0% found this document useful (0 votes)
26 views48 pages

124 2017 P Amitav Khuntia

1) The document discusses skill development and employment issues facing youth in North East India. 2) It outlines various skill training avenues in the region including formal ITIs, emerging sector training, and national flagship skill programs. 3) The document argues for a holistic approach to skill development in the region that considers differences between states and focuses on traditional, modern, and self-employment opportunities.

Uploaded by

akshat.ozoprop
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
26 views48 pages

124 2017 P Amitav Khuntia

1) The document discusses skill development and employment issues facing youth in North East India. 2) It outlines various skill training avenues in the region including formal ITIs, emerging sector training, and national flagship skill programs. 3) The document argues for a holistic approach to skill development in the region that considers differences between states and focuses on traditional, modern, and self-employment opportunities.

Uploaded by

akshat.ozoprop
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 48

Skill Development of Youth in North East

India: Way Forward


NLI Research Studies Series No. 124/2017

Priyadarsan Amitav Khuntia*

V.V. Giri National Labour Institute


*
Associate Fellow, V.V. Giri National Labour Institute, Noida
ISBN: 978-93-82902-50-8

Copyright © V.V. Giri National Labour Institute, Noida

No. of Copies : 300

Year of Publication : 2017

This document can be downloaded from the Institute’s website:


at www.vvgnli.org

Opinions expressed in the study are solely of the author and do not
necessarily reflect the views of the Institute.

Printed and Published by V.V. Giri National Labour Institute, Sector – 24,
Noida – 201301, U.P.
Printed at: Chandu Press, D-97, Shakarpur, Delhi -110092
Contents
Preface v
Acknowledgment vii
Skill Development of Youth in North East India: viii
Way Forward - Abstract
1 Introduction 1-2
1.1 Outlining the Scope and Methodological Aspects
2 Skilling and Up Skilling of Youth in North East: Issues and 3- 17
Prospects
2.1 Hills and Plains 3
2.2 Farm and Non-Farm Sector 3
2.2.1 Traditional and Indigenous Occupations- Leveraging 5
Skills
2.3 From Literacy / Education Level, Formal Training and 6
Job Preference Perspectives
2.3.1 Skill Training Avenues and Options for Youth in North 7
East India
2.3.2 Formal Skill Training Infrastructure (Craftsman Training 7
Through ITIs) in North Eastern States
2.3.3 Skill training in some emerging service /industry sectors 9
provided by some state government institutions in NER
2.3.4 Alternative Skill Training & Certification through 11
National Flagship Programmes in the light of Insufficient
Formal Skill Training Institutes, Low Education Level,
Lack of Resources and Unemployed Youths
2.3.4.1 Skill Development Initiatives on Modular Employable 11
Skills (SDI on MES)
2.3.4.2 Pradan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) 13
2.3.4.3 Deen Dayal Upadhyay Grameen Kaushalya Yojana 14
(DDU-GKY)
2.3.5 Self Employment & Entrepreneurship Potential in North 15
East

iii
i
2.3.5.1 Skill Training for promoting Self Employment through 15
RSETI
2.3.5.2 Pradhan Mantri Mudra (Micro Units Development & 16
Refinance Agency) Yojana
2.3.5.3 Cluster Development Programmes 16
2.3.5.4 Startup India and Standup India 17
3 Case of Harnessing Talents, Human Capital and Economic 18
Potential of Women
4 Concluding Remarks and Suggestions 19
5 Notes and References 20
Annexure-1 23
Annexure-2 24
Annexure-3 25
Photo 29
Preface
Providing gainful and sustainable employment to the youth continues
to remain as an important priority, particularly in developing economies
which are witnessing major demographic transitions. Policies related
to skill development as well as lifelong learning are construed as vital
instruments to improve the employability and employment outcomes of
the youth.
PREFACE
The eight North Eastern States of India: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh,
Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura & Sikkim
having significant Indiayouthis at a population face the
very important juncture of thechallenge of youth
development process. With
unemployment. growth expected to scale up exponentially, the country is emerging
as one of the
This study was undertaken for strongest economies
the National of the on
Seminar world. An imperative
“Youth and Skillis
to make the distribution of the benefits
Development in North East India” jointly organized by V.V. Giri Nationalof this growth equitable, to
make certain that the fruits of development
Labour Institute and Indian Council for Social Science Research, North percolate to all sections
of society. One of the most vital needs in this respect is to ensure
Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong. The objectives of the study were to
quality employment for all and address labour issues because this
discuss the issues and prospects of skilling and up skilling of youth in
aspect is directly linked to the livelihood of the masses.
North East and to suggest roadmap for skill development of youth in
North East. Questions confronting the country in relation to labour are
many and varied, ranging from concerns about employment and
The study argues in favour of a holistic approach for skill development
underemployment to social security for workers to elimination
of youth in north east taking in to consideration the intra-region difference
of child labour. Considering the range and magnitude of India’s
on account of topography, farm & non-farm sector, literacy & education
labour issues it is important to involve different stakeholders in
level, skill training infrastructure, job preference of youth, traditional
the process of finding solutions. This constructive engagement of
and modern occupations, self-employment and regular wage/salaried
stakeholders is possible if information and ideas related to labour
employment potential etc. The study also suggests that state governments
are made accessible.
in the region need to expedite the skill development activities in tandem
It is with this
with the national initiatives perspectiveinvolving
proactively that the V.V.
social Giripartners
National in Labour
the
Instituteemployable
region towards providing has brought out this handbook,
skills whichItseeks
to the youth. alsotohighlights
consolidate
some good practices basicininformation
other economicrelating to development
key dimensions ofmodel the labour scenario
focusing
women workers which in India. The idea
could be isstudied
to provide relevanttoinformation
further adopt inin casea simple,
of
comprehensible
implementation of skill development way that makes it accessible to the broad spectrum
programmes.
of society. The handbook is being translated into different Indian
I would like to congratulate
languages.Priyadarsan Amitav Khuntia, Associate Fellow
for bringing out the study as one of the NLI Research Studies Series. The
study will be usefulOur for hope is that the Handbook
the stakeholders of Labour
like policy becomegovernment
makers, an important
reference
officials, practitioners, tradetool in the process
unions, NGOsof evolving
and policies and
researchers actions relating
working in the
to labour in India, and thus contributes
development sector especially relating to skill and youth employability. to the country’s equitable
growth.

Manish Kumar
Manish Kumar Gupta
Gupta
Director General
Director General
v V.V. Giri National Labour Institute
Acknowledgment
At the outset, I would like to thank Shri P.P. Mitra, former DG of
VVGNLI for his support to undertake the study. I also thank Dr. Otojit
Kshetrimayum, Associate Fellow and Coordinator, Centre for North East,
VVGNLI and Dr. C.J Thomas, Director, ICSSR, NERC Shillong for jointly
conducting the National Seminar on “Youth and Skill Development in
North East India” where I presented my work and received valuable
comments. Thanks are due to the participants of the national seminar
and also participants, resource persons of various training programmes,
workshops of VVGNLI for north-eastern states whose valuable comments
and suggestions have enriched the study.

I am grateful to Shri Manish Kumar Gupta, Director General of VVGNLI


for approving the publication of this study as NLI Research Study
Series. I appreciate the encouragement received from Shri Rajeev Arora,
Joint Secretary, MoLE for undertaking activities on North East issues. I
also thank Dr. S.K. Sasikumar, Senior Fellow and Publication In-charge;
Dr. Anoop K. Satpathy, Fellow; Shri Harsh Singh Rawat, Administrative
Officer; my faculty colleagues; Shri Rajesh Karn and all the Sections of the
Institute for their support in bringing out this publication.

Priyadarsan Amitav Khuntia

vii
Skill Development of Youth in North East
India: Way Forward
Abstract

Youth Employability remains the concerned area in the International, National


and Regional development discourse and planning; especially in the post crisis
period. From global perspective the young people continue to be particularly af-
fected by the weak and uneven recovery after the recession which is reflected in
various Global Employment Trend reports of International Labour Organisation
with the youth unemployment reaching13.1%. From national and local growth
perspectives in India youth employability goes on drawing the attention of gov-
ernment and policy makers which could be very much sense from the initiatives
undertaken in that direction. The attempts include the creation of a new Ministry
for Skill Development &Entrepreneurship with the focus on providing the right
opportunities and the right platform to the promising youth be it sport or busi-
ness and also to encourage more youngsters to pursue entrepreneurship as a full
time career. Skill Development Initiatives on Modular Employable Skills 2007,
National Policy on Skill Development 2009, National Youth Policy 2014, National
Skill Development Mission, National Skill Development Agency, National Policy
on Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 2015 are some of the major initiatives
which bring skill to the forefront of development agenda.

The North Eastern Region consisting of the eight states of Assam, Arunachal
Pradesh,, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura & Sikkim has its
share of 4% of the youth population of the country which is about 20, 22527 in
absolute number in the age group 15-35 years, as of 2009-10 and also a relatively
higher proportion of youth unemployment in the same age group compared to
all India level, indicating that the challenge is paramount. Some previous stud-
ies have also emphasized that skill development in North East India is imminent,
harnessing demographic dividend by providing employable skills to the youth for
enhancing employability is a major task ahead in the development paradigm of
NER.

This study argues that state governments in the region need to expedite the skill
development activities in tandem with the national initiatives proactively involv-
ing social partners in the region towards providing employable skills to the youth.
In this regard the study attempts to identify the issues and suggests measures to
address the issues in a broader perspective. The study emphasizes the need for
focusing women workers skill development and employability issues and high-
lights some good practices in other economic development model which could be
studied further to adopt .

viii
1
Introduction
Youth Employability remains the concerned area in the International,
National and Regional development discourse and planning; especially in
the post crisis period. From global perspective the young people continue
to be particularly affected by the weak and uneven recovery after the
recession which is reflected in the Global Employment Trend 2014 of
International Labour Organisation (ILO) that the youth unemployment rate
touched 13.1% which is about three times as high as adult unemployment
rate. It estimates that 74.5 million young people of 15-24 age group were
unemployed that is almost 1 million more than the previous year. The
global youth unemployment was also projected to reach 13.1% in 2016
(from 12.9% in 2015) in the World Employment Social Outlook Trends for
Youth 2016 report of ILO.

From national and regional growth perspectives of India, youth


employability goes on drawing the attention of governments and policy
makers which could be very much sense from the initiatives undertaken
in that direction. The attempts significantly include the creation of a new
Ministry for Skill Development &Entrepreneurship with the focus on
providing the right opportunities and the right platform to the promising
youth be it sport or business and also to encourage more youngsters to
pursue entrepreneurship as a full time career. Skill Development Initiatives
on Modular Employable Skills 2007, National Policy on Skill Development
2009, National Youth Policy 2014, National Skill Development Mission,
National Skill Development Agency, National Policy on Skill Development
and Entrepreneurship 2015 are some broad measures which could be
attributed as consistent approach with the objective of skilling and up
skilling of young population in India. Two major flagship programmes
namely Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana of Ministry of Skill
Development and Entrepreneurship and Deen Dayal Upadhya Grameen
Kaushalya Yojana (DDK-GKY) of Ministry of Rural Development,
Government of India are being implemented for skill development in
large scale has generated a lot of enthusiasm among the job seekers and
also other stakeholders.

The North Eastern Region of India comprising of eight states; Assam,


Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura &
Sikkim having its share of 4% of the youth population of the country which
is about 20, 22527 in absolute number in the age group 15-35 years, as of
2009-10 and also a relatively higher proportion of youth unemployment
2 Skill Development of Youth in North East India: Way Forward

(about 12%) in the same age group compared to all India level (5.22%),
the challenge is paramount. Youth job seekers in the age group of 15-29 is
about 21.03 lakh in North Eastern States. Arunachal Pradesh (0.44), Assam
(11.44), Manipur (4.02), Meghalaya (0.27), Mizoram (0.41), Nagaland (0.53),
Sikkim (-), Tripura (3.91)1. Some previous studies (see reference) have
also emphasized that skill development in North East India is imminent;
harnessing demographic dividend by providing employable skills to the
youth for enhancing employability is a major task in the development
paradigm of NER.

1.1 Outlining the Scope and Methodological Aspects

The study concentrates mostly the skill issues of youth from skilled/
semiskilled and low skilled perspectives. The skill and employability
prospects of the youth with low education and having education of high
school and higher secondary level occupy prominence in the discussion
space. This study is based on existing literature and data from secondary
sources namely; North East Vision 2020, Ministry of Labour & Employment,
Government of India, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship,
National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) various rounds, various
reports of State Governments of North East States etc. Interactions and
feedbacks from stakeholders like trade unions, NGOs, Government and
skill imparting institutions associated with various training and academic
activities of V.V. Giri National Labour Institute, personal experience
during visit to North East have enriched the understanding of the author.
The current work draws insights and inspiration from the previous paper
of the author (see the reference) and also elaborates some aspects which
were mentioned in the previous work.
2
Skilling and Up Skilling of Youth in North East:
Issues and Prospects
The North East Region face the development bottlenecks due to the factors
like insurgency & ethnic violence, infrastructure deficiency, lack of public
private enterprise, geographical isolation along with the paucity of trained
manpower, industrial activity, institutional finance. Efforts are underway
to overcome all these deterrent factors of development of the region
through various policies and programmes2.

So far as skill development of youth in north east is concerned a holistic


approach seems more desirable taking in to consideration the intra-region
difference on account of topography, farm & nonfarm sector ,literacy&
education level, skill training infrastructure, job preference, traditional
&modern occupations, self-employment and regular wage/salaried
employment potential, rural &urban etc. Those young people who dot
possess any skill and find it hard to enter in to the world of work, it is
necessary to provide them a minimum employable skill and upgrade the
skills of those who possess some skill.

2.1 Hills and Plains

From topographic point of view the region has mixed presence of hills
and plains. While Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland
and Sikkim are almost entirely hilly, about four fifths of Assam is plain.
Manipur and Tripura have both plain areas and hilly tracts. The hills
account for about 70 percent area and accommodate about 30 percent of
population of the region and the plain constituting the remaining 30 percent
of areas hold about 70 percent of its population. (NHDR 2002). Livelihood
options, enterprises and corresponding skill requirement of the youths
need to be targeted holistically taking in to consideration the geographical
and environmental condition of both the hills and plains of NER. Special
provisions for finance, training delivery mechanism, reaching out target
groups in the hill region are to be taken care of.

2.2 Farm and Non-Farm Sector

The sect oral advantages and disadvantages are visible with Assam having
industrial growth whereas rest of the states lag behind. But agriculture
remains the source of livelihood for more than 70% of region’s population.
Small landholding in the plain areas and high water run-off in high
4 Skill Development of Youth in North East India: Way Forward

altitudes stands in the way of farm sector wellbeing. The desired dividend
from farm sector in terms of land and labour productivity are not being
achieved as small holdings impede mechanization of agriculture and water
run-off restricts the possibilities of multiple cropping. Irrigation facilities
and water retention practices need to be developed for multi cropping
and enhancing land productivity. Focused attention is warranted in
micro and macro policy level to promote agricultural products of different
states having comparative advantage and linking with skill training for
better livelihood opportunities vis-à-vis provision for water retention
programmes ,commercial farming of horticulture, provision multiple
cropping with use of short duration crops, trade, marketability within
and outside the region. The crops and horticultural products in which
different states have a comparative advantage due to specialization patters
that are best suited to different states have been identified and discussed
in the NER Vision 2020 are indicated in the annexure 1 &2. It refers to the
different models used by economists to determine comparative advantages
of different states in crop cultivation. Arunachal in (small millets, maize,
ginger, pineapple), Assam in (tea, rapeseed and mustard, sugarcane),
Meghalaya in (ginger, potatoes, sesamum, pineapple) Mizoram in (Ginger,
maize, and sesamum), Nagaland in (small millet, maize), Sikkim in Ginger,
Tripura in (Natural rubber, coconut, bananas, pineapple) have certain
production advantages. Similarly in case of horticulture and floriculture
medicinal and aromatic plants in Mizoram, in Nagaland (Ginseng,
Citronella oil- sericulture- silk worm such as Eri, Mulberry, Oak Tasar and
Muga), in Manipur (floriculture- gladiolus, lilies, chrysanthemum, roses,
anthrurium) have the potentiality due to favorable climatic condition and
also commercial viability.

As disguised unemployment3 persists due to small land holdings


and absence of alternative livelihood opportunities, the excess labour
either in family or locality could be encouraged to opt nonfarm sector
activities by promoting relevant skill training. The major non-farm
activities in northeast include handicrafts and handlooms; bamboo
based activities and processing of dairy products (butter &cheese),
poultry, fish and other livestock, agro and horticultural products. From
national perspective crafts artisans are considered to be the backbone of
India’s Non-farm rural economy. Craft Sector in India has tremendous
potentiality in improving economic, environmental and social conditions
of rural economies which includes Employment and Income generation
for diverse communities and to those with different levels of education,
checking migration and preventing loss of skill, economic growth (the
global market for handicrafts is USD400 billion, but India’s share is
Skilling and Up Skilling of Youth in North East: Issues and Prospects 5

below 2%), comparative advantage, low energy requirement( promote


the locally available materials as well as natural and organic materials
where possible, Women’s empowerment (opportunity to provide source
of earning for otherwise low skilled, home-based women).4. The crafts
of this region are based on resources such as cane and bamboo, wood,
terracotta, bell metal and brass. So far as handicrafts unit are concerned
20 percent of India’s handicraft unit are operating in NER employing
to 22 percent of the total handicraft artisans in the country. There are
around 20, 00,000 handlooms in NER but 1.5 lakh are idle. Assam has
the highest number of handlooms and the number of idle looms both.
More than 60 percent of the households are dependent on income
from handicrafts and handlooms to a large extent. The region’s agro
processing could be tapped for providing rural employment by setting
up small-scale processing units for the local market for producing fruit,
vegetables and other products. (NER Vision 2020). So the revamping
of idle loom units would invigorate the livelihood opportunities. The
Dasra report “Crafting a Livelihood: Building Sustainability for Indian
Artisans’ suggests that for harnessing the potential of craft sector
requires different types of investments to preserve traditional crafts,
strengthen the sector, and improve the incomes of artisans. Investment
should focus on building the four cornerstones of artisans sustainability
namely; handholding the artisan through the Value Chain, Increasing
Demand for Crafts and Strengthening Market Linkages, Strengthening
the Decentralized Production Model, Building a Multi-Stakeholder
Approach. The crafts value chain encompasses the full range of activities
required to bring a handicraft product form conception through
production to delivery to consumers, the report suggests (Dhar, 2013).
According to 12th Five-Year Plan, handicrafts production is expected
to double between 2012 and 2017 and exports are projected to grow at
the compounded annual rate of 18 percent per year during the same
period. As a result, the craft sector will employ an additional 10 percent
of individuals per year. As per the Ministry of Skill Development and
Entrepreneurship’s Human Resource and Skill Requirement Reports
2015 in Handlooms and Handicraft sector employment requirement
will be 17.79 million by 2022 which is 6.14 million more from the 11.65
million of 2013 employment base.

2.2.1 Traditional and Indigenous Occupations- Leveraging Skills

In case of craft, artisans are broadly divided into categories like skilled
master craftsman, wage-worker, fully self-employed artisans, and part-
time artisan, with a rigid hierarchical division of labour between more
and less skilled artisans in a particular craft. The Dasra report5 findsthat
6 Skill Development of Youth in North East India: Way Forward

an estimated 63 percent of artisans are self-employed while 37 percent


are wage earners. An estimated 71 percent of artisans work family units
and 76 percent attribute the profession to the fact that they have learnt
family skills. It is important to note that most official figures count only the
head of the production unit and wage earners in official figures, leaving
out the five to six family members who are also dependent on crafts for
sustenance, thus creating an incomplete understanding of the sector’s size
and importance, the report says.

In the context of north east some traditional occupations like embroidery


(in Manipur), ornament making, pottery work in leather boot making,
masonry in Meghalaya, bamboo works in many northeastern states need
to be promoted though skill training and ‘contemporized’ for Indian as
well oversea market. Along with skill development, positive approach
with regard to the above suggestions will address the livelihood challenges
faced by artisans mainly on the front of low productivity, inadequate
input, fragmented value chain, and lack of enabling environment by way
of official neglect.

Apart from this other leading sectors which are set to generate employment
opportunities are Rubber Farming, Bamboo & Tourism provided youths
are equipped with relevant skills to be thebeneficiary.6

2.3 From Literacy / Education Level, Formal Training and Job Preference
Perspectives

Most of the north east states have high literacy rate above national average
of 74.04% except Arunachal Pradesh with 66.95% and Assam 73.18%.
Mizoram stands at 91.58% as third highest literate state of India after
Kerala and Lakshadweep. But the Census 2011 also reveals that states
like Mizoram and Meghalaya show decline in total workers indicating
possibilities that more are joining the labour force than jobs are created and
the literacy rate has not translated in to employability and productivity.
The conceptual and definitional understanding of literate is a person aged
seven and above who can both read and write with understanding in any
language, is treated as literate, but someone who can only read but cannot
write is not literate. Literacy, education level, job preference of youth in
different regions are some of the factors which are to be considered while
planning and implementing skill development programmes. For example,
Prof. Lianzela of Mizoram University in his published work has highlighted
that Mizo youth have strong preference for white collar/government job,
being a close-knit society they have a strong preference to work within
Mizoram, generally they avoid jobs that call for leaving Mizoram, Science
Skilling and Up Skilling of Youth in North East: Issues and Prospects 7

and mathematics (maths in particular) are unpopular subjects among


Mizo youths. This made them rather handicapped to join bank services,
generally house building / construction work (cement concrete works)
in Mizoram are done by labourers coming from Cacher/Karimganj and
also from Bangladesh. Helpers in the hardware stores (dealing with iron
rods, etc) are also mainly from the above mentioned paces. Cattle rearing
and timer work (sawing timber, etc) are done by labourers coming from
Nepal, House maids/ servants, taxi driving, weaving in the loom and
other manual works are done by labourers coming from Myanmar.

2.3.1 Skill Training Avenues and Options for Youth in North East India

It is estimated that only 2.3% of the workforce has undergone formal


skill training in India (National Skill Development Mission). Formal
skill training are mostly imparted through vocational training
institutions like Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs). The rest mostly
get skill training through informal ways. The NSS 66th Round(2009-10):
Report on Status of Education and Vocational Training reveals that
only 1.6 % in the age group of 15-59 years received formal vocational
, the rest received vocational training through hereditary (1.8%), self-
learning(1.1%), Learning on Job (1.7)7

2.3.2 Formal Skill Training Infrastructure (Craftsman Training Through


ITIs) in North Eastern States

Industrial Training Institute (ITIs/ ITCs in case of private) contribute


significantly in providing skilled manpower. Semi–skilled and skilled
workforce for industry is provided through systematic training of school
leavers by the Craftsmen Training Scheme (ITIs and ITCs). At present
there are a total of 11,964 (Govt.2284 + Private.9680) numbers of ITIs in
all States and Union Territories. Training is imparted in 126 trades (73
Engineering + 48 Non-Engineering + 05 exclusively for visually impaired)
of duration 1-2 years8. But in case of North East Regions the scenario is not
encouraging as the region has its share of less than 1 percent of the total
ITIs and ITCs in the country. In the light of the urgency of skill need in NE
the Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India in 2011
launched a Centrally Sponsored Scheme “Enhancing Skill development
Infrastructure in NE States and Sikkim”. The main components of the
Scheme are up gradation of 20 ITIs by introducing three new trades per
ITI; supplementing infrastructure deficiencies in 28 ITIs by constructing
new hostel, boundary wall and supplementing old and obsolete tools and
equipment; establishment of Monitoring Cells at Centre and eight State
headquarters. Stat –wise presence of ITIs and ITCs with seating capacity
are indicated in the table 1.
8 Skill Development of Youth in North East India: Way Forward

Table 1
Total Number of ITIs / ITCs (Private ITIs) with seating capacity in all the
North Eastern States as on 08.09.2014.
Sl.No. Name of the Number Seating Number Seating Total ITIs Total
State of Govt. Capacity of pvt. Capacity Seating
ITIs (Govt.) ITIs (Pvt.) Capacity
1 Arunachal 5 512 1 96 6 608
Pradesh
2 Assam 30 5776 4 288 34 6,064
3 Manipur 7 540 0 0 7 540
4 Meghalaya 5 622 2 320 7 942
5 Mizoram 1 294 0 0 1 294
6 Nagaland 8 944 0 0 8 944
7 Sikkim 4 580 0 0 4 580
8 Tripura 12 1 96 13 1,888
9 Sub-Total 72 4,276 8 1,434 74 11,860
Source: Director General Employment and Training (DGE &T)9

Though Assam has highest number of ITIs and seating capacity among
North Eastern States, states like Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Meghalaya
lag behind, indicating that each district in these states doesn’t have ITI.A
new component for “establishment of 14 new ITIs” in seven North Eastern
States was approved on 16.08.2013. Ministry of Skill Development and
Entrepreneurship in 2015 has released fund for establishing 22 ITIs in
Arunachal Pradesh (4), Nagaland (2), Sikkim(1), Manipur(2), Mizoram (3),
Meghalaya(2), Assam(5), Tripura(3).10
Table 2
Women Industrial Training Institutes and Women Wings in general ITIs
in North Eastern States as on October 2013
Sl. States Government Women Private Women Total Total
No. WITIs Wings WITIs Wings Seats
1 Arunachal 1 Nil Nil Nil Nil 80
Pradesh
2 Assam 5 5 1 1 12 1104
3 Manipur 1 Nil Nil Nil 1 80
4 Meghalaya 1 Nil Nil Nil 1 60
5 Mizoram Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 0
6 Nagaland 1 7 Nil Nil 8 424
7 Sikkim Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 0
8 Tripura 1 Nil Nil Nil 1 320
Source: Director General Employment and Training (DGE&T)11

Formal skill training avenues for women in north east is low too. Though
some states like Assam, Nagaland and Tripura have 1104, 424 and
Skilling and Up Skilling of Youth in North East: Issues and Prospects 9

320 seats respectively, Mizoram and Sikkim stand nil both in terms of
Women ITIs and Women Wings in general ITIs. There was one Regional
Vocational Training Institute (RVTI) for Women in Tura, Meghalaya
under DGE&T now Director General Training (DGT) under Ministry
of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship. Another RVTI in Agartala,
Tripura has started functioning12.

2.3.3 Skill training in some emerging service /industry sectors provided


by some state government institutions in NER

At the same time north east has also the advantage of its proportion youth
who are matriculate and above having English speaking ability. They can
be given proper career direction with appropriate skill training including
soft skills to tap the employment opportunities in the light of emerging
sectors in the north east and also opportunities outside.

In this context some of the leading organizations engaged in this direction


are worth discussing. The north eastern council, Shillong provides
vocational training in various disciplines like Information Technology,
BPO, Retail, Hospitality, Hair and Beauty Care and UPSC coaching in
various empanelled institutions namely NEITCO, Jettwings, Sling Shot
Solutions and Third Eye Education. Students undergoing the above
training courses were more than 1000 in numbers.

As it is described in its vision; to earn decent livelihoods in vocations


of their choice, Manipur Skill Development Society established by the
Government of Manipur targets to impart Skill Development Training
to the unemployed youths of Manipur, followed by employment in
reputed institutions. The core objective outlined is to bridge the skill gap
between schools, colleges’ education and requirement of the fast growing
Service and Industry sectors. The MSDS has collaborated with reputed
companies/Institutions as the skill partners for imparting skill training
courses outside the State in Retail, Aviation (Cabin Crew), Front Office
Operations, Hospitality, Beauty Therapy, Wellness & Spa, Travel &
Tourism, BPO/IT/ITES, Banking and Financial Insurance etc. The training
duration of various courses ranges six month to one year. MSDS sponsors
the course free but the candidate has to bear the hostel and food fee. The
selection criteria of the candidate envisages a minimum educational
qualification 10th or 12th pass depending upon the course13, communication
skill, positive attitude, ready to relocate to the outside of the state and
finally written test and interview. The MSDS’s brochure also highlights
that in order to promote the rich heritage of skillful handloom weaving
, skill up gradation of Women Weavers SHGs through workshops and
skills training are organized in collaboration with TRANSCEND, the Art
of Living and the Apparel Export Promotion Council.
10 Skill Development of Youth in North East India: Way Forward

State Institute of Capacity Building (SICB) of Sikkim is operational since


2009 with the purpose of imparting training, transfer of knowledge and
building stronger capacities of the unemployed youth. The major objective
is to create highly skilled workforce empowered with improved skills,
knowledge and equipped themselves for earning their livelihood (SICB’s
homepage). The SICB offers about 40 courses14 as on 19-03-2015 through
its different livelihood schools. The SICB’s placement record of the fiscal
year 2013-14 shows that 460 have been place (154 Male and 306 Female),
661 are self-employed (408 Male and 253 female). The courses which have
successful placement trends are retail management, Food & Beverages,
Hospitality and Tourism Security Guard, Beautician &Spa, Foreign
Language (French &German). Similarly in self-employment the successful
trades are Driver cum tour guide, Animal Husbandry or vet nary, cutting
and tailoring, Agriculture and horticulture etc. The outlining factor is that
some of the successful courses are gender stereotyping. It is evident from
the placement record that courses like driver cum tour guide, security
guard course are hundred percent male centric. Beautician and Spa,
Cutting and Sewing, Animal Husbandry &Veterinary are female centric.
The electrical trade, construction Techniques are almost discouraging or
nil15. Since a number of infrastructure projects are in pipeline for the entire
north eastern region, construction could be employment booster with high
wage fetching, provided proper awareness is generated among youths and
also for women to venture in to the trades like driver cum guide, security
guard , construction, electrical and other engineering trades.

Meghalaya Government has taken a step forward by forming the


Meghalaya State Skill Development Society being spearheaded by the
C& RD department for providing training to youths to develop skill that
will eventually make them employable.16 Some finest traditional skills like
“masonry”, “leather boot makers” etc are set to be promoted which is a
timely response to the concern of traditional occupation and skills. The
Asian Development Bank through the project Supporting Human Capital
Development in Meghalaya focuses on boosting education and skills. The
project looks at ensuring right curriculum, teaching, and equipment which
is supposed to ensure them stay in the classrooms and ultimately get the
skills they need to get good jobs later on17.

Apart from the above discussed oragnisatons there are also some more
organizations including North East Development Foundation, North
East Council, North East Livelihood promotion Society, Indian Institute
of Entrepreneurship, North Eastern Development Financial Corporation
are engaged in livelihood and skill training activities. States should
encourage such more institutions to come up either fully funded by them,
Skilling and Up Skilling of Youth in North East: Issues and Prospects 11

in collaboration with central government departments or thorough public


private partnership mode. Along with this, efforts should be made for
inviting BPO, IT/ITES, and Banking, Financial and Insurance companies
to set up their business in the region so that youths after training could
be able to find placement. National Skill Development Corporation could
also be involved.

2.3.4 Alternative Skill Training & Certification through National


Flagship Programmes in the light of Insufficient Formal Skill
Training Institutes, Low Education Level, Lack of Resources and
Unemployed Youths

Youth job seekers in the age group of 15-29 is about 21.03 lakh in North
Eastern States18. Arunachal Pradesh (0.44), Assam (11.44), Manipur (4.02),
Meghalaya (0.27), Mizoram (0.41), Nagaland (0.53), Sikkim (-), Tripura (3.91).
Given the challenges of infrastructure deficit, technological transformation, it
is important to equip the youth of North Eastern States with the relevant skills
through alternative mode of training to make them employable. Those who
are unable to avail the training due to lack of resource (minimum financial
requirement for fee, materials and other expenditures), time (somebody who
can’t afford to give 9 A.M to 5 P.M. in ITI colleges as she/he has to work for
sustaining or supplementing the family income), avenues (lack of seats in
the ITI colleges and other institutes) the role of alternative skill training is
immense. Several skill development schemes are running under the aegis of
Government of India Ministries (See Annexure-3). The flagship programmes
like Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikash Yojana, Skill Development Initiative
on Modular Employable Skills (MES) of the Ministry of Skill Development
and Entrepreneurship, Deen Dayal Upadhay Gramin Kaushalya Yojana of
Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India have generated a lot
of enthusiasm and hope among the job seekers in the country. Similarly for
promoting self-employment and entrepreneurship through skill training,
scheme like Rural Self Employment Training Institutes (RSETI) of Ministry
of Rural Development is also in operation all over India.

2.3.4.1 Skill Development Initiatives on Modular Employable Skills (SDI


on MES)

Skill Development Initiative on Modular Employable Skills launched in 2007


under the erstwhile Director General Employment &Training of Ministry
of Labour and Employment and currently with Director General Training,
Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship. Central Government
facilitates and promotes training while State Governments, Private Sector
and Industry provide training to the persons. MES is “Minimum Skill Set”
sufficient to get employment in the labour market. The main objectives
12 Skill Development of Youth in North East India: Way Forward

of MES is to provide vocational training to school leavers, previously


child labourers, existing workers and also for ITI pass outs to improve
their competency by optimally utilizing the infrastructure available in
government, private institutions and the industry. MES allows skills up
gradation, multiskilling, multi entry and exit, vertical mobility and lifelong
learning in a flexible manner. More than 650 modules are in operation across
sixty eight sectors. These modules have been developed in close consultancy
with industry, state governments and experts. One of the key feature of the
scheme is that existing skills of the persons can also be tested and certified
under the scheme.

Vocational Training Providers (VTP)

Registered Vocational Training Providers (VTPs) under the Govt, Private


Sector and Industrial establishments are imparting skill trainings on various
modules. New entrant to the labour market without skill may take up
any module in a registered VTP, the training of which is to be imparted
in a flexible manner on hour basis mainly in the morning, evening or
weekends. All the expenditures of VTPs are to be reimbursed by the Central
Government. Statewide registered VTPs under Skill Development Initiative
Scheme in North East are; Arunachal Pradesh (14) Assam (208), Manipur
(44), Mizoram (31),Meghalaya (39), Nagaland (76), Sikkim (11), Tripura
(15)19.Another key feature of the scheme is that testing of skills of trainees
by independent assessing bodies, including industry organisations such
as FICCI, CII, etc. which do not involve in training delivery, to ensure an
impartial assessment by the employer itself. The certification is done by
National Council for Vocational Training (NCVT) which is recognized
nationally and internationally for gainful employment. (Details are available
in http://www.dget.nic.in/content/innerpage/introduction-sdis.php)

Training of Modules preferably having local and Regional Demand

Since the short term training courses are demand driven, registered VTPs
should undertake skill training through modules which are suitable for North
Eastern Region and having preferably local and regional demand. Some
sectors may be identified as potential in the region and the corresponding
modules within the sectors are namely; Garment Making Sector has
more than sixty modules ( hand embroider, machine embroider operator,
garment packer, garment ironer, Tailor, ornamentalist etc.), Wood Work
Sector has two modules (Basic Woodwork and Wooden Furniture), Travel
& Tourism has ten modules( Tour salesman, Tour Office Assistant, Tour
Programme Coordinator, Tour Agent, Travel & Tour Operator etc), Bamboo
Fabrication has two modules (Bamboo Processing and Mat Weaving). Other
major sectors having modules relevant for North East Region are Textile,
Skilling and Up Skilling of Youth in North East: Issues and Prospects 13

Gem and Jewellery, Hospitality, Agriculture, Sericulture and Apiculture,


Construction etc20. MES trained worker has also the job prospect beyond
local and regional need. The Modular Employable Skills appear to be a ray
of hope for those who are deprived of attaining formal skill training due to
factors like poor economic condition, lack of opportunities and avenues. An
important feature of the Skill Development Initiative is that the existing skills
through prior learning of persons are also to be tested and certified under
the scheme in order to recognize their capacity and competency who didn’t
get the opportunities to get in to formal training institutions but achieved
through their work experience and informal learning.

The registration of credible vocational training providers lies with the state
governments which will go a long way in fulfilling the skill needs with
quality training and certification. The process of VTP registration should
be expedited to increase the number of VTPs for the training of relevant
modules in accordance with the guidelines. States should also consult and
bring to the notice of the concerned ministry in case of any problem arise
out of the implementation of the scheme in their respective states. Credible
and committed institutions, NGOs, Employers and workers’ organizations
should be involved in this mission.

2.3.4.2 Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)

The Central government has lunched Pradhan Mantri Kaushal VikasYojana


(PMKVY) on 15th July, 2015, on the occasion of World Youth Skills Day being
implemented by National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) in a public
private partnership mode which is now under the guidance of Ministry of
Skill Development and Entrepreneurship with the vision of a “Skilled India”.
The Union Cabinet has approved the flagship scheme for another four years
(2016-2020) to impart skilling to 10 million youth of the country. Among the
guidelines of PMKVY, the Short Term Training imparted at PMKVY Training
Centers (TCs) and Recognition of Prior Learning are prominent. The Short
Term Training imparted at PMKVY Training Centers is expected to benefit
school/college drop outs or unemployed Indian nationals. Training is to be
provided according to the National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF)
and shall also include training in Soft Skills, Entrepreneurship, Financial
and Digital Literacy. Sector Skills Council (SSC) are major component of
the scheme. Among the many functions of the SSCs is to formulate the
standards for both the training institutes and the assessment of the candidate.
Collectively, these are called the National Occupational Standards (NOS)
and Qualification Packs (QPs) for specific job roles. About 40 Sector Skills
Council like Agricultural Skill Council of India, Apparel Made-ups and
Home Furnishings Sector Skills Council, Tourism and Hospitality Sector
Skills Council, Beauty and Wellness Sector Skill Council are affiliated with
14 Skill Development of Youth in North East India: Way Forward

National Skill Development Corporation. The training duration varies per


job role, ranging between 150 and 300 hours. Upon successful completion of
training and assessment, candidates shall be provided placement assistance
by Training Partners (TPs). Under the PMKVY, the entire training and
assessment fees are paid by the Government. Payouts shall be provided
to the TPs in alignment with the Common Norms. Special provisions and
rewards exist for individuals from NER. Trainings imparted under the Short
Term Training components of the Scheme shall be NSQF Level 5 and below.
As per the latest data available, Assam has 48 Training Centers with 39 Skill
Partners, Manipur 1 training centers and 1 skill partner, Mizoram 6 training
centers and 1 skill partner, Meghalaya 10 training centers and 8 skill partners,
Nagaland 8 training centers and 5 skill partners, Tripura 16 training centers
and 12 skill partners, Sikkim 4 training centers and 3 skill partners working
in the region. (For details http://www.nsdcindia.org/our-affiliates-0).

The Recognition of Prior Learning is a great hope for those who have leant
skill through experience or informal means. Individuals with prior learning
experience or skills shall be assessed and certified under the RPL component
of the Scheme. RPL aims to align the competencies of the unregulated
workforce of the country to the NSQF. Project Implementing Agencies (PIA),
such as Sector Skill Councils (SSCs) or or any other agencies designated by
MSDE/NSDC, shall be incentivized to implement RPL projects in any of
the three Project Types (RPL Camps, RPL at Employer’s Premises and RPL
center). To address knowledge gaps, PIA may offer Bridge Courses to RPL
candidates.

2.3.4.3 Deen Dayal Upadhyay Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY)

Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) is


a Market-led, Placement Linked training for rural poor youth undertaken
in a public Private Partnership mode. DDU-GKY ,the Ministry of Rural
Development (MoRD)’s initiative is a part of the National Rural Livelihood
Mission (NRLM), tasked with the dual objectives of adding diversity to the
incomes of rural poor families and cater to the career aspirations of rural youth
focusing between the ages of 15 and 35 years. A minimum placement of 70%
of the project target of all trainees through the support of training partners
and employer engagement, with a minimum recommended monthly
salary of INR 6,000/- (varying based on training acquired). Candidates are
benefited in the form of free training, free uniform, free course material, free
lodging and board in case of residential programmes, reimbursements of
expenses in non-residential programs. DDU-GKY is present in 21 States
and UTs, across 568 districts, impacting youth from over 6,215 blocks. It
currently has over 690 projects being implemented by over 300 partners,
in more than 330 trades from 82 industry sedtors. Over 2.7 lakh candidates
Skilling and Up Skilling of Youth in North East: Issues and Prospects 15

have been trained and over 1.34 lakh candidates have been placed in jobs
so in the course of the last financial year. (www.ddugky.gov.in/content/
about-us-0). DDU-GKY funds a variety of skill training programs covering
over 250 trades across a range of sectors such as Retail, Hospitality, Health,
Construction, Automotive, Leather, Electrical, Plumbing, Gems and Jewelry
etc. As far as the programmatic funding is concerned for North-East States
90% by Central Government and 10% by State Government while for other
states 75% by Central Government , 25% by State Government.

2.3.5 Self Employment & Entrepreneurship Potential in North East

The share of self-employment is about 50 % among the Indian work force


where female constitute 10% and male 40% (NSSO 2011-12). But the
significant aspect of employment status in northeast is that, among women
percentage of self-employment is high. As per the NSSO data (2009-10),
Females (rural +urban) in North East are more in Self Employment than
regular wage/salaried employee and casual labour. Out of 1000 female
workers, 720 in Manipur, 630 in Meghalaya, 836 in Mizoram, 876 in
Nagaland, 855 in Arunachal, 631 in Sikkim, 642 in Assam are self-employed.
Only exception is Tripura where 208 female workers are self-employed.
In Tripura 637 female out of 1000 are casual labour.21If 60-80 percentages
of women in economic activities in seven states of the region excepting
one state have their status as self-employed then skill development
programmes meant for self-employment should be promoted.

2.3.5.1 Skill Training for Promoting Self Employment through RSETI

Rural Self Employment Training Institutes (RSETI) similar to the


model of Rural Development and Self Employment Training Institute
(RUDSETI) are in operation in the district level imparting training and
skill up gradation of rural youths for entrepreneurship development
and self-employment. The RESTI’s core offering includes its free, unique
and intensive short –term residential training designed for rural youth,
priority for rural BPL youth. RSETIs also provide equal opportunities
to women entrepreneurs. It also organizes exclusive programmes for
women in various trades depending upon their attitudes and local
demand. RSETIs are managed by banks with active co-operation from
Government of India, State Governments.

RSETIs offering mainly Entrepreneurship Development Programme


(EDP) for First Generation Entrepreneurs are of four categories namely,
Agricultural EDPs, Product EDPs, Processes EDPs, and General EDPs.
Programmes like Bee Keeping, Goat Rearing, Organic Farming, Rubber
Tapping, Sericulture and Sheep Rearing are being offered under
16 Skill Development of Youth in North East India: Way Forward

Agricultural EDPs. Bamboo and Cane Craft, Embroidery & Fabric Painting,
Hand Embroidery, Handicrafts Manufacturing programmes operate under
Product EDPs. Cell phone Servicing, Saree Rolling and Polishing, Tie and
Dying, Aari Embroidery Work are some programmes under Process EDPs.
Apart from organizing Entrepreneurship Development Programmes for
First Generation Entrepreneurs, RSETIs also organise Skill Up gradation
Programme & Growth Programmes for the established entrepreneurs22.

Performance Review Committee (PRC) meeting of Ministry of Rural


Development (MoRD) for north eastern states held in June 2013 has
identified some issues like Sate Level Bankers’ Committee (SLBC) of RSETI
has not been set up in any NE States other than Assam, State workshop on
RSETIs has not been conducted in any NE State, Only basic SHG training
being conducted in many RSETIs and no entrepreneurship promotion
trainings held in several RSETIs. Provided these issues are addressed
along with expediting the opening of RSETIs in all district of NE States, it
could be instrumental for providing need based training in the locality.

2.3.5.2 Pradhan Mantri Mudra (Micro Units Development & Refinance


Agency) Yojana

The MUDRA scheme is aimed at funding the unfunded; especially the


small and micro enterprises which constitute a major economic segment
in our country and provides large employment. The sector comprises
of myriad of small manufacturing units, shopkeepers, fruits/vegetable
vendors, truck & taxi operators, food-service units, repairs shops, machine
operators, small industries, artisans, food processors. Street vendor etc.
The major constraints including access to finance, Skill Development Gaps,
Knowledge gaps etc. are to be addressed through the scheme.23

2.3.5.3 Cluster Development Programmes

MSME Intervention

For combating the severe completion out of globalization effect developing


clusters24 of firms engaged in similar activities is being viewed as the most
viable approach to develop the small and traditional sector. The Cluster
Development Approach adopted by Indian Institute of Entrepreneurship,
an organization of Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
to develop small enterprises in North Eastern Region of India to meet
the challenging opportunities and threat in a global economy25. Cane &
Bamboo Cluster, Dimapur and Imphal East Handloom Cluster are being
implemented.
Skilling and Up Skilling of Youth in North East: Issues and Prospects 17

North East Development Foundation initiatives

The handloom cluster development programme (HCDP) is a livelihood


and income generation programmes for disadvantaged women in North
East India initiated by North East Development Foundation with the
objectives to encourage and promote handloom entrepreneurs with
support of basic and advanced handloom skills and facilitate income
generation and empower handloom clusters. The focus is on design skills,
and strengthening the supply chain through online and offline market.
HCDP is running cluster groups in Kamrup District of Assam –village
Satgaon and Sonapur.

2.3.5.4 Startup India and Standup India

The department of Industrial Policy and Promotion of the Ministry


of Commerce and Industry has announced ‘Startup India’ initiative
for creating a conducive environment for startups in India. As per the
notification an entity shall be considered as a startup- (a) Up to five years
from the date of its incorporation/ registration, (b) If its turnover for any of
the financial years has not exceeded Rupees 25 crores, and (c) It is working
towards innovation, development, deployment and commercialization of
new products, processes or services driven by technology or intellectual
property; provided that any such entity formed by splitting up or
reconstruction of a business already in existence shall not be considered
as a startup. The Action Plan of the Startup movement is based on the
three pillars namely; simplification and handholding, funding support
and incentives, industry-academia partnership and incubation.26

Stand-up India scheme is to facilitate bank loans between 10 lakhs and


1crore to at least one Scheduled Caste (SC) or Scheduled Tribe (ST) borrower
and at least one woman borrower per bank for setting up a Greenfield
enterprise ( Green field signifies, in this context, the first time venture of
the beneficiary in the manufacturing or services or trading sector). This
enterprise may be in manufacturing, services or the trading sector. In case of
non-individual enterprises at least 51% of the shareholding and controlling
stake should be held by either an SC/ST or Woman entrepreneur.27
3
Case of Harnessing Talents, Human Capital and
Economic Potential of Women

In order to achieve the region’s goal of poverty reduction and sustainable


development, the talents, human capital and economic potential of
women need to be harnessed. Good practices and models ensuring gender
equality and gender mainstreaming through integrating skill development
should be adopted for various programme implementations. Gender
Action Plan adopted in the State Investment Programme Management &
Implementation Unit (SIPMIU), Aizawl, Government of Mizoram under
the North East Region Capital City Development Investment Programme
(NERCCDIP) of the Urban Development & Poverty Alleviation Department,
Government of India covers every side of the project requirements creating
gender awareness and gender involvement in association with the project.
For example incase of the outputs: Sewerage for improved sanitation
infrastructure the project specifies employment of women in construction
of sewerage facilities while implementing the Equal-pay-for-work-of-
equal-value policy. The process goes on like train women in maintenance
&operation of sewerage network, select women who are interested to
receive training then women workers are identified, deploy NGO having
resource person who can train women for maintenance & operation of
sewerage network, training report and photographs to sample women
received training and ready for the job (Details available at http://nerudp.
nic.in/GAP/GAP_Aizawl.pdf).

The North Eastern Region Capital Cities Development Programme


(NERCCDIP) with financial support from Asian Development Bank
(ADB) under Multi trenched Financial Facility (MFF) aims to provide
or upgrade basic urban utilities such as Water Supply, Sewerage &
Sanitation and Solid Waste Management of the capital cities in five North
Eastern States namely Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. The
NERCCDIP also plans to strengthen the service delivery capacity of each
of the State Urban Development Agencies and Urban Local Bodies through
management reform, capacity building and training. This action plan
is not specifically meant for skill development and training but a model
which is an integrated approach to promote economic development via
above discussed urban utilities where employment and training aspects of
women are suitably incorporated with gender equality.
4
Concluding Remarks and Suggestions
The realization of demographic divided aptly lies with the skilling and up
skilling of youth. Those don’t possess any skill there should be a departure
from no skill to minimum employable skill. Those who possess some kind
of skill there should be up gradation. State Skill Development Missions
of Northeast India in close collaboration with National Skill Development
Mission have to carry forward the mission of harnessing demographic
dividend through skill development of the youth. It is very vital to
understand the job preference of the youth, their potentiality and sectors
with employment potential given the intraregional variance, availability of
trainers for strategizing skill development activities. Youth should also be
made aware about the sectors with tremendous employment and high wage
opportunities so that they have wider options at their disposal. Potential
and aspiring youth should venture in to those areas of skill training that
are in demand in North East moving beyond the traditional paradigm of
conventional skill and also breaking the gender stereotype in choosing skill
trades. National Policy on Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 2015
rightly observes that mainstreaming gender roles by skilling women in non-
traditional roles and increasing gender sensitivity in the workplace will have
a catalytic effect on productivity and be a smart economic decision.
Studies, vision documents and moreover state specific skill mapping (though
some states have undertaken skill mapping) and even within the state,
the district and block level mapping would be of immense importance in
successful handling the skill affair of North East Region. Skill Development
Missions of respective states of North Eastern States have important roles to
play. Involving credible companies, institutions, NGOs and also bringing
in fold the workers’ organizations, employers’ associations would be very
much required for facilitating skill training activities, certification and
ensuring placement of the youths, post placement tracking, evaluation along
with awareness generation and sensitization. The aspect of quality training
and effective delivery of Course Modules need to be ensured by all the
stakeholders. Government machineries need to work along with the social
partners for reaching out the youths of geographically disadvantaged areas
and hilly terrains. Local residents should extend supports to the training
providers for arranging basic infrastructure like training halls etc. Social
media and the local media’s role is significant. Central government agencies,
nodal bodies of ministries should address the concerns of state governments
and implementing agencies in a timely manner. Skill India has a vital role
in supporting the other flagship initiatives like Make in India, Smart city,
Digital India, Startup India , Standup India and Swachh Bharat. Youth
of North East India can boost the skilling and up skilling ambition of the
country by 2022 thereby contributing to the above mentioned development
initiatives given due attention and opportunities.
20 Skill Development of Youth in North East India: Way Forward

Notes
1 Press Information Bureau (2015), ITIs in North Eastern States Government of India,
Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, 12 March, 2015.
2 Look East Policy 1991-92, The Centrally Sponsored Scheme “Establishment of
Industrial Training Institutes (IT Is) in North Eastern States and Sikkim” 2000-2001,
North Eastern Industrial Policy 2007, Setting up the Department of Development
of North Eastern Region 2001 and upgrading it to the Ministry of Development
of North Eastern Region (DONER) in 2004, Various development programmes
through North Eastern Council, DONER and many other organizations. Also
declared as Special Category States, this entitles 90 percent of Central Assistance as
grant and 10 percent as loan.
3 Too many people subsist on agriculture. Seemingly they are employed. But their
employment is not wholly productive. It is not wholly productive in the sense that
production does not suffer even if some of the so-called employed are withdrawn
4 Dasra Report : Crafting a Livelihood/January 2013
5 ibid
6 See details in Khuntia, P A (2013), “Employment Generation and Enhancing Employability
in North East through Skill Development: Emmerging Issues and Prospects”, Labour&
Development (vol.20, No.2, December 2013), V.V.Giri National Labour Institute,
Sector-24, Noida
7 NSS 66th Round(2009-10): Report on Status of Education and Vocational Training
in India, referred in “Skill Challenges of Informal Sector in India” by Ms. Sunita
Sanghi and Mr. Kuntal Sensarma (in Confederation of Indian Industry, CII,
Economy Matters, March 2014)
8 Visit http://www.dget.nic.in/content/institute/key-statistics.php for details
9 Visit http://www.dget.nic.in/content/institute/key-statistics.php for details
10 ITIs in North Eastern States Press Information Bureau, Government of India,
Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, 12 March, 2015.
11 Institutional Network under State Sector, State wise distribution of Women ITIs
& Wings in general ITIs (Government as well as Private- Data as on October 2013)
(ttp://www.dget.nic.in/content/institute/inuss.php)
12 Women Training, Director General Employment & Training (http://www.dget.
nic.in/content/institute/regional-vocational-training-institutes-rvtis.php)
13 For example for one year Integrated Dual Diploma in (1) Hospitality & Tourism
Management (DHTM),(2) Cabin Crew Management & Airport Operations , the
Course duration is 12 months which is being provided through JETTWINGS ,
Guwahati. For the Course Beauty, Hair, Make-up, Nail Art , the course duration is
six month being provided by Surya Vinayak Wellness Ltd., Noida ( for details go
through the brochure Skills for Jobs of Manipur Skill Development Society or visit
the website www.manipurskilldevelopment.com)
14 Retail management, Food and beverage Services, Hospitality & Tourism,
Agriculture & Horticulture, Automobile Repairing, Animal Husbandry & vetenary,
Construction Trade & Techniques etc. (For details visit the website http://www.
sicbsikkim.com/pdf/lhs.pdf)
Notes and References 21

15 For details visit http://www.sicbsikkim.com/files/37.pdf


16 http/://www.ohmeghalaya.com/institute-providing-skill-job-now-in-shillong
17 ADB to Strengthen Human Capital in India’s Meghalaya State (http://www.adb.
org/print/news/adb-strengthen-human-capital-indias-meghalaya-state)
18 Press Information Bureau (2015),ITIs in North Eastern States Government of India,
Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, 12 March, 2015.
19 For details visit https://sdis.gov.in/SDI/frmViewTrainingProviderList.aspx
20 For the details about the Modules visit the Website of Director General, Employment
and Training, Ministry of Labour & Employment, Government of India (www.dget.
nic.in)
21 The reason may be the participation of women in MGNREGS which is the mainstay
of economic support providing 87 days of work above the national average of 44
days per household. The percentage of women’s participation in MGNREGS is 41
in 2013-12 which is the second highest after Sikkim with 47 percent.
22 For details visit www.rsetmonitoringcell.org/training_programmes.html)
23 Press Information Bureau (2015), Government of India, Prime Minister’s Office,
and PM Launches Prdhan Mantri MUDRA
24 A cluster is best defined as a sectoral and geographical concentration of enterprises
and their various service providers, producing goods or services, in particular
micro, small and medium enterprises, facing similar threats and opportunities.
25 See the home page of Indian Institute of Entrepreneurship.
26 www.startupindia.gov.in
27 Press Information Bureau (2016), Prime Minister to Lunch the “the Standup India
Scheme” on April 5th 2016, Ministry of Finance, Government of India.

References
Dasra (2013), “Crafting a Livelihood- Building Sustainability for Indian Artisans”
(January2013), Dasra(https://www.dasra.org/cause/creating-livelihoods-
for-artisans).
Dhar Aarti (2013), A threadbare existence, The Hindu (February 6, 2013)
Government of Mizoram (2012), Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation
Department, Gender Action Plan, State Investment Programme Management &
Implementation Unit (SIPMIU) (July 2012),Aizawl: Urban Development and
Poverty Alleviation Department.
ILO (2014), Global Employment Trends, International Labour Organisation.
ILO (2016), World Employment Social Outlook Trends for Youth 2016, International
Labour Organisation.
22 Skill Development of Youth in North East India: Way Forward

Khuntia, P A (2013), “Employment Generation and Enhancing Employability


in North East through Skill Development: Emmerging Issues and Prospects”,
Labour & Development (Vol. 20, No.2, December 2013), V.V.Giri National
Labour Institute, Sector-24, Noida.
Lianzela (2012), Employment Scenario in Mizoram, Employment News (22-28
September, 2012), Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government
of India
Government of India, Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region,
North Eastern Council (2008), North Eastern Region Vision 2020, New Delhi:
Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region.
Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, 2011 Census Data, Office
of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi:
Ministry of Home Affairs.
Government of India, Ministry of Labour & Employment, Modular Employable
Skills (MES) under Skill Development Initiative Scheme (2015) (www. Dget.gov.
in/mes/index.htm). New Delhi: Ministry of Labour and Employment.
Government of India, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship,
Skill Development Initiative Scheme (2017) (https://www.sdi.gov.in/en-US/
Pages/Main%20Pages/SectorsandCourses.aspx). New Delhi: Ministry of
Skill Development and Entrepreneurship.
Government of India, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
(2017), (www.skilldevelopment.gov.in/DGT.html), New Delhi: Ministry
of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
Government of India, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship,
National Policy on Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 2015, New Delhi:
Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship.
Government of India, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation,
National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) (2009 -10), Key Indicators of
Employment and Unemployment in India (2009 -10), New Delhi: Ministry of
Statistics and Programme Implementation.
Government of India, National Institute for Transforming India (NITI
Ayog, 2015), Skill India, Report of the Sub-group of Chief Ministers on Skill
Development: New Delhi: National Institute for Transforming India.
Government of India, Planning Commission of India (2001), National Human
Development Report (2001), New Delhi, Planning Commission of India
(Now NITI Ayog).
Annexure-1 23

Annexure-1
Highest Comparative Advantage for Products of NERs: Regional
Specialisation Index

State Products
Arunachal Pradesh Small millet, maize, ginger, pineapple
Assam Tea, rapeseed and mustard, sugarcane
Manipur Chilies, rice, ginger, pineapple
Meghalaya Ginger, potatoes, sesamum, pineapple
Mizoram Ginger, maize and sesamum
Nagaland Small millet, maize
Sikkim Ginger
Tripura Natural rubber, coconut, bananas, pineapple
24 Skill Development of Youth in North East India: Way Forward

Annexure – 2
Highest Comparative Advantage for Horticulture Products of NER States

State Horticulture Products


Arunachal Pradesh Chilies, citrus, apple, passion fruits, ginger
Assam Turmeric, potatoes, banana, pineapple
Manipur Chilies, ginger, pineapple, brinjole, mushroom,
potatoes
Meghalaya Turmeric, Ginger, potatoes, pineapple
Mizoram Ginger, brinjole, mushroom
Nagaland Passion fruit, pineapple
Sikkim Ginger, large cardamom, flowers, seasonal
vegetables
Tripura Citrus, banana, pineapple
Annexure - 3 25

Annexure – 3
Skill Development Schemes of GOI Ministries
Particulars of the Scheme Scheme Parameters Further Information

S. Name of Name of Scheme Duration of the Area that Any specific socio- Web Link
No. Ministry Training Program Scheme economic group the
(hours/days/ caters to scheme caters to
months)

1 M/o Extension Reform-Farm Once during each of Pan India Farmers http://agricoop.nic.in/
Agriculture School the 6 critical stages guidelines.html
(Department in a cropping season
of
Agriculture &
Cooperation) Agri clinic and Agri 2 Months Pan India Graduates in agriculture http://agricoop.nic.in/
Business Centres Scheme and allied subjects imagedefault/extension/
from SAUs/ Central ACABC.pdf
Agricultural Universities/
Universities recognized
by ICAR/ UGC and the
beneficiary farmers
Diploma in Agricultural 48 days spread as Pan India Input dealers and http://agricoop.nic.in/
Extension Services for 1 year prospective dealers guidelines.html
Input Dealers (DAESI)
Post Graduate Diploma 1 Year Pan India Graduates in Agriculture http://agricoop.nic.in/
in Agricultural Extension guidelines.html
Management (PGDAEM)
National Food Security Full crop season Pan India Farmers http://nfsm.gov.in/
Mission (NFSM) for single day in a Guidelines.aspx
week or fortnight
8-20 seasons

National Horticulture 3 months-1 year Pan India Entrepreneurs, Gardeners, http://www.nhm.nic.in/


Mission (NHM) (Farmers- 2 to 5 Farmers, Supervisors, printnhm.htm
days) Field Staff
Horticulture Mission for 3 months-1 year Pan India Entrepreneurs, Gardeners, http://tmnehs.gov.in/forms/
North East and Himalayan (Farmers-2 to 5 Farmers, Supervisors, contentpage.aspx?lid=895
States (HMNEH) days) Field Staff

National Centre for 4 weeks Pan India Farmers http://agricoop.nic.in/


Organic Farming guidelines.html
Mechanization and Not fixed (generally Pan India Farmers http://agricoop.nic.in/
Technology (M & T) 4 weeks) guidelines.html

2 M/o Department of Poultry and 2 weeks to 4 weeks Pan India Farmers http://dahd.nic.in/dahd/
Agriculture Fodder default.aspx
(Department
of Animal Department of 4 to 5 Days, For Pan India Farmers
Husbandary, Cooperatives and Dairy Maitris 3 Months
Dairying and Development
Fisheries) Department of Livestock 2 to 5 Days Pan India Vets and Paravets
Health
Department of Fisheries Pan India Fishermen and people
engaged in the post
production avtivities

3 M/o Training in Agricultural one day to three Pan India Personal engaged in dare.nic.in
Agriculture Extension (21 training weeks Agricultural Institutions
(DARE) centers) and support services,
members of cooperatives,
and Farmers under KVK,
550/589 districts are
covered

Under the University UG courses – 4 Pan India Students with


stream, various under- years, PG Courses- 2 Qualifications as usual
graduate, post- graduate years and PhD under University stream
and PhD courses are of education
offered (DARE)

There is one Central undergraduate (UG), Pan India Students with


Agricultural University, Master’s and PhD Qualifications as usual.
thirty one State Agriculture degree programme
University (SAUs) and
four National Institutes
of Indian Council of
Agricultural Research
having the status of
Deemed University
ICAR also arranges need One week to three Pan India Faculty and Scientist
based training programs months (or longer
in any of State Agricultural duration, as fixed)
University or ICAR
Institutes in new and
emerging areas.
26 Skill Development of Youth in North East India: Way Forward

4 M/o Chemi- Support to Central 6 months Short Pan India (23 Applicable for all. http://cipet.gov.in/
cals and Institutes of Plastics Term Programmes centres)
Fertilizers Engineering and given to industry
(Department Technology (CIPET) workers and
of Chemicals existing employees
and Petro- and targetted
chemicals groups. Long term
programmes (1.5
to 3 years) include
diploma and post
diploma courses
and B Tech.

5 M/o Placement Linked Skill Short duration (4-6 FDDI is Fresh, Unemployed http://dipp.nic.in/English/
Commerce development Programme: weeks) implementing youth and existing Schemes/Dept_Leather.aspx
and Industry This is a sub-scheme of the PLSDP workers in organized
(Department the Ministry’s Integrated Scheme all and unorganizede leather
of Industrial Leather Development over India by sector. Preference is given
Policy & Programme. establishment to economically weaker/
Promotion) of Training BPL section of the society,
centers & people from lower strata
sub-centers at like SC, ST, OBC etc &
Kanpur, Agra, female candidates.
Raebareli,
kolkata,
Ranipet ,
Bahadurgarh,
Amethi
& various
locations at
the factory
premises,
where
unemployed
persons
from the
economically
weaker section
of the society
are being
selected,
trained and
provided
assistance
to get
employment
in the footwear
industry
at the shop
floor level
operations.

Support to Artisans Short duration All over India. Artisans in rural


Scheme: This is a sub- training Presently being clusters
scheme of the Ministry’s programmes (2 implemented in the
Integrated Leather week to 1 month) States of Rajasthan,
Development Programme. Punjab, U.P,
Maharashtra, W.B

6 M/o Commu- NIELIT’s capacity 80 hours (avg) Pan India N.A. http://deity.gov.in/
nications & enhancement plan on skill
Information development (erstwhile
Technology DOEACC)
(Department
of Electronics CDAC’s capacity 457 hours (avg) Pan India N.A.
& Information enhancement plan on skill
Technology) development to enhance
existing training capacity
Scheme for financial 3 - 6 months Specific States N.A.
assistance to select
six States/Uts for
Skil Development in
Electronics System Design
and Manufacturing sector

Setting up of Electronics
and ICT Academies in
various states in existing
IITs / IIITs/ NITs
(proposed in June 2013)
Skill Development Schemes of GOI Ministries 27

7 Ministry of CBTA Varies (6 months- 1 NE States Youth (focus on http://mdoner.gov.in/


Development year) school drop outs) content/scheme
of North and also mid level
Eastern officers of the State
Region Govt
(DoNER)

8 M/o Food Creation of infrastructure N.A. Pan India N.A. http://mofpi.nic.


Processing facilities for running in/Content Page.
Industries Degree/ Diploma courses aspx?KYEwmOL+HGqHeLl
in Food Processing RhVlZUFl
Technology under NMFP DG0CKGPNmpP1Kgy54
DIfoVajcupCzVK/4a
YPVEBRk8ICm+ZnsleiwL3
3lPMprZJ+jwyZUBU4v
e6y8+OV7ahq206bmyf8
bXn+DiV0cjK9qsDANk
8C91zTtAY5FzDMw6w==

Entrepreneurship 6 weeks Pan India SC/ST/Minority http://mofpi.nic.in/Content


Development Programme Community/ Page.aspx?KYEwmOL+
(EDP) under NMFP to Women- Atleast 35% HGqHeLlRh VlZUFl
be conducted by various DG0CKGPNmp
government and private P1Kgy54DIeSu/
organizations, industries, YkJAdx8xj3FMl4hreOZne0is
or NGOs AlLkXpOrT f736OIcRQO7Hl+
dwfb2jQh/Clgybj
LCsviBlC9a9WfifCtabK

Grants-in-aid for setting N.A. Pan India SC/ST/Minority http://mofpi.nic.in/Content


up of Food Processing Community/ Page.aspx?KYEwmOL+HGq
Training Centres (FPTC) Women- Percentage HeLlRhVlZUFl DG0
under NMFP not specified CKGPNmpP1Kgy54
DIdFDKsuK2I/+Sb/
DLJ0cjp5dpgkTfLzZ9FO5zw
GxHp6uWeIrxY1rGwph
Thne0rvQdhx
DGWV2YxKQw==

Training at Recognised 1- 10 working days Pan India N.A. http://mofpi.nic.in/Content


National/State level Page.aspx? KYEwmOL+HGq
Institutes etc. sponsored HeLlRhVlZUFl
by MoFPI/other training DG0CKGPNmp
programmes under NMFP P1Kgy54 DIekPy2BXH1P
BsTldTq6jU81SnzxS2/Wi777u
nKGbnku/1bOa8cILOz
NoEu1dx1BJZU=
Degree Programmes and 1 day - 1month Haryana and Tamil N.A. http://www.iicpt.edu.in/
short term courses offered (IICPT); 1-2 weeks Nadu http:// www.niftem.ac.in/
by National Institute (NIFTEM)
of Food Technology,
Entrepreneurship and
Management (NIFTEM),
Kundli, Haryana and
Indian Institute of Crop
Processing Technology
(IICPT), Tamil Nadu
9 Housing and National Urban Livelihoods http://nulm.gov.in/
Urban Poverty Mission (NULM) which
Alleviation replaces the Swarna
Jayanti Shahari Rozgar
Yojana (SJSRY). There are
2 components under the
mission for Skill Devt :
Employment through Skill Minimum 3 months In the 12th Five Urban poor
Training and Placement (approx. 400 hrs of Year Plan, it will
(EST&P) technical training be implemented
plus 30 hours for in all District
soft skills). hours Headquarter towns
for soft skills and all other cities
training). If the with a population
MES Curriculum of 100,000 or
is being followed, more. Other towns
then the basic and may be allowed in
advanced level exceptional cases
skill training on request of the
courses may be States.
combined to ensure
a minimum of 400
training hours.

Self-employment One component


Programme (SEP) under SEP is
Entrepreneurship
Development
Programme which
is for 3-7 days
for individual
and group
entrepreneurs.
28 Skill Development of Youth in North East India: Way Forward

10 Ministry Community Development few weeks to 6 Pan­-India No http://mhrd.gov.in/scheme_


of Human through Polytechnics months(part time polytechnics
Resource non formal)
Development

Implementation of the few weeks to 6 Pan-India No http://mhrd.gov.in/


Scheme for Integrating months(part time
Differently Abled persons non formal)
in the mainstream of
Technical and Vocational
Education
Graduate Apprenticeships 1 year Pan India No http://mhrd.gov.in/
(under Scheme of polytechnics_action_english
Apprenticeship Training)

Scheme of Support to Need based, short- nonliterates, neo- http://mhrd.gov.in/


Voluntary Agencies for term literates, as well as scheme_support
Adult Education and school drop outs
Skill Development - Jan
Shikhshan Sansthans (JSSs)

National Institute of 6 months to 2 years Pan India School leavers with http://mhrd.gov.in/nios
Open Schooling - Distance 5th, 7th,8th and
Vocational Education 10th pass
Programmes [Practical
training through
Accredited Vocational
Institutes (AVIs)]

Establishment of 3 months to 3 year Pan India 12th pass if college,


Community Colleges (to if polytechnic, 10th
be set up) pass
Photo 29

Interacting with elderly stone crushing workers in Meghalaya (March 2015). At the age
of about 70 they are earning just Rs 70-90 per day. Had they been given any kind of skill
training in their youth or even latter, they would have been at better place.

A low skilled construction worker in Shillong city needs skill up gradation.


30 Skill Development of Youth in North East India: Way Forward

Construction workers engaged in manual and low skilled work on the Guwahati-
Shillong High Way in need of skill training.
V.V. Giri National Labour Institute
NLI Research Studies Series
No.

001/2000 Labour Market Institutions in Globalized Economy: Some Issues in the


Indian Context — C.S.K. Singh
002/2000 Dynamics of Labour Market in Kerala — S.K. Sasikumar &S. Raju
003/2000 Women and Labour Market: A Macro Economic Study— Neetha N.
004/2000 Mode of Payment of Minimum Wages in Bihar —Navin Chandra &
Nikhil Raj
005/2000 Payment of Minimum Wages in Kind and Perceptions Regarding the
Mode of Payment — S.S. Suryanarayanan & Rajan K.E. Varghese
006/2000 Minimum Wages and Mode of Payment : The Case of Punjab — Ruma
Ghosh
007/2000 Rural Wages: On Developing an Analytical Framework— Babu P. Remesh
008/2000 Employment in Food Processing Industries — S.S. Suryanarayanan &
B. V.L.N. Rao
009/2000 Determinants of Rural Wages: An Inquiry Across Occupations — Babu
P. Remesh, J. Jeyaranjan & A.C.K. Nambiar
010/2000 Adverse Sex Ratio and Labour Market Participation of Women:
Trends, Patterns and Linkages — Neetha N.
011/2000 Children of Carpet Looms: A Study of Home-based Productions of
Carpet in Uttar Pradesh — Nikhil Raj and Ravi Srivastava
012/2000 Child Labour in Slate Industry of Markapur in the Wake of Legislation
— K. Suman Chandra, R. Vidyasagar and Y. Gangi Reddy
013/2000 Child Labour in Moradabad Home-Based Industries in the wake of
Legislation — Ashish Ghosh, Helen R. Sekar
014/2000 Child Labour in Bulandshahar District of Uttar Pradesh— Tapan Kumar
Pachal
015/2001 Outline of a History of Labour in Traditional Small-Scale Industry in
India — Tirthankar Roy
016/2001 Gender and Class: Women in Indian Industry, 1920-1990 — Samita Sen
017/2001 The Politics of the Labour Movement: An Essay on Differential
Aspirations — Dilip Simeon
018/2001 Child Labour in Home Based Lock Industries of Aligarh— Helen R.
Sekar, Noor Mohammad
019/2001 Child Labour in Diamond Industry of Surat — Kiran Desai, Nikhil Raj
020/2001 Gender and Technology: Impact of Flexible Organisation and
Production on Female Labour in the Tiruppur Knitwear Industry
— Neetha N.
32 Skill Development of Youth in North East India: Way Forward

021/2001 Organisational Structure, Labour Relations and Employment in


Kancheepuram Silk Weaving — Babu P. Remesh
022/2001 International Labour Migration from Independent India — S.K. Sasikumar
023/2001 Cine Workers Welfare Fund in India — M.M. Rehman
024/2001 Child Labour in Knitwear Industry of Tiruppur — J. Jayaranjan
025/2001 Child Labour in the Home Based Gem Polishing Industry of Jaipur
— Kanchan Mathur & Ruma Ghosh
026/2001 Unorganised Workers of Delhi and the Seven Day Strike of 1988
— Indrani Mazumdar
027/2001 Death of an Industrial City: Testimonies of Life Around Bombay Textile
Strike of 1982 — Hemant Babu
028/2001 Child Labour in the Home Based Match Industries of Sivakasi
— R. Vidyasagar
029/2001 Migration in the North-Eastern Region during 1901-1991 and Emerging
Environmental Distress: A Case Study of Deforestation in Assam
— Suresh Chand Aggarwal & Pushpam Kumar
030/2001 Women Weavers of Sualkuchi, The Silk Town of Assam — OKD Institute
031/2002 Cash and in-kind Modes of Wage Payment in Maharashtra — C.S.K. Singh
032/2002 Child Labour in the Knife Industry of Rampur — Ashish Ghosh & Helen
R. Sekar
033/2002 Labour Contracts and Work Agreements in Tea Plantations of Assam
— Kalyan Das
034/2002 Organising and Empowering Rural Labour: Lessons from
Kancheepuram in Tamil Nadu — Babu P. Remesh
035/2002 Child Labour in Chrompet Leather Manufacturing Units of Tamil
Nadu — J. Jayaranjan
036/2002 Trade Unionism in South Indian Film Industry — S. Theodore Baskaran
037/2002 Migration, Social Networking and Employment: A Study of Domestic
Workers in Delhi — Neetha N.
038/2002 Study of Child Labour in the Zardosi and Hathari Units of Varanasi
— J. John & Ruma Ghosh
039/2003 Organising Rural Labour for Effective Participation in Development
— M.M. Rehman & Surinder Pratap
040/2003 Study of Child Labour in Glass Bangle Industry of Firozabad — Ruma
Ghosh Singh & Rajeev Sharma
041/2003 Organising Rural Labour for Effective Participation in Development in
Khurja — Poonam S. Chauhan
042/2003 Labour Market and Employment Assessment: A District Level Analysis
— Uday Kumar Varma & S.K. Sasikumar
043/2003 Wage Structure and Labour: Assam Valley Tea Plantations, 1900-1947
— Rana Partap Behal
NLI Research Studies Series 33

044/2003 Oral History Documentation of Indian Labour Movement — Anil


Rajimwale, Krishna Jha, Bobby Poulose
045/2003 Status of Labour Welfare Measures in the Factories of NOIDA: A Case
Study of Garment & Hosiery Industry — Sanjay Upadhyaya
046/2003 Labour History and the Question of Culture — Chitra Joshi
047/2003 Child Labour in Hazardous Industries: A Case of Slaughter House and
Allied Occupations — Helen R. Sekar
048/2003 The Politics of Representation in the Indian Labour Diaspora
— Prabhu Mohapatra
049/2003 Labour Histories: Agrarian Labour and Colonialism — Neeladri Bhattacharya
050/2004 Labour Laws, Contractual Parameters and Conditions of Construction
Workers: A Study in Chennai — S.S. Suryanarayanan
051/2004 Labour in Business Process Outsourcing: A Case Study of Call Centre
Agents — Babu P. Remesh
052/2004 Labour, Employment and Gender Issues in EPZs: The Case of NEPZ
— Neetha N. & Uday Kumar Varma
053/2004 Labour Relations in Small Holding Plantations: The Case of Rubber
Tappers in Kerala — Babu P. Remesh
054/2004 Contractual Arrangements in the Tea Plantations of Tamil Nadu
— K. Nagraj & L. Vedavalli
055/2004 Child Labour in Urban Informal Sector: A Study of Ragpickers in
NOIDA — Helen R. Sekar
056/2004 Size, Composition and Characteristics of Informal Sector in India
— Anoop Satpathy
057/2004 Brick Kiln Workers: A Study of Labour Process and Migration
— Ruma Ghosh
058/2004 Impact of Anti-Tobacco-Legislation on the Livelihoods of the Beedi
Rollers, Tobacco Cultivators and Tendu Leaf Collectors — Uday Kumar
Varma & S.K. Sasikumar
059/2004 Skills Development System: A Micro Level Evidence — Shashi Bala
060/2004 Immobilising Labour: Regulation of Indentured Labour in Assam and
the British West Indies, 1830-1926 — Prabhu P. Mohapatra
061/2004 Labour Forms and International Labour Flows in the Context of North-
South Relationship: An Overview — Sabyasachi Bhattacharya
062/2005 Migration and Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS: Towards Evolving Viable
Intervention Strategies — Uday Kumar Varma & S.K. Sasikumar
063/2005 Vocational Training for Rehabilitation of Labour: A Case Study of
NCLP Schools and MAYA — Shashi Bala
064/2005 Organising Rural Labour: Case of Chittorgarh, Rajasthan—Sanjay Upadhyaya
065/2005 Trade Liberalization and Indian Agriculture: A Discussion on Food
Security Concerns in the WTO Regime — Ashutosh Kumar Tripathi
34 Skill Development of Youth in North East India: Way Forward

066/2005 Labour, Employment and Social Security Issues in Education Industry:


A Case Study of Private Schools of NOIDA — Sanjay Upadhyaya
067/2005 Opportunities and Challenges before the Construction Workers in the
Globalized Era: The Indian Case — Priyadarsan Amitav Khuntia
068/2005 Workers’ Association in the New Service Sector with Special Reference
to Labour Standards — Jyoti Sinha
069/2005 Gender Implications of Trade Expansion in the Context of WTO: The
Case of Textile and Clothing Industries — Laimayum Basanti Devi
070/2005 Work and Workers in the New Economy: A Study of Work
Organisation and Labour Process in the Context of General Agreement
on Trade in Services — Sajikumar S.
071/2006 From Leather Artisans to Brick-Kiln Workers Narratives of Weary
Travellers — Subodh Varma & Mahesh Kumar
072/2006 Impact of Privatisation on Labour: A Study of BALCO Disinvestment
- Babu P. Remesh
073/2007 Migrant Women and Wage Employment: Exploring Issues of Work
and Identity Among Health Care Professionals – Sumangala Damodaran,
Krishna Menon
074/2007 Impact of Technological Change on the Demand for Child Labour in
Brassware Industry of Moradabad – Helen R. Sekar
075/2007 Rural Non-Farm Employment in Arunachal Pradesh – Growth,
Composition and Determinants – Deepak K. Mishra
076/2007 Employment and Earnings in Urban Informal Sector: A Study on
Arunachal Pradesh – Vandana Upadhyay
077/2007 Operation of Welfare Fund for Beedi Workers in Madhya Pradesh
– M.M. Rehman
078/2007 A Study of Janshree Bima Yojana – M.M. Rehman
079/2007 Changing Rural Landscape: A Study of Village Bujhawar – Poonam
S. Chauhan, Shashi Tomar
080/2007 Fishery Sector and Fish Workers in India: An Overview – K. Manjit
Singh, M.M. Rehman, Poonam S. Chauhan
081/2007 Construction Workers of Guwahati City: Employment, Employability
and Social Security – Kalyan Das
082/2007 Operation of the Limestone and Dolomite Mines Labour Welfare Fund
in Madhya Pradesh: A Study – M.M. Rehman, Shashi Tomer
083/2007 Migration, Remittances and Development: Lessons from India
– S.K. Sasikumar & Zakir Hussain
084/2008 Hkkstiqjh izoklh Jfedksa dh laLd`fr vkSj fHk[kkjh Bkdqj dk lkfgR; & /uat; flag
085/2009 Contract Labour and Judicial Interventions – Sanjay Upadhyaya
086/2009 Working Women in Urban India: Concerns and Challenges – Shashi
Bala & Seema Khanna
087/2010 Agrarian Structure, Social Relations and Agricultural Development:
Case Study of Ganganagar District, Rajasthan – Poonam S. Chauhan
NLI Research Studies Series 35

088/2010 The Employment and Condition of Domestic Help in India: Issues and
Concerns – Shashi Bala
089/2010 Social Security for Unorganised Sector Workers in India: A Critical
Appraisal – Babu P. Remesh and Anoop K. Satpathy
090/2010 Linkages between HIV/AIDS and Child Labour: Developing an
Integrated Approach towards Effective Policy Formulation
– Helen R. Sekar
091/2010 Health Insecurities of Workers in Informal Employment: A Study of
Existing and Possible Interventions – Ruma Ghosh
092/2010 Insecurities and Vulnerabilities of Informal Sector Workers: A Study of
Street Vendors of Delhi – Ruma Ghosh
093/2011 Labour, Employment and Social Security Issues of Security Guards of
Okhla and NOIDA – Sanjay Upadhyaya
094/2012 Migration from North-East to Urban Centres: A Study of Delhi Region -
Babu P. Remesh
095/2012 Valuing Life in a Regulated Labour Market: A Study on Tea Plantations
in Assam, India - Kalyan Das
096/2012 Employment Situation in North Eastern Region of India: Recent Trends
and Emerging Challenges – Partha Pratim Sahu
097/2012 Growth, Composition and Determinants of Rural Non-Farm
Employment in North East India –Bhagirathi Panda
098/2012 Labour Market Participation of Working Women Post Maternity: A
Case of Private Sector - Shashi Bala
099/2012 Implementation of Maternity Benefit Act - Shashi Bala
100/2012 Minimum Wage Policy and Regulatory Framework: An Inter Country
Perspective - Sanjay Upadhyaya
101/2012 Engendering Gender Statistics: An Analysis of Gender Differentiated
Statistics in India - Ellina Samantroy & Dhanya M.B
102/2013 MGNREGS in Tripura: A Study on Efficiency & Equity - Indraneel Bhowmik
103/2013 Migrant and Trafficked Children in Hazardous Employment: The Case
of Nagaland - T. Chubayanger
104/2013 Social Security for International Labour Migrants: Issues and Policy
Options – Rakkee Thimothy
105/2013 Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and Informal Economy in
India: Trends, Initiatives and Challenges - Dhanya M.B.
106/2013 The Anti-Khoti Movement in the Konkan, C. 1920-1949 - Santosh
Pandhari Suradkar
107/2013 Expansion of Natural Rubber Cultivation in Tripura Impact on
Landholding, Employment and, Income - S. Mohanakumar
108/2013 Work Participation and Time-Use Pattern of Women in Rural
Arunachal Pradesh - Vandana Upadhyay
109/2013 ILO Convention 181: Issues and Challenges in the Context of Private
Placement Agencies in India – Ellina Samantroy
36 Skill Development of Youth in North East India: Way Forward

110/2014 A Study of Welfare Measures for Beedi Workers in Bangalore and


Hyderabad Regions - Poonam S. Chauhan, Shashi Tomer & M.M. Rehman
111/2014 Marine Fishery Industry and Marine Fish Workers in India: A Study
with Special Reference to Exploring Employment Potentials in the
Sector - Poonam S. Chauhan & Shashi Tomer
112/2014 Conditions of Employment, Work and Service of Faculty in Private
Engineering Colleges in India – Sanjay Upadhyaya
113/2015 Reconciling Work and Family Life: A Study of Women’s Time Use
Patterns, Unpaid Work and Workplace Policies - Ellina Samantroy
114/2015 Performance of Labour Administration : A Critical Analysis of Cases
Filed under Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986
- Helen R. Sekar, S. C. Srivastava, Pankaj Kumar
115/2016 Gender Dimensions at Work and Employment: A Case of Sexual
Harassment – Shashi Bala
116/2016 Women and Entrepreneurship in North East India: Handloom as an
Enterprise in Manipur - Otojit Kshetrimayum
117/2016 Skilling India: Evaluation of Multi Skills Development Centres
- Otojit Kshetrimayum
118/2016 Enhancing Labour Administration’s Performance in India - Kingshuk Sarkar
119/2017 Gender Parity in Education and Employment: A Global Perspective
- Shashi Bala
120/2017 Gaps in Education & the World of Work: A Gender Perspective - Shashi Bala
121/2017 Industrial Relations in India: A Study of Central Industrial Relations
Machinery - Otojit Kshetrimayum
122/2017 Amendments in Labour Laws and other Labour Reform Initiatives
Undertaken by State Governments of Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana
and U.P. -An Analytical Impact Assessment - Sanjay Upadhyaya, Pankaj Kumar
123/2017 Understanding Women’s Work: Gendered Analysis of Women’s Participation
in Domestic Duties in North East India - Ellina Samantroy

You might also like