulated and implemented
by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council (NDRRMC).

REPUBLIC ACT 10121 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROGRAMS WITHIN THE

NDRRMP IS ALSO SPEARHEADED BY THE OCD.

The NDRRMC shall ensure that the implementation of

The Republic Act 10121 ( RA 10121) known as the the NDRRMP is coordinated, integrated, monitored,
“ Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management and evaluated across all levels, from local
Act of 2010 ” was enacted by the Senate and House of communities and up to the national level.
Representatives of the Philippines (Congress of the
Philippines 2010). COORDINATION OF NATIONAL RISK REDUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT ACROSS ALL LEVELS
POLICIES ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT FROM RA 10121
In order to make the NDRRMP coordination and
decentralization possible, there are regional
By law and in adherence to the Philippine
(RDRRMC) and local disaster risk reduction and
Constitution, it is the state’s responsibility to protect
management councils (LDRRMC) in every barangay,
the rights of its people to life and property . With this
city, municipality, provincial, and regional disaster risk
policy, the government’s duty is to build community
reduction and management councils. The LDRRMC
resilience against impacts of hazards by addressing
shall lead in preparedness, response and recovery
the root causes of its vulnerabilities in which poverty
measures within their jurisdiction. The lead DRRMC in
is the main identified cause . The policies within RA
a disaster situation shall be as follows:
10121 are built on this main premise. Moreover, it will
● Barangay LDRRMC - if a disaster affects one
adopt internationally accepted humanitarian
barangay
principles on disaster risk reduction and adaptation to
● City/Municipal LDRRMC- if more than one barangay
climate change in all its policies and programs on
is affected
sustainable development from the local to the
● Provincial LDRRMC- if more than one
national level.
city/municipality is affected
As mandated by RA 10121, a National Disaster ● Regional DRRMC- if more than one province is
Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) shall affected
be created and implemented with the involvement of ● National DRRMC- if more than one region is affected
all stakeholders from the local (barangay level) to the
national level. The law also declares that disaster risk DECLARATION OF STATE OF CALAMITY
reduction and climate change shall be considered and
included in policy development, socioeconomic When deemed necessary by the NDRRMC, it shall
planning, and even in budgeting of any other recommend to the President of the Philippines to
development processes under the government declare a state of calamity to the affected areas right
project or program. Within this policy, disaster risk after a disaster. It will give way to the utilization of the
reduction and management shall be mainstreamed in national budget for recovery and rehabilitation. While
the education system. an area is in a state of calamity, international
humanitarian assistance may be requested by the
Risk patterns in different localities shall be President as necessary. Moreover, immediate
recognized and differentiated such that appropriate remedial measures will be enacted to the affected
measures for risk reduction and preparedness are areas such as:
locally adapted. Furthermore, strengthening of local ● price control and prevention of hoarding of basic
communities in disaster risk, mitigation, response, and needs and commodities
recovery is given emphasis. In addition, disaster risk ● redirection of funds for rehabilitation measures
reduction plans are also mandated to be gender ● granting of no-interest loans by government
responsive , sensitive to indigenous knowledge institutions
systems , and overall respectful of human rights. It is also the NDRRMC’s task to determine and
recommend to the President, after monitoring and
The National Disaster Risk Reduction and assessment of disaster-stricken areas, when the state
Management Plan (NDRRMP) shall be based on a of calamity can be lifted.
comprehensive, allhazards, multi-sectoral, and
community-based risk reduction framework. It is a NDRRMC PUBLIC INFORMATION AND TRAINING
 • communities access to effective and
Section 14 of RA 10121 gives emphasis to the applicable disaster risk financing and
integration of disaster risk reduction and management insurance
education and training. It is included in the basic
education curricula , in community youth training and Department of Science and Technology
public sector employee training programs. The youth (DOST)
are very much encouraged to participate in DRRM • up to date monitoring, forecasting and early
activities and be trained to acquire preparedness and warning systems are established and
emergency response skills. improved
2. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK Preparedness encompass the collective
knowledge and capacity of communities to
The National Disaster Risk Reduction and effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover
Management Plan operates within the framework from impacts of hazards. The preparedness
composed of four overlapping themes that would outcomes of the NDRRMP includes awareness
carry out the goal of a safe and resilient nation toward of communities about the disaster risks and
sustainable development. The four thematic areas in impacts of hazards, communities equipped
the framework are prevention and mitigation , with skills to cope with the impacts of
preparedness , response, and rehabilitation and hazards, and strengthened partnership and
recovery . The DRRM plan uses this framework in coordination among all stakeholders.
setting out the objectives, implementation activities,
indicators, and evaluation methods. The following agencies are in charge of
preparedness activities in communities:
1. DISASTER PREVENTION AND MITIGATION Philippine Information Agency (PIA)
• increased level of awareness and
Disaster prevention and mitigation planned understanding of the community about
outcomes include DRRM-integrated in threats and impacts of all hazards
development policies, environmental Department of Interior and Local
management, resilient infrastructure design, Government (DILG) and OCD
disaster risk assessments, hazard mapping, • comprehensive national and local
risk financing assistance, forecasting, preparedness and response policies, plans,
monitoring, and early warning systems. The and systems
following government agencies are tasked to • communities are equipped with necessary
take the lead in the implementation towards skills and capability to cope with the impacts
the different prevention and mitigation of disasters
outcomes based on their expertise and ■ increased DRRM and CCA capacity of Local
specialization: DRRM Councils, Offices and Operation Centers
Office of Civil Defense (OCD) at all levels
• disaster risk reduction and management ■ strengthened partnership and coordination
(DRRM) and climate change adaptation (CCA) among all key players and stakeholders
mainstreamed and integrated into national,
sectoral, regional and local development 3. DISASTER RESPONSE
policies, plans and budget Disaster response based on the DRRMP is
• effective community-based DRRM and CCA envisioned to be sufficient, timely,
assessment that includes mapping, analysis, coordinated and with basic social services
and monitoring provided to the victims. These outcomes are
Department of Environment and Natural expected to be achieved through the
Resources (DENR) leadership of the following government
• DRRM and CCA-sensitive environmental agencies:
management Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Department of Public Works and Highways Councils (DRRMCs), Department of Social
(DPWH) Welfare and Development (DSWD), and OCD
• increased resiliency of infrastructure • well-established disaster response
Department of Finance (DOF) operations
 • sufficient and on time assessment of needs The Act acknowledges the Philippines'
and damages at all levels Local government vulnerability to climate change and the need
units (LGUs) for appropriate adaptation . It creates a
• safe and timely evacuation of affected comprehensive framework for systematically
communities integrating the concept of climate change, in
Department of National Defense (DND), synergy with disaster risk reduction, in various
DILG, and Department of Health (DOH) phases of policy formulation, development
• integrated and coordinated Search, Rescue plans, poverty reduction strategies and other
and Retrieval (SRR) capacity development tools and techniques .
Department of Social Welfare and -The Act states the main principles of climate
Development (DSWD) change policy: common but differentiated
• temporary shelter for evacuation responsibilities; the Precautionary Principle;
• coordinated, integrated system for early UNFCCC objectives (GHG mitigation and
recovery adaptation), and the Hyogo Framework for
Department of Health (DOH) and Action addressing disaster risk reduction. It
Department of Social Welfare and adopts a gender-sensitive, pro-children and
Development (DSWD) pro-poor approach.
• basic social services provided to affected -The Act establishes the Climate Change
population (whether inside or outside Commission as the sole policy-making body
evacuation centers) within government, which overseas, co-
• services for psychosocial needs of directly ordinates and evaluates climate change
and indirectly affected population policies and plans. The commission is
established under the office of the President
4. DISASTER REHABILITATION AND RECOVERY (abolishing the Presidential Task Force on
Climate Change, established in 2007) and has
The NDRRM framework aims to achieve safety a diverse advisory board composed of
and resiliency towards sustainable government ministries and agencies.
development even in the face of hazards. As
such, rehabilitation and recovery plans of the The Act requires the Commission to draft
NDRRMC includes restoration and several policies:
improvement of lives, infrastructure and • A National Climate Change Framework, as a
economic activities, as communities recover basis for research and action planning
from a disaster. Some lead agencies and their • A detailed National Climate Change Action
main tasks for rehabilitation and recovery are Plan
as follows: • A Local Climate Change Action Plan
OCD guidelines developed by the Commission
• assessment of losses, and needs National
Housing Authority (NHA) -Additional powers and functions include:
• rebuilt/repaired houses • Mainstreaming of climate change, in synergy
• safer sites for housing with disaster risk reduction, into the national,
DPWH sectoral and local development plans and
• resilient infrastructure constructed/repaired programmes and co-ordinating climate
DOH and DSWD change programmes of national government
• safe and secure citizenry that can restore to agencies
normal functioning • Recommending legislation, policies,
strategies, programmes on adaptation and
CLIMATE CHANGE ACT OF 2009 mitigation
• Recommending key development
THE PHILIPPINES IS ONE OF THE MOST investments in climate-sensitive sectors such
DISASTER-PRONE COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD, as water resources, agriculture, forestry,
EXPERIENCING NUMEROUS TYPHOONS coastal and marine resources, health and
ANNUALLY AND BEING HIGHLY EXPOSED TO infrastructure
THE IMPACTS OF A CHANGING CLIMATE. • Creating an enabling environment for the
design of relevant and appropriate risk-
THE CLIMATE CHANGE ACT (RA 9729) sharing and risk-transfer instruments and
promotion of broader multistakeholder
participation and integrate climate change
mitigation and adaptation
• Representing the Philippines in the climate
change negotiations
• Formulating and implementing guidelines
for determining vulnerability to climate
change impacts and adaptation assessments
• Facilitating capacity building for local National and Local Level Plans and
adaptation planning, implementation and Approaches
monitoring of climate change initiatives in
vulnerable communities and areas. The Local Climate Change Action Plan 3

In 2012, the Climate Change Act was A LCCAP is the action plan formulated by local
amended by Republic Act 10174, establishing governments to address climate change
the People’s Survival Fund (PSF) to provide concerns . It focuses on both climate change
long-term climate financing for local adaptation and mitigation and describes how
government units and people’s organizations’ LGUs plan to respond to the impacts of
climate adaptation initiatives. The PSF was climate change and mainstream them into
given Php1 billion, to be replenished annually. local development plans (i . e . land use plan,
sectoral development plan, investment
PEOPLE'S SURVIVAL FUND program) .
The People's Survival Fund (PSF) was created
by Republic Act 10174 as an annual fund National Disaster Risk Reduction and
intended for local government units and Management Plan
accredited local/community organizations to
implement climate change adaptation The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) is
projects that will better equip vulnerable responsible for developing the National
communities to deal with the impacts of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan
climate change. (NDRRMP) which aims to provide a set of
strategies and approaches to reduce risks and
DRRM FUND manage disasters at a national level. It serves
The annual National Disaster Risk Reduction as a guide for disaster risk reduction and
and Management Fund (NDRRMF) also known management for a safer, adaptive, and
as calamity fund was established for the disaster resilient Filipino communities
purpose of supporting disaster risk reduction towards sustainable development.
and management (DRRM) activities focused Community-based Disaster Risk Reduction
on prevention and mitigation, preparedness, Management can adapt measures developed
response and recovery and rehabilitation. by NDRRMP and tailor them based on the
characteristics, experiences, and current
capacities of the community.

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Framework

Disaster preparedness is a component of the

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
framework. It can also be viewed as one of
NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS the four themes in disaster risk reduction and
(NDCS) management which are Prevention and
• Nationally determined contributions (NDCs) Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and
are at the heart of the Paris Agreement and Recovery.
the achievement of these long-term goals.
NDCs embody efforts by each country to 1. Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
reduce national emissions and adapt to the Prevention aims to avoid any adverse
impacts of climate change. impacts of catastrophe by creating plans
and procedures before a disaster strikes.
An example is l and use regulation such
 as prohibiting residential use in disaster by the government. This also serves as basis for
high-risk zones. modifications for future disaster risk reduction
Mitigation refers to reducing the inevitable planning suited to the community needs.
impacts of disaster. This includes engineering 3.Early Warning Systems
techniques for hazard-resilient infrastructures Early warning systems are vital for information
improved environmental policies and public dissemination. This serves as a warning for the
awareness . community in an upcoming hazard so that they can
2. Disaster Preparedness take the necessary precautionary procedures to
This is the sum of all knowledge and capacities reduce the negative impacts of disasters. Early
of all stakeholders to effectively anticipate , warning devices are based on the resources of a
respond , and recover from the likely negative community.
impacts of disasters. An effective early warning system has four main
3. Disaster Response elements which are:
This refers to actions in response to the 1. knowledge of the community about the risks they
impacts of disaster that aims to primarily save have;
lives, and reduce health impacts. 2. monitoring and forecasting of hazards;
4. Disaster Recovery 3. dissemination and communication methods; and
Recovery includes rehabilitation, restoration, 4. knowledge and capability of community members
and improvement of facilities and living to respond when the warning is delivered.
conditions of disaster-affected communities. 4. Survival Kits and Materials
These are supplies needed to be prepared before a
Community-based risk reduction management disaster . This includes materials that are needed for
survival and immediate relief during and immediately
(CBRDM) is a process that a community undergoes in after a disaster event. Some of the materials needed
order to derive a set of locally-appropriate and for survival kits are water, ready to eat food that can
adapted strategies for disaster preparedness and last for 72 hours, battery-operated radios, medicines,
management.All members of the community are etc.
active participants and contributors to all aspects of
risk reduction and management. This includes Emergency Planning and Management
identification and assessment of risks, risk reduction,
management and recovery planning. The decision- The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) is responsible for
making of the community is based on their own developing the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
experiences, and the unique characteristics of their Management Plan (NDRRMP) which aims to provide a
community. It will serve to build the capacity of the set of strategies and approaches to reduce risks and
community in disaster risk reduction and manage disasters at a national level. It serves as a
management, as well as the resilience of every guide for disaster risk reduction and management for
member of the community, including its vulnerable a safer, adaptive, and disaster resilient Filipino
sectors (e.g. children, elderly, pregnant, physically communities towards sustainable development.
challenged, and unprivileged). Community-based Disaster Risk Reduction
Management can adapt measures developed by
There are four components to consider in NDRRMP and tailor them based on the characteristics,
community-based risk reduction management: experiences, and current capacities of the community.

1.Emergency Plan 1. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

In emergency planning, it is important to establish Framework
who to prioritize during a response based on the Disaster preparedness is a component of the
individual’s capacity and vulnerability. The role of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
individuals, rescuers, and the government in an framework. It can also be viewed as one of the
emergency event, should be identified. Emergency four themes in disaster risk reduction and
planning is the basis for a community’s Standard management which are Prevention and
Operating Procedures (SOP) or Emergency Operations Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and
Plan (EOP). Recovery.
2.Monitoring and Evaluation 2. Disaster Preparedness in the Community
Monitoring aims to track the steps done in the Disaster Preparedness is not isolated from and is
mitigation procedures and the result of postdisaster in fact a component of Disaster Risk Reduction
actions. This helps the community to evaluate the and Management (DRRM). Thus, community
compatibility of the disaster risk reduction plans done efforts to prepare for a potential disaster event
will affect the other components of DRRM. Taking depending on the alert level. Communities that
off from the community-based disaster risk have a wide access to text messages, can be sent
reduction management, preparedness planning warning messages if electricity supply and
involves participation of the whole community in network signal is fairly reliable.
the disaster preparedness planning and D. Implementing Disaster
implementation. Preparedness Activities After developing a
detailed plan, educating the whole community
A. Community Risks and Vulnerabilities about disaster risk reduction management and
Before developing a preparedness plan, the disaster preparedness is an essential step that can
community should be able to anticipate possible render the plan useless if majority of the
impacts of disaster by first identifying the risks population is not educated. Lectures, community
and the possible disaster events that can result meetings, workshops, printed signs and
from the hazards in the area; as well as the reminders are some means to instill knowledge
vulnerable sectors and other sources of and understanding about disaster risks and
vulnerabilities in the community. Impacts of preparedness. The whole community should be
disaster that should be anticipated include the aware of the risks, what to do before, during, and
effects to different aspects of the community after a disaster.
such as its people, infrastructure and assets, food D. Implementing Disaster
supply, and economy. Previous disaster Preparedness Activities Moreover, members of
experiences of the community are good sources the community will be able to use the disaster
of information in disaster preparedness. preparedness plan as a basis or model of their
B. Resources Identification family/household preparedness plan. The
Demographics of the community as well as the emergency plan, roles of community members in
roles of existing sectors and organizations should case of an emergency, and the early warning
also be known. Aside from people, other system in place, should be practiced by the
community resources should also be identified community through drills. Through drills ,
like sources of basic needs and services, supplies members of the community will gain better
and materials for response, evacuation, relief, understanding on how to respond to emergency
and rehabilitation. Resources can include local situations. Monitoring, assessment, and
source of materials and manpower; and external evaluation of awareness activities and drills are
linkages that can be tapped in emergency sources of information to improve and make the
situations. disaster preparedness plan more adapted to the
C. Detailed Planning Disaster local context.
Preparedness entails the development of a
detailed Emergency Plan which includes the tasks
and roles of different community members,
community-developed Standard Operating
Procedures and a list of resources needed for
rescue and relief operations. Identifying
government agencies and Non Government
Organizations that can provide assistance during
rescue, relief, and recovery should also be
included in planning. It would be very helpful if
data on locations of highly vulnerable sectors,
evacuation centers, fire stations, and list of
hospitals and other service providers outside the
community, can be easily retrieved during an
emergency. Rescuers from outside the
community that may come to assist, also need to
be familiar with the locations of people in need,
and the nearest hospitals for instance
C. Detailed Planning
An Early Warning System should be developed
that is based on the known hazards, and the
resources of the community. Flood-prone
communities for instance can develop an audible
alert system using varying siren sound duration
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