IELTS Writing: Academic Task 1 Prepared by: M.

Kashani
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Line graph

The graph below shows the amounts of waste produced by three companies over a
period of 15 years.

The line graph compares three companies in terms of their waste output between the years
2000 and 2015.
- all have
significant It is clear that there were significant changes in the amounts of waste produced by all three
changes companies shown on the graph. While companies A and B saw waste output fall over the 15-
- 2 decrease, 1
year period, the amount of waste produced by company C increased considerably.
increases

In 2000, company A produced 12 tonnes of waste, while companies B and C produced around 8
from 2000 to tonnes and 4 tonnes of waste material respectively. Over the following 5 years, the waste output
2005 of companies B and C rose by around 2 tonnes, but the figure for company A fell by
approximately 1 tonne.

From 2005 to 2015, company A cut waste production by roughly 3 tonnes, and company B
from 2005 to
2015 reduced its waste by around 7 tonnes. By contrast, company C saw an increase in waste
production of approximately 4 tonnes over the same 10-year period. By 2015, company C’s
waste output had risen to 10 tonnes, while the respective amounts of waste from companies A
and B had dropped to 8 tonnes and only 3 tonnes.

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The graph below shows the average number of UK commuters travelling each day by car, bus
or train between 1970 and 2030.

The line graph compares figures for daily travel by workers in the UK using three different forms of
transport over a period of 60 years.

- 1 is the It is clear that the car is by far the most popular means of transport for UK commuters throughout the
highest
- 2 increase, 1 period shown. Also, while the numbers of people who use the car and train increase gradually, the
decreases number of bus users falls steadily.

from 1970 to In 1970, around 5 million UK commuters travelled by car on a daily basis, while the bus and train were
2000 used by about 4 million and 2 million people respectively. In the year 2000, the number of those driving
to work rose to 7 million and the number of commuting rail passengers reached 3 million. However,
there was a small drop of approximately 0.5 million in the number of bus users.

from 2000 to By 2030, the number of people who commute by car is expected to reach almost 9 million, and the
2030 number of train users is also predicted to rise, to nearly 5 million. By contrast, buses are predicted to
become a less popular choice, with only 3 million daily users.

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The graph below shows US consumers' average annual expenditures on cell phone and
residential phone services between 2001 and 2010.

The line graph compares average yearly spending by Americans on mobile and landline phone services
from 2001 to 2010.

- 1 fall, 1 rise It is clear that spending on landline phones fell steadily over the 10-year period, while mobile phone
- intersection expenditure rose quickly. The year 2006 marks the point at which expenditure on mobile services
point
overtook that for residential phone services.

before In 2001, US consumers spent an average of nearly $700 on residential phone services, compared to only
intersection around $200 on cell phone services. Over the following five years, average yearly spending on landlines
point
dropped by nearly $200. By contrast, expenditure on mobiles rose by approximately $300.

at and after In the year 2006, the average American paid out the same amount of money on both types of phone
intersection
point service, spending just over $500 on each. By 2010, expenditure on mobile phones had reached around
$750, while the figure for spending on residential services had fallen to just over half this amount.

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The graph below shows trends in US meat and poultry consumption.

The line graph shows changes in the per capita consumption of beef, pork, broilers and turkey in the
United States between 1955 and 2012.

It is noticeable that beef was by far the most popular of the four types of meat for the majority of the
57-year period. However, a considerable rise can be seen in the consumption of broilers, with figures
eventually surpassing those for beef.

Between 1955 and 1976, US beef consumption rose from around 60 to a peak of 90 pounds per person
per year. During the same period, consumption of broilers also rose, to nearly 30 pounds per person,
while the figures for pork fluctuated between 50 and 40 pounds per person. Turkey was by far the least
popular meat, with figures below 10 pounds per capita each year.

By 2012, the amount of beef consumed by the average American had plummeted to around 50 pounds,
but the consumption of broilers had doubled since the 1970s, to approximately 55 pounds per capita. By
contrast, there were no significant changes in the trends for pork and turkey consumption over the
period as a whole.

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The graph below shows the proportion of the population aged 65 and over between 1940 and 2040
in three different countries.

The line graph compares the percentage of people aged 65 or more in three countries over a period of
100 years.

It is clear that the proportion of elderly people increases in each country between 1940 and 2040. Japan
is expected to see the most dramatic changes in its elderly population.

In 1940, around 9% of Americans were aged 65 or over, compared to about 7% of Swedish people and
5% of Japanese people. The proportions of elderly people in the USA and Sweden rose gradually over
the next 50 years, reaching just under 15% in 1990. By contrast, the figures for Japan remained below
5% until the early 2000s.

Looking into the future, a sudden increase in the percentage of elderly people is predicted for Japan,
with a jump of over 15% in just 10 years from 2030 to 2040. By 2040, it is thought that around 27% of
the Japanese population will be 65 years old or more, while the figures for Sweden and the USA will be
slightly lower, at about 25% and 23% respectively.

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The line graph compares the percentage of people in three countries who used the Internet between
1999 and 2009.

It is clear that the proportion of the population who used the Internet increased in each country over
the period shown. Overall, a much larger percentage of Canadians and Americans had access to the
Internet in comparison with Mexicans, and Canada experienced the fastest growth in Internet usage.

In 1999, the proportion of people using the Internet in the USA was about 20%. The figures for Canada
and Mexico were lower, at about 10% and 5% respectively. In 2005, Internet usage in both the USA and
Canada rose to around 70% of the population, while the figure for Mexico reached just over 25%.

By 2009, the percentage of Internet users was highest in Canada. Almost 100% of Canadians used the
Internet, compared to about 80% of Americans and only 40% of Mexicans.

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The graph below shows changes in global food and oil prices between 2000 and 2011.

The line graph compares the average price of a barrel of oil with the food price index over a
period of 11 years.

It is clear that average global prices of both oil and food rose considerably between 2000 and
2011. Furthermore, the trends for both commodities were very similar, and so a strong
correlation (93.6%) is suggested.

In the year 2000, the average global oil price was close to $25 per barrel, and the food price
index stood at just under 90 points. Over the following four years both prices remained relatively
stable, before rising steadily between 2004 and 2007. By 2007, the average oil price had more
than doubled, to nearly $60 per barrel, and food prices had risen by around 50 points.

A dramatic increase in both commodity prices was seen from 2007 to 2008, with oil prices
reaching a peak of approximately $130 per barrel and the food price index rising to 220 points.
However, by the beginning of 2009 the price of oil had dropped by roughly $90, and the food
price index was down by about 80 points. Finally, in 2011, the average oil price rose once again,
to nearly $100 per barrel, while the food price index reached its peak, at almost 240 points.

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Table

The table compares the percentages of people using different functions of their mobile phones between
2006 and 2010.

Throughout the period shown, the main reason why people used their mobile phones was to make calls.
However, there was a marked increase in the popularity of other mobile phone features, particularly the
Internet search feature.

In 2006, 100% of mobile phone owners used their phones to make calls, while the next most popular
functions were text messaging (73%) and taking photos (66%). By contrast, less than 20% of owners
played games or music on their phones, and there were no figures for users doing Internet searches or
recording video.

Over the following 4 years, there was relatively little change in the figures for the top three mobile
phone features. However, the percentage of people using their phones to access the Internet jumped to
41% in 2008 and then to 73% in 2010. There was also a significant rise in the use of mobiles to play
games and to record video, with figures reaching 41% and 35% respectively in 2010.

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The table below shows changes in the numbers of residents cycling to work in different areas
of the UK between 2001 and 2011.

The table compares the numbers of people who cycled to work in twelve areas of the UK in the years
2001 and 2011.

Overall, the number of UK commuters who travelled to work by bicycle rose considerably over the 10-
year period. Inner London had by far the highest number of cycling commuters in both years.

In 2001, well over 43 thousand residents of inner London commuted by bicycle, and this figure rose to
more than 106 thousand in 2011, an increase of 144%. By contrast, although outer London had the
second highest number of cycling commuters in each year, the percentage change, at only 45%, was the
lowest of the twelve areas shown in the table.

Brighton and Hove saw the second biggest increase (109%) in the number of residents cycling to work,
but Bristol was the UK’s second city in terms of total numbers of cycling commuters, with 8,108 in 2001
and 15,768 in 2011. Figures for the other eight areas were below the 10 thousand mark in both years.

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The tables below give information about sales of Fairtrade*-labelled coffee and bananas in 1999 and
2004 in five European countries.

The tables show the amount of money spent on Fairtrade coffee and bananas in two separate years in
the UK, Switzerland, Denmark, Belgium and Sweden.

It is clear that sales of Fairtrade coffee rose in all five European countries from 1999 to 2004, but sales of
Fairtrade bananas only went up in three out of the five countries. Overall, the UK saw by far the highest
levels of spending on the two products.

In 1999, Switzerland had the highest sales of Fairtrade coffee, at €3 million, while revenue from
Fairtrade bananas was highest in the UK, at €15 million. By 2004, however, sales of Fairtrade coffee in
the UK had risen to €20 million, and this was over three times higher than Switzerland’s sales figure for
Fairtrade coffee in that year. The year 2004 also saw dramatic increases in the money spent on Fairtrade
bananas in the UK and Switzerland, with revenues rising by €32 million and €4.5 million respectively.

Sales of the two Fairtrade products were far lower in Denmark, Belgium and Sweden. Small increases in
sales of Fairtrade coffee can be seen, but revenue remained at €2 million or below in all three countries
in both years. Finally, it is noticeable that the money spent on Fairtrade bananas actually fell in Belgium
and Sweden.

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Note:This report is a bit longer (216 words) than necessary, but I think it's a useful model answer in
terms of its structure and the language used.

The table below shows the amount of waste production (in millions of tonnes) in six different countries
over a twenty-year period.

The chart compares the amounts of waste that were produced in six countries in the years 1980, 1990
and 2000.

In each of these years, the US produced more waste than Ireland, Japan, Korea, Poland and Portugal
combined. It is also noticeable that Korea was the only country that managed to reduce its waste output
by the year 2000.

Between 1980 and 2000, waste production in the US rose from 131 to 192 million tonnes, and rising
trends were also seen in Japan, Poland and Portugal. Japan’s waste output increased from 28 to 53
million tonnes, while Poland and Portugal saw waste totals increase from 4 to 6.6 and from 2 to 5 million
tonnes respectively.

The trends for Ireland and Korea were noticeably different from those described above. In Ireland,
waste production increased more than eightfold, from only 0.6 million tonnes in 1980 to 5 million
tonnes in 2000. Korea, by contrast, cut its waste output by 12 million tonnes between 1990 and 2000.

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The table below gives information on consumer spending on different items in five different
countries in 2002.

Percentage of national consumer expenditure by category - 2002

The table shows percentages of consumer expenditure for three categories of products and services in
five countries in 2002.

It is clear that the largest proportion of consumer spending in each country went on food, drinks and
tobacco. On the other hand, the leisure/education category has the lowest percentages in the table.

Out of the five countries, consumer spending on food, drinks and tobacco was noticeably higher in
Turkey, at 32.14%, and Ireland, at nearly 29%. The proportion of spending on leisure and education was
also highest in Turkey, at 4.35%, while expenditure on clothing and footwear was significantly higher in
Italy, at 9%, than in any of the other countries.

It can be seen that Sweden had the lowest percentages of national consumer expenditure for
food/drinks/tobacco and for clothing/footwear, at nearly 16% and just over 5% respectively. Spain had
slightly higher figures for these categories, but the lowest figure for leisure/education, at only 1.98%.

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The table below shows the proportion of different categories of families living in poverty in
Australia in 1999.

The table gives information about poverty rates among six types of household in Australia in the year
1999.

It is noticeable that levels of poverty were higher for single people than for couples, and people with
children were more likely to be poor than those without. Poverty rates were considerably lower amo ng
elderly people.

Overall, 11% of Australians, or 1,837,000 people, were living in poverty in 1999. Aged people were the
least likely to be poor, with poverty levels of 6% and 4% for single aged people and aged couples
respectively.

Just over one fifth of single parents were living in poverty, whereas only 12% of parents living with a
partner were classed as poor. The same pattern can be seen for people with no children: while 19% of
single people in this group were living below the poverty line, the figure for couples was much lower, at
only 7%.

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The table below gives information about the underground railway systems in six cities.

The table shows data about the underground rail networks in six major cities.

The table compares the six networks in terms of their age, size and the number of people who use them
each year. It is clear that the three oldest underground systems are larger and serve significantly more
passengers than the newer systems.

The London underground is the oldest system, having opened in 1863. It is also the largest system, with
394 kilometres of route. The second largest system, in Paris, is only about half the size of the London
underground, with 199 kilometres of route. However, it serves more people per year. While only third in
terms of size, the Tokyo system is easily the most used, with 1927 million passengers per year.

Of the three newer networks, the Washington DC underground is the most extensive, with 126
kilometres of route, compared to only 11 kilometres and 28 kilometres for the Kyoto and Los Angeles
systems. The Los Angeles network is the newest, having opened in 2001, while the Kyoto network is the
smallest and serves only 45 million passengers per year.

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Pie chart
The charts below show the results of a questionnaire that asked visitors to the Parkway
Hotel how they rated the hotel's customer service. The same questionnaire was given to
100 guests in the years 2005 and 2010.

The pie charts compare visitors’ responses to a survey about customer service at the Parkway
Hotel in 2005 and in 2010.

It is clear that overall customer satisfaction increased considerably from 2005 to 2010. While
most hotel guests rated customer service as satisfactory or poor in 2005, a clear majority
described the hotel’s service as good or excellent in 2010.

Looking at the positive responses first, in 2005 only 5% of the hotel’s visitors rated its customer
service as excellent, but this figure rose to 28% in 2010. Furthermore, while only 14% of guests
described customer service in the hotel as good in 2005, almost three times as many people
gave this rating five years later.

With regard to negative feedback, the proportion of guests who considered the hotel’s customer
service to be poor fell from 21% in 2005 to only 12% in 2010. Similarly, the proportion of people
who thought customer service was very poor dropped from 15% to only 4% over the 5-year
period. Finally, a fall in the number of ‘satisfactory’ ratings in 2010 reflects the fact that more
people gave positive responses to the survey in that year.

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The pie charts below compare water usage in San Diego, California and the rest of the
world.

The pie charts give information about the water used for residential, industrial and agricultural
purposes in San Diego County, California, and the world as a whole.

It is noticeable that more water is consumed by homes than by industry or agriculture in the two
American regions. By contrast, agriculture accounts for the vast majority of water used
worldwide.

In San Diego County and California State, residential water consumption accounts for 60% and
39% of total water usage. By contrast, a mere 8% of the water used globally goes to homes.
The opposite trend can be seen when we look at water consumption for agriculture. This
accounts for a massive 69% of global water use, but only 17% and 28% of water usage in San
Diego and California respectively.

Such dramatic differences are not seen when we compare the figures for industrial water use.
The same proportion of water (23%) is used by industry in San Diego and worldwide, while the
figure for California is 10% higher, at 33%.

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The three pie charts below show the changes in annual spending by a particular UK school in 1981, 1991
and 2001.

The pie charts compare the expenditure of a school in the UK in three different years over a 20-year
period.

It is clear that teachers’ salaries made up the largest proportion of the school’s spending in all three
years (1981, 1991 and 2001). By contrast, insurance was the smallest cost in each year.

In 1981, 40% of the school’s budget went on teachers’ salaries. This figure rose to 50% in 1991, but fell
again by 5% in 2001. The proportion of spending on other workers’ wages fell steadily over the 20-year
period, from 28% of the budget in 1981 to only 15% in 2001.

Expenditure on insurance stood at only 2% of the total in 1981, but reached 8% in 2001. Finally, the
percentages for resources and furniture/equipment fluctuated. The figure for resources was highest in
1991, at 20%, and the proportion of spending on furniture and equipment reached its peak in 2001, at
23%.

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Cambridge IELTS book 7, page 101:

The pie charts compare the amount of electricity produced using five different sources of fuel in two
countries over two separate years.

Total electricity production increased dramatically from 1980 to 2000 in both Australia and France.
While the totals for both countries were similar, there were big differences in the fuel sources used.

Coal was used to produce 50 of the total 100 units of electricity in Australia in 1980, rising to 130 out of
170 units in 2000. By contrast, nuclear power became the most important fuel source in France in 2000,
producing almost 75% of the country’s electricity.

Australia depended on hydro power for just under 25% of its electricity in both years, but the amount of
electricity produced using this type of power fell from 5 to only 2 units in France. Oil, on the other hand,
remained a relatively important fuel source in France, but its use declined in Australia. Both countries
relied on natural gas for electricity production significantly more in 1980 than in 2000.

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The chart below shows the results of a survey of people who visited four types of tourist
attraction in Britain in the year 1999.

The pie chart compares figures for visitors to four categories of tourist attraction and to five
different theme parks in Britain in 1999.

It is clear that theme parks and museums / galleries were the two most popular types of tourist
attraction in that year. Blackpool Pleasure Beach received by far the highest proportion of
visitors in the theme park sector.

Looking at the information in more detail, we can see that 38% of the surveyed visitors went to a
theme park, and 37% of them went to a museum or gallery. By contrast, historic houses and
monuments were visited by only 16% of the sample, while wildlife parks and zoos were the least
popular of the four types of tourist attraction, with only 9% of visitors.

In the theme park sector, almost half of the people surveyed (47%) had been to Blackpool
Pleasure Beach. Alton Towers was the second most popular amusement park, with 17% of the
sample, followed by Pleasureland in Southport, with 16%. Finally, Chessington World of
Adventures and Legoland Windsor had each welcomed 10% of the surveyed visitors.

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Bar chart
The chart below shows the amount of time that 10 to 15-year-olds spend chatting on the
Internet and playing on games consoles on an average school day in the UK.

The bar chart compares the time spent by 10 to 15-year-olds in the UK on two activities, namely
chatting online and playing computer games.
Overall, we can see that playing computer games is marginally more popular than chatting on
the Internet. However, completely different trends can be seen if we look at the specific figures
for boys and girls.

Boys aged between 10 and 15 clearly favour playing on games consoles over chatting online.
According to the chart, while 85% of boys play computer games every day, only 55% chat
online daily. Furthermore, the majority of boys play on their consoles for more than one hour
each day, and 10% do this activity for four hours or more.

By contrast, girls prefer chatting online. Close to 70% of 10 to 15-year-old girls engage in online
conversation each day, compared to about 50% of this cohort who play computer games. Of the
girls who do play on consoles, most of them play for less than an hour, whereas most girls who
chat online do so for more than one hour, and nearly 10% chat for four hours or more.

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The bar chart shows average weekly spending by households in different areas of England between 2007
and 2009.

It is clear that households in the south of the country spent more on average than those in the north.
Average weekly spending by households was highest in London and lowest in the North East.

English households spent on average around £470 per week.The average expenditure for households in
London was about £560 per week, almost £100 more than the overall figure for England. Households in
the South East, East and South West also spent more than the national average. Weekly household
spending figures for those three regions were approximately £520, £490 and £480 respectively.

Similar levels of household spending were seen in the West Midlands, the North West and the East
Midlands, at about £430 to £450 per week. In the region of Yorkshire and the Humber, households spent
approximately £400 per week, while expenditure in the North East was around £10 per week lower than
this. It is noticeable that average weekly expenditure by households in the North East was around £80
less than the national average, and around £170 less than the London average.

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The climograph below shows average monthly temperatures and rainfall in the city of
Kolkata.

The chart compares average figures for temperature and precipitation over the course of a calendar
year in Kolkata.

It is noticeable that monthly figures for precipitation in Kolkata vary considerably, whereas monthly
temperatures remain relatively stable. Rainfall is highest from July to August, while temperatures are
highest in April and May.

Between the months of January and May, average temperatures in Kolkata rise from their lowest point
at around 20°C to a peak of just over 30°C. Average rainfall in the city also rises over the same period,
from approximately 20mm of rain in January to 100mm in May.

While temperatures stay roughly the same for the next four months, the amount of rainfall more than
doubles between May and June. Figures for precipitation remain above 250mm from June to
September, peaking at around 330mm in July. The final three months of the year see a dramatic fall in
precipitation, to a low of about 10mm in December, and a steady drop in temperatures back to the
January average.

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The chart below shows the total number of Olympic medals won by twelve different
countries.

The bar chart compares twelve countries in terms of the overall number of medals that they have won
at the Olympic Games.

It is clear that the USA is by far the most successful Olympic medal winning nation. It is also noticeable
that the figures for gold, silver and bronze medals won by any particular country tend to be fairly similar.

The USA has won a total of around 2,300 Olympic medals, including approximately 900 gold medals, 750
silver and 650 bronze. In second place on the all-time medals chart is the Soviet Union, with just over
1,000 medals. Again, the number of gold medals won by this country is slightly higher than the number
of silver or bronze medals.

Only four other countries - the UK, France, Germany and Italy - have won more than 500 Olympic
medals, all with similar proportions of each medal colour. Apart from the USA and the Soviet Union,
China is the only other country with a noticeably higher proportion of gold medals (about 200)
compared to silver and bronze (about 100 each).

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The bar graph shows the global sales (in billions of dollars) of different types of digital games
between 2000 and 2006.

The bar chart compares the turnover in dollars from sales of video games for four different platforms,
namely mobile phones, online, consoles and handheld devices, from 2000 to 2006.

It is clear that sales of games for three out of the four platforms rose each year, leading to a significant
rise in total global turnover over the 7-year period. Sales figures for handheld games were at least twice
as high as those for any other platform in almost every year.

In 2000, worldwide sales of handheld games stood at around $11 billion, while console games earned
just under $6 billion. No figures are given for mobile or online games in that year. Over the next 3 years,
sales of handheld video games rose by about $4 billion, but the figure for consoles decreased by $2
billion. Mobile phone and online games started to become popular, with sales reaching around $3 billion
in 2003.

In 2006, sales of handheld, online and mobile games reached peaks of 17, 9 and 7 billion dollars
respectively. By contrast, turnover from console games dropped to its lowest point, at around $2.5
billion.

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The charts below compare the age structure of the populations of France and India in 1984.

The two charts compare the populations of France and India in terms of age distribution by gender in
the year 1984.

It is clear that the population of India was younger than that of France in 1984, with a noticeably larger
proportion of people aged under 20. France, on the other hand, had a significantly larger percentage of
elderly inhabitants.

In India, close to 14% of people were aged 5 or under, and each five-year age bracket above this
contained an increasingly smaller proportion of the population. France’s population, by contrast, was
more evenly distributed across the age ranges, with similar figures (around 7% to 8% of all people) for
each five-year cohort between the ages of 0 and 40. Somewhere between 10% and 15% of all French
people were aged 70 or older, but the equivalent figure for India was only 2%.

Looking more closely at gender, there was a noticeably higher proportion of French women than men in
every cohort from age 50 upwards. For example, almost 3% of French 70- to 75-year-olds were women,
while just under 2% were men. No significant gender differences can be seen on the Indian population
chart.

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The chart below shows numbers of incidents and injuries per 100 million passenger miles travelled
(PMT) by transportation type in 2002.

The bar chart compares the number of incidents and injuries for every 100 million passenger miles
travelled on five different types of public transport in 2002.

It is clear that the most incidents and injuries took place on demand-response vehicles. By contrast,
commuter rail services recorded by far the lowest figures.

A total of 225 incidents and 173 injuries, per 100 million passenger miles travelled, took place on
demand-response transport services. These figures were nearly three times as high as those for the
second highest category, bus services. There were 76 incidents and 66 people were injured on buses.

Rail services experienced fewer problems. The number of incidents on light rail trains equalled the figure
recorded for buses, but there were significantly fewer injuries, at only 39. Heavy rail services saw lo wer
numbers of such events than light rail services, but commuter rail passengers were even less likely to
experience problems. In fact, only 20 incidents and 17 injuries occurred on commuter trains.

Note:
Don't worry about the repetition of "incidents and injuries" in this essay. There are no perfect synonyms
for these words, although I managed to use "problems" and "such events" later in the essay. The most
important thing is to describe the data clearly and make some good comparisons.

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The chart below shows information about changes in average house prices in five different cities
between 1990 and 2002 compared with the average house prices in 1989.

The bar chart compares the cost of an average house in five major cities over a period of 13 years from
1989.

We can see that house prices fell overall between 1990 and 1995, but most of the cities saw rising prices
between 1996 and 2002. London experienced by far the greatest changes in house prices over the 13-
year period.

Over the 5 years after 1989, the cost of average homes in Tokyo and London dropped by around 7%,
while New York house prices went down by 5%. By contrast, prices rose by approximately 2% in both
Madrid and Frankfurt.

Between 1996 and 2002, London house prices jumped to around 12% above the 1989 average.
Homebuyers in New York also had to pay significantly more, with prices rising to 5% above the 1989
average, but homes in Tokyo remained cheaper than they were in 1989. The cost of an average home in
Madrid rose by a further 2%, while prices in Frankfurt remained stable.

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The bar chart compares consumer spending on six different items in Germany, Italy, France and Britain.

It is clear that British people spent significantly more money than people in the other three countries on
all six goods. Of the six items, consumers spent the most money on photographic film.

People in Britain spent just over £170,000 on photographic film, which is the highest figure shown on
the chart. By contrast, Germans were the lowest overall spenders, with roughly the same figures (just
under £150,000) for each of the six products.

The figures for spending on toys were the same in both France and Italy, at nearly £160,000. However,
while French people spent more than Italians on photographic film and CDs, Italians paid out more for
personal stereos, tennis racquets and perfumes. The amount spent by French people on tennis racquets,
around £145,000, is the lowest figure shown on the chart.

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The charts below show the levels of participation in education and science in developing and
industrialised countries in 1980 and 1990.

The three bar charts show average years of schooling, numbers of scientists and technicians, and
research and development spending in developing and developed countries. Figures are given for 1980
and 1990.

It is clear from the charts that the figures for developed countries are much higher than those for
developing nations. Also, the charts show an overall increase in participation in education and science
from 1980 to 1990.

People in developing nations attended school for an average of around 3 years, with only a slight
increase in years of schooling from 1980 to 1990. On the other hand, the figure for industrialised
countries rose from nearly 9 years of schooling in 1980 to nearly 11 years in 1990.

From 1980 to 1990, the number of scientists and technicians in industrialised countries almost doubled
to about 70 per 1000 people. Spending on research and development also saw rapid growth in these
countries, reaching $350 billion in 1990. By contrast, the number of science workers in developing
countries remained below 20 per 1000 people, and research spending fell from about $50 billion to only
$25 billion. (187 words)

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Diagram

intro, body 1 The diagram illustrates the various stages in the life of a honey bee. The life cycle of the honey bee
begins when the female adult lays an egg; the female typically lays one or two eggs every 3 days.
Between 9 and 10 days later, each egg hatches and the immature insect, or nymph, appears.

body 2 During the third stage of the life cycle, the nymph grows in size and sheds its skin three times. This
moulting first takes place 5 days after the egg hatches, then 7 days later, and again another 9 days later.
After a total of 30 to 31 days from the start of the cycle, the young adult honey bee emerges from its
final moulting stage, and in the space of only 4 days it reaches full maturity.
overview
Overall, we can see that the complete life cycle lasts between 34 and 36 days. It is also noticeable that
there are five main stages in the development of the honey bee, from egg to mature adult insect.

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The chart below shows the process of waste paper recycling.

The flow chart shows how waste paper is recycled. It is clear that there are six distinct stages in this
process, from the initial collection of waste paper to the eventual production of usable paper.

At the first stage in the paper recycling process, waste paper is collected either from paper banks, where
members of the public leave their used paper, or directly from businesses. This paper is then sorted by
hand and separated according to its grade, with any paper that is not suitable for recycling being
removed. Next, the graded paper is transported to a paper mill.

Stages four and five of the process both involve cleaning. The paper is cleaned and pulped, and foreign
objects such as staples are taken out. Following this, all remnants of ink and glue are removed from the
paper at the de-inking stage. Finally, the pulp can be processed in a paper making machine, which makes
the end product: usable paper.

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The diagram below shows how solar panels can be used to provide electricity for domestic
use.

The picture illustrates the process of producing electricity in a home using solar panels.

It is clear that there are five distinct stages in this process, beginning with the capture of energy from
sunlight. The final two steps show how domestic electricity is connected to the external power supply.

At the first stage in the process, solar panels on the roof of a normal house take energy from the sun
and convert it into DC current. Next, this current is passed to an inverter, which changes it to AC current
and regulates the supply of electricity. At stage three, electricity is supplied to the home from an
electrical panel.

At the fourth step shown on the diagram, a utility meter in the home is responsible for sending any extra
electric power outside the house into the grid. Finally, if the solar panels do not provide enough energy
for the household, electricity will flow from the utility grid into the home through the meter.

Note:
I've underlined examples of the two language features that make process diagram descriptions special:
'steps' language, and passive verbs.

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The diagrams below show how houses can be protected in areas which are prone to flooding.
...

...
Here's my full band 9 report:

The diagrams compare two different methods of defence for homes which are at risk of being flooded.

The key difference between the diagrams is that they show flood protection with and without a
stopbank. In either case, the at-risk home is raised on stilts above ground level.

The first diagram shows how a stopbank acts as a flood barrier to stop river water from flooding homes.
The stopbank is a small mound of land next to the river that is higher than the 100-year flood level, and
prevents the river from bursting its banks. Nearby houses can be built on stilts to prevent flooding from
rainwater, and a floodgate beneath the stopbank can be opened to allow this ‘ponding’ to drain off into
the river.

When there is no stopbank, as shown in the second diagram, there will be nothing to stop the river from
flooding. In this case, the solution is to put buildings on stilts. The height of the stilts is measured so that
the floor of the house is 300mm above the 100-year flood level. This measurement is called the
‘freeboard’.

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The diagram below shows the water cycle, which is the continuous movement of water on, above
and below the surface of the Earth.

The picture illustrates the way in which water passes from ocean to air to land during the natural
process known as the water cycle.

Three main stages are shown on the diagram. Ocean water evaporates, falls as rain, and eventually runs
back into the oceans again.

Beginning at the evaporation stage, we can see that 80% of water vapour in the air comes from the
oceans. Heat from the sun causes water to evaporate, and water vapour condenses to form clouds. At
the second stage, labelled ‘precipitation’ on the diagram, water falls as rain or snow.

At the third stage in the cycle, rainwater may take various paths. Some of it may fall into lakes or return
to the oceans via ‘surface runoff’. Otherwise, rainwater may filter through the ground, reaching the
impervious layer of the earth. Salt water intrusion is shown to take place just before groundwater
passes into the oceans to complete the cycle.

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The diagrams below show some principles of house design for cool and for warm climates.

The diagrams show how house designs differ according to climate.

The most noticeable difference between houses designed for cool and warm climates is in the shape of
the roof. The designs also differ with regard to the windows and the use of insulation.

We can see that the cool climate house has a high-angled roof, which allows sunlight to enter through
the window. By contrast, the roof of the warm climate house has a peak in the middle and roof
overhangs to shade the windows. Insulation and thermal building materials are used in cool climates to
reduce heat loss, whereas insulation and reflective materials are used to keep the heat out in warm
climates.

Finally, the cool climate house has one window which faces the direction of the sun, while the wa rm
climate house has windows on two sides which are shaded from the sun. By opening the two windows
at night, the house designed for warm climates can be ventilated.

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The figure illustrates the process used by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology to forecast the weather.

There are four stages in the process, beginning with the collection of information about the weather.
This information is then analysed, prepared for presentation, and finally broadcast to the public.

Looking at the first and second stages of the process, there are three ways of collecting weather data
and three ways of analysing it. Firstly, incoming information can be received by satellite and presented
for analysis as a satellite photo. The same data can also be passed to a radar station and presented on a
radar screen or synoptic chart. Secondly, incoming information may be collected directly by radar and
analysed on a radar screen or synoptic chart. Finally, drifting buoys also receive data which can be
shown on a synoptic chart.

At the third stage of the process, the weather broadcast is prepared on computers. Finally, it is delivered
to the public on television, on the radio, or as a recorded telephone announcement.

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The diagram below shows the life cycle of a salmon, from egg to adult fish.

The diagram illustrates the stages in the life of the salmon, from birth to maturity.

It is clear that there are six* main stages as the salmon develops from egg to mature adult. We
can also see that salmon spend time in three distinct locations during the cycle, moving from
river to estuary to ocean and then back upstream.

Salmon begin their lives in rivers where the adult fish lay and incubate their eggs. After
emerging from eggs, the young salmon spend the next stage of their lives being reared in
freshwater areas. Then, at some point in their development, the fish swim downstream to river
estuaries where rearing continues.

Following the estuary rearing period, the maturing salmon migrate to the ocean, where they
eventually become fully grown adults. Finally, the adult fish travel back upstream to spawning
areas of rivers; here they reproduce and lay their eggs, and the life cycle begins anew.

(154 words, band 9)

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Map
The two maps below show an island, before and after the construction of some tourist facilities.

The diagrams illustrate some changes to a small island which has been developed for tourism.

It is clear that the island has changed considerably with the introduction of tourism, and six new
features can be seen in the second diagram. The main developments are that the island is accessible and
visitors have somewhere to stay.

Looking at the maps in more detail, we can see that small huts have been built to accommodate visitors
to the island. The other physical structures that have been added are a reception building, in the middle
of the island, and a restaurant to the north of the reception. Before these developments, the island was
completely bare apart from a few trees.

As well as the buildings mentioned above, the new facilities on the island include a pier, where boats
can dock. There is also a short road linking the pier with the reception and restaurant, and footpaths
connect the huts. Finally, there is a designated swimming area for tourists off a beach on the western tip
of the island.

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The diagrams below show the site of a school in 2004 and the plan for changes to the school
site in 2024.

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The two pictures compare the layout of a school as it was in the year 2004 with a proposed site design
for the year 2024.

It is clear that the main change for 2024 involves the addition of a new school building. The school will
then be able to accommodate a considerably larger number of students.

In 2004, there were 600 pupils attending the school, and the two school buildings were separated by a
path running from the main entrance to the sports field. By 2024, it is expected that there will be 1000
pupils, and a third building will have been constructed. Furthermore, the plan is to join the two original
buildings together, creating a shorter path that links the buildings only.

As the third building and a second car park will be built on the site of the original sports field, a new,
smaller sports field will need to be laid. A new road will also be built from the main entrance to the
second car park. Finally, no changes will be made to the main entrance and original car park.

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The diagrams below are existing and proposed floor plans for the redevelopment of an art gallery.

The first picture shows the layout of an art gallery, and the second shows some proposed changes to the
gallery space.

It is clear that significant changes will be made in terms of the use of floor space in the gallery. There will
be a completely new entrance and more space for exhibitions.

At present, visitors enter the gallery through doors which lead into a lobby. However, the plan is to
move the entrance to the Parkinson Court side of the building, and visitors will walk straight into the
exhibition area. In place of the lobby and office areas, which are shown on the existing plan, the new
gallery plan shows an education area and a small storage area.

The permanent exhibition space in the redeveloped gallery will be about twice as large as it is now
because it will occupy the area that is now used for temporary exhibitions. There will also be a new
room for special exhibitions. This room is shown in red on the existing plan and is not currently part of
the gallery.

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The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket (S) is planned for the town. The map
shows two possible sites for the supermarket.

The map shows two potential locations (S1 and S2) for a new supermarket in a town called Garlsdon.

The main difference between the two sites is that S1 is outside the town, whereas S2 is in the town
centre. The sites can also be compared in terms of access by road or rail, and their positions relative to
three smaller towns.

Looking at the information in more detail, S1 is in the countryside to the north west of Garlsdon, but it is
close to the residential area of the town. S2 is also close to the housing area, which surrounds the town
centre.

There are main roads from Hindon, Bransdon and Cransdon to Garlsdon town centre, but this is a no
traffic zone, so there would be no access to S2 by car. By contrast, S1 lies on the main road to Hindon,
but it would be more difficult to reach from Bransdon and Cransdon. Both supermarket sites are close to
the railway that runs through Garlsdon from Hindon to Cransdon.

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Chorleywood is a village near London whose population has increased steadily since the middle of the
nineteenth century. The map below shows the development of the village.

Write a report for a university lecturer describing the development of the village.

The map shows the growth of a village called Chorleywood between 1868 and 1994.

It is clear that the village grew as the transport infrastructure was improved. Four periods of
development are shown on the map, and each of the populated areas is near to the main roads, the
railway or the motorway.

From 1868 to 1883, Chorleywood covered a small area next to one of the main roads. Chorleywood Park
and Golf Course is now located next to this original village area. The village grew along the main road to
the south between 1883 and 1922, and in 1909 a railway line was built crossing this area from west to
east. Chorleywood station is in this part of the village.

The expansion of Chorleywood continued to the east and west alongside the railway line until 1970. At
that time, a motorway was built to the east of the village, and from 1970 to 1994, further development
of the village took place around motorway intersections with the railway and one of the main roads.
(174 words)

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Double

The bar chart below shows the proportions of English men and women of different ages
who were living alone in 2011. The pie chart compares the numbers of bedrooms in these
one-person households.

Living alone in England by age and gender, 2011

Number of bedrooms in one-person households (England, 2011)

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The two charts give information about single-occupant households in England in the year 2011.
The bar chart compares figures for occupants' age and gender, and the pie chart shows data
about the number of bedrooms in these homes.

Overall, females made up a higher proportion of people living alone than males, and this
difference is particularly noticeable in the older age categories. We can also see that the most
common number of bedrooms in a single-occupant home was two.

A significant majority of the people aged 65 or over who were living alone in England in 2011
were female. Women made up around 72% of single occupants aged 75 to 84, and 76% of
those aged 85 or over. By contrast, among younger adults the figures for males were higher.
For example, in the 35-49 age category, men accounted for nearly 65% of people living alone.

In the same year, 35.4% of one-person households in England had two bedrooms, while one-
bedroom and three-bedroom homes accounted for 28% and 29.8% of the total. Under 7% of
single-occupant homes had four or more bedrooms.

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The first chart below gives information about the money spent by British parents on their
children’s sports between 2008 and 2014. The second chart shows the number of
children who participated in three sports in Britain over the same time period.

The line graphs show the average monthly amount that parents in Britain spent on their
children’s sporting activities and the number of British children who took part in three different
sports from 2008 to 2014.

It is clear that parents spent more money each year on their children’s participation in sports
over the six-year period. In terms of the number of children taking part, football was significantly
more popular than athletics and swimming.

In 2008, British parents spent an average of around £20 per month on their children’s sporting
activities. Parents’ spending on children’s sports increased gradually over the following six
years, and by 2014 the average monthly amount had risen to just over £30.

Looking at participation numbers, in 2008 approximately 8 million British children played

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The charts below show the main reasons for study among students of different age groups and the
amount of support they received from employers.

Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.

The bar charts compare students of different ages in terms of why they are studying and whether they
are supported by an employer.

It is clear that the proportion of students who study for career purposes is far higher among the younger
age groups, while the oldest students are more likely to study for interest. Employer support is more
commonly given to younger students.

Around 80% of students aged under 26 study to further their careers, whereas only 10% study purely
out of interest. The gap between these two proportions narrows as students get older, and the figures
for those in their forties are the same, at about 40%. Students aged over 49 overwhelmingly study for
interest (70%) rather than for professional reasons (less than 20%).

Just over 60% of students aged under 26 are supported by their employers. By contrast, the 30-39 age
group is the most self-sufficient, with only 30% being given time off and help with fees. The figures rise
slightly for students in their forties and for those aged 50 or more.

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The graph and table below give information about water use worldwide and water consumption in
two different countries.

The charts compare the amount of water used for agriculture, industry and homes around the world,
and water use in Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

It is clear that global water needs rose significantly between 1900 and 2000, and that agriculture
accounted for the largest proportion of water used. We can also see that water consumption was
considerably higher in Brazil than in the Congo.

In 1900, around 500km³ of water was used by the agriculture sector worldwide. The figures for
industrial and domestic water consumption stood at around one fifth of that amount. By 2000, global
water use for agriculture had increased to around 3000km³, industrial water use had risen to just under
half that amount, and domestic consumption had reached approximately 500km³.

In the year 2000, the populations of Brazil and the Congo were 176 million and 5.2 million respectively.
Water consumption per person in Brazil, at 359m³, was much higher than that in the Congo, at only 8m³,
and this could be explained by the fact that Brazil had 265 times more irrigated land.

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The chart gives information about UK immigration, emigration and net migration between 1999 and
2008.

Both immigration and emigration rates rose over the period shown, but the figures for immigration
were significantly higher. Net migration peaked in 2004 and 2007.

In 1999, over 450,000 people came to live in the UK, while the number of people who emigrated stood
at just under 300,000. The figure for net migration was around 160,000, and it remained at a similar
level until 2003. From 1999 to 2004, the immigration rate rose by nearly 150,000 people, but there was
a much smaller rise in emigration. Net migration peaked at almost 250,000 people in 2004.

After 2004, the rate of immigration remained high, but the number of people emigrating fluctuated.
Emigration fell suddenly in 2007, before peaking at about 420,000 people in 2008. As a result, the net
migration figure rose to around 240,000 in 2007, but fell back to around 160,000 in 2008.

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