Lesson Proper for Week 1 (for4)

What is a document?
Document is any material containing marks, symbols or signs either visible, partially visible or invisible
which may presently or ultimately convey meaning or message to someone.
The term document came from Latin word “Documentum” which means “lesson or example” It may
have been derived also from the French word “docere” which means to teach.

Two Categories of Document

1. Standard Document
Specimen document in which the origin is known, can be proven and can legally be used as sample to compare
with other things in questioned. It also referred to condensed and a compact set of authentic specimen which, if
adequate and proper should contain a true correction of the material from known source. The ultimate purpose of
this type of document is to serve as a basis for comparison and identification.

Two types of Standard Documents

a. Collected or Procured Standard - are those specimen standards which are obtain from the records of files,
these are executed in the ordinary course of man's activities be it social business. official or personal affairs.

b. Requested - Those which are given or made upon request of an investigator or document examiner for purposes
of making a comparative examination with the questioned specimen. It is sometimes referred to as Dictated
Standard.

2. Questioned Document
Document in which an issue has been raised or which is under scrutiny. It. has a variety of classes from a simple
handwritten form to a more complex form of document which might contains a number of security features such
as the paper bills and other official documents.

Classes of Disputed Documents

a. Document with questioned signature (common).
This class of disputed document becomes one of the most commonly encountered cases due to the exceeding
value of signature to human affairs. Man can transfer obligations and rights from one person to another through
signing of documents such as check, business contract, withdrawal of certain money from the bank and others.
b. Document containing alleged fraudulent alterations.
Another class of disputed signature that also captured the attention of questioned document examiner for its has
a variety of sub classes such as erasure, addition, interlineations, insertion, obliteration, contact writings, invisible
writing, charred document, water-soaked documents and others.

c. Holograph Document (document which is completely written and signed by only one person).
Last will and testament, personal letters, anonymous letters, ransom notes, letter of treats are some of the
documents that falls under this class of disputed document.

d. Documents questioned as to their age or date.

Documents such as birth certificate is one of the most controversial documents that is being questioned as to age,
the rest as land titles, certificates, licenses and other government documents, which are subject to expirations and
renewal.

e. Document questioned as to the/material used in their production;

Generally most of the public documents are the one being subjected to this kind of controversy. Our Currency
bills is one of the very concrete example of documents which are being forged through use of false materials and
printing process. Passport, license and certifications also belong to this class.

f. Documents involving typewriting that are investigated or examined for the purpose of determining their:
f.1. Source;
f.2. Date; and
f.3. Contents

g. Documents which may identify a person through handwriting; and

h. Genuine documents erroneously or fraudulently altered or disputed.

OTHER RELEVANT TERMS

a. ALTERATION – refers to any form of changes be it an addition or a deletion to the original contents of a
document.
b. CALLIGRAPHY the art of handwriting
c. CONCLUSION-A scientific conclusion results from relating observed facts by logical, common sense
reasoning in accordance with established rules of laws. The document examiner’s conclusion, in legal term is
referred to as "opinion".
d. COMPARISON- It is the act of setting two or more specimen/items side by side to weigh their identifying
qualities.
e. DOCUMENT EXAMINER One who studies scientifically the details and elements of the documents in order
to identify their sources or to discover other facts concerning them.
g. ERASURE The removal of writings, typewriting or printing, from a document is an erasure. It may be
accomplished by either of two means.
e. EXAMINATION It is the act of making a close and critical study of any material and with questioned
documents, it is the process necessary to discover the facts about them. Various types are undertaken, including
microscopic, visual photographic, chemical, ultra violet and infra-red examination.
f. EXPERT WITNESS-A legal term used to describe a witness who by reason of his special training or
experience is permitted to express an opinion regarding the issue, or a certain aspect of the issue, which is involved
in a court action. This purpose is to interpret technical information in his particular specialty in order to assist the
court in administering justice. The document examiner testifies in court as expert witness.
g. HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION EXPERT-A common name for the document examiner.
h. GRAPHOLOGY the art of attempting to interpret the character or personality of an individual from his
handwriting.
i. INSERTION OR INTERLINEATION The term "insertion" and "interlineations" include the addition of
writings and other material between lines or paragraphs or the addition of a whole page to document.
j. OBLITERATION-the blotting out of shearing over the writing to make the original invisible to as an addition.
k. RESTORATION It refers to the process by which an erased writing is developed or brought out again on the
surface of the document itself.

BASIC POINTS THAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN OBTAINING STANDARDS

A. Collected/Procured Standards

1. Similarity of subject matter

2. Amount of writing standards
3. Relative dates of the questioned and standard document.
4. Writing instrument and paper used.
5. Writing Conditions
B. Requested/Dictated Standard
Ordinary requested standards are obtained upon request to the person so authorized to prepare and immediately
thereafter standards are made and obtained. But in cases of dictated standards certain pointers should be taken
into consideration so as to lessen the possibility of obtaining the wrong standards such as:

1. Text must be carefully be selected- do not dictate the questioned document exactly as it is for such will give
opportunity for the subject to recall how he/she prepared the questioned if he is the suspect to the case.

2. Dictate the text to the writer and never allow the subject to see the questioned document.
3. Dictation must be repeated for at least 3 times. - This is to give chance for the subject to cope with the dictation
and not for him to be in a hurry in preparing the standards
4. Dictation must be interrupted at an interval so that the suspect will feel relax and be able to execute his natural
writing.
5. Utilized the same writing instrument and paper as that of the questioned.
6. Normal (writing condition should be arranged so that the writer feels relax during the process of dictation.

Legal Classes of Documents

1. Public document = a document created, executed or issued by a public official in response to exigencies
of the public service, or in execution of which a public official intervened;
Refers to instrument authorized by a notary public or a competent public official with solemnities required by
law.
2. Official document = issued by a public official in the exercise of the functions of his office; also a public
document.
3. Private document = a deed or instrument executed by a private person without the intervention of a notary
public or other person legally authorized, by which document, some disposition of agreement is proved, evidenced
or set forth.
4. Commercial document = defined and regulated by the Code of Commerce or other commercial law.
5. Holographic Document – any document completely written and signed by one person; also known as
holograph. In a number of jurisdictions a holographic will can be probated without any one having witness its
execution.

Proof of authenticity
According to Revised rules on evidence (Rules of Court) Rule 132, Presentation of evidence letter "B"
authentication and proof of documents.
Sec. 19 Classes of documents- For the purpose of their presentation in evidence, documents are either public or
private.

Public documents are;

(a) The written official acts, or records of the official; acts of the sovereign authority, official bodies
and tribunals, and public officers, whether of the Philippines, or of a foreign country;
(b) Documents acknowledged before a notary public except last wills and testaments; and
(c) Public records, kept in the Philippines, or private documents required by law to be entered therein.
All other writings are private.

Sec. 20 Proof of Private Documents - before any Private document offered as authentic is received in evidence,
its due execution and authenticity must be proved either:

(a) By anyone who saw the document executed or written; or

(b) By evidence of the genuineness of the signature or handwriting of the maker.

Sec. 21. When evidence of authenticity of private documents not necessary. - Where a private document is
more than thirty (30) years old, is produced from a custody in which it would naturally be found if genuine, and
is unblemished by any alterations or circumstances of suspicion, no other evidence of its authenticity need be
given.
Lesson Proper for Week 2
HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION AND EXAMINATION

HANDWRITING it is the result of a very complicated series of facts, being used as a whole, and combination
of certain forms of visible and muscular habits acquired by long, continued pains taking effort. Some defined
handwriting as "visible speech"
According to Huber, Handwriting is an acquired skill and clearly one that is a complex perceptual motor task,
sometimes referred to as the neuro-muscular task. That our hand contains 27 bones controlled by more than 40
muscles. The rate of speed of writing increases and is greatest between the ages 7 and 9 years, it tapers off to 13
years, when there is little further increase.

KINDS OF WRITINGS
A. Cursive - most used by adult, means running, connected, writing in which one letter is joined to the next.
B. Script- separated or printed writings.
C. Block- all capital letters

PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HANDWRITING

The impulse to form a letter begins in the brains writing in the cortex. This center is skin to brain areas control
visions, hearing and walking, guides the muscle as they weave the complex movements that make the words.

Since writing in the mind, emotion and attitudes both path of the mind influence how we write just as they
influence how we walk and talk. In writing the pen functions as an extension of the hand. The fingers transmit to
the paper, the directive impulse and the variation in muscular tension that according to the nature of the writer's
nervous organization occurs during the act of writing.

Hence as each writer has his own way of holding his hand, manipulating the pen and exerting pressure, the same
pen in different hands will produce entirely different strokes. This center in the motor area of the cortex is
responsible for the finger movement involved in handwriting. The importance of this center is that when it
becomes diseased as in graphic, one loss the ability to write although could still grasp a fountain pen, ballpen or
pencil. Thus the ability or power to hold a fountain pen or pencil to form a symbol and words can be said to
emanate from its cortical center.
The hands contain two kinds of muscle, which function in the act of writing. A group of extensor muscles push
up the pen to form the upward strokes and ease the tension produced as a result of flaxen by a group of muscle
called the flexor muscles that push the pen to form a downwards stroke. This flexor and extensor muscles
combined with numerical muscle to form lateral strokes. And the LUMBRICALS refers to the group of muscles
that account for the laterals strokes.
Generally speaking, four groups of muscles are employed in writing - those that operate the joints of the finger,
wrist, elbow and shoulder. The delicate way in which the various muscles used in writing work together to produce
written form is known as motor coordination.

ILLNESSES THAT MAY AFFECT HANDWRITING OF AN INDIVIDUAL:

1. Agraphia - refers to the inability to write in an orderly fashion, but can still be able to manipulate writing
materials. This may be due to brain lesions such as tumors, brain infections, injuries or head injuries.
2. Aphasia refers to the impairment of the power to use and understand words in communicating.
3. Dyslexia - refers to the disability to read and mis-spell words. (From Read to Red)
4. Paragraphia- the inability to write the correct words, but ability to copy text is retained.
5. Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson Disease Alzheimer is due to old age of a person who is above 60 years
of age, due to senility he reverts to childhood and loses memory and ability to read and write. Parkinson's is due
to old age as well but uncontrolled tremor is present.
6. ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) or LOU GEHRIG DISEASE-which includes weakening of muscle.
7. ARTHRITIS - affects the CNS which Includes muscles, ligaments and joints or writing hand.
8. CELEBRAL PALSY an abnormal alteration of movements or motor function arising from defect, injury or
disease of the nerve tissues in the cranial cavity.
9. HYPNOSIS - a trance-like condition or an induced state that resembles sleep in which the subject experiences
diminished will power and very responsive to the suggestions of the hypnotizer.

V. VARIATION IN HANDWRITING
A more or less definite pattern for each is stored away in the subjective mind but the hand does not always produce
a stereo typed of the pattern. The hand ordinarily is not an instrument or precision and therefore we may not
expect every habitual manual operation to be absolutely uniform. The greater this skill in the art of penmanship,
the less the variations there will be in the form of individualize letters as well as in the writing as a whole.

A. CAUSES OF VARIATIONS
1. Function of some external i.e. influence of available space.
2. Abnormal conditions such as physical injury, toxic effects, inebriation, emotion and deception.
3. Position of letter- all the letters are to be found initially, medially, and finally. The fact of the different position,
especially in combination with another and particular letter, may modify any of them in some way or another.
B. IMPORTANCE OF VARIATION
1. Personal variation encountered under normal writing conditions is also a high important element of
identification. The qualities of personal variation include both its nature and its extent. It becomes necessary to
determine the amount, extent, and exact quality of the variations.
2. It is improbable that the variety and extent of the variation in handwriting will be exactly duplicated in two
individuals that such a coincidence becomes practically impossible and this multitude of possible variations when
combined is what constitutes individually in writing.
3. With a group of signatures of a particular writer, certain normal divergence in size, lateral spacing and
proportions actually indicate genuineness. Variation in genuine writing is ordinarily in superficial parts and in
size, proportions, degree of the care given to the act, design, slant, shading, vigor, angularity, roundness, and
direction of the stroke.

V.DEVELOPMENT OF HANDWRITING OF AN INDIVIDUAL

A. Children learn writing by following the school copy or model.
B. After acquiring some degree of skills the children no longer follow the school model.
C. As speed increases, conscious design and regularity begins to break down.
D. In course of trial and error, modifications are made, simplification and elaborations, addition and omission
occur.

The writing pattern of each child embodies unique contributions of such deviation from the standard letter forms
or school model, and become his personal habits. Although thousands learn the same system and that the natural
result is identify, but fact shows that it is not because those were taught the same system or school copy a class
of writers, but some impairs does not by means produce a slavish uniformity. Variation begins as soon as writing
begins and continues until each writer in the way that seems best and easiest to him.

VI SCHOOL COPYBOOK FORM (SCHOOL MODEL)- refer to the standard of writing instruction taught
in particular school. Classes of copybook depend on the standard copy adopted by a writer

A. SYSTEM OF EARLY AMERICAN HANDWRITING:

1. Old English Round Hand-In fact an Italian hand popular in 1840.
2. Modified Round Hand - early edition of the Spencerian, and the Payson, Dunton, and a general tendency
towards plainer letters than the preceding system, some of which were very ovate-1860- 1890.
3. Spencerian simplification by the omission of extra strokes and flourishes.
4. Modern Vertical Writing (1890-1900)
5. The Arm Movement Writing- the manner or method of writing, instead of the form alone is especially
emphasized.
B. MODERN SCHOOL MODEL FORMS
1. Palmer Copybook-commonly used in the United States prior to 1980.
2. D'Nealian Copybook - commonly used in the United States since 1980.
3. British Copybook
4. French Copybook
5. German Copybook

IMPORTANCE OF THE DESIGN OF THE LETTERS (SYSTEM OF WRITING)

1. To the nationality of the writer;
2. The system learned;
3. The date when the writing was acquired;
4. To some of the influences that have surrounded the writer.

VII. TERMINOLOGIES RELATED TO HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION AND EXAMINATIONS:

1. ALIGNMENT is the relation of parts of the whole writing or line of individual letters in words to the baseline.
It is the alignment of words. The relative alignment of letters.
2. ANGULAR FORMS sharp, straight strokes that are made by stopping the pen and changing direction before
continuing.
3. ARCADE FORMS- forms that look like arches rounded on the top and open at the bottom.
4. COLLATION-side by side comparison, the critical comparison side by side examination.
5. COMPARISON the act of setting two or more items side by side to weigh their identifying qualities; it refers
not only a visual but also the mental act in which the element of one item are related to the counterparts of the
other.
6. DISGUISED WRITING-a writer ma deliberately try to alter his usual writing habits of hiding his identity.
The result, regardless of their effectiveness are turned disguised writing.
7. DOWNSTROKES- the movement of the pen towards the writer.
8. FORM the writers chosen writing style. The way the writing looks, whether it is copybook, elaborated,
simplified or printed.
9. GARLAND FORMS- a cup-like connected form that is open at the top and rounded on the bottom.
10. GESTALT- German word that means "complete" or "whole". A good gestalt needs nothing added or taken
away to make it "look right". Also a school handwriting analysis that looks at handwriting as a whole picture.
11. GRAPHOANALYSIS the study of handwriting based on the two fundamental strokes, the curve and the
straight strokes.
12. GRAPHOMETRY- analysis by comparison and measurement.
13. GRAPHOLOGY- the art of determining character disposition and amplitude of a person from the study of
handwriting. It also means the scientific study and analysis or handwriting, especially with reference to the
forgeries and questioned documents.
14. HANDLETTERING any disconnected style of writing in which each letter is written separately, also called
hand printing.
15. LEFT-HANDED WRITING also known as the wrong hand writing. (Sinistral)
16. LETTER SPACE the amount of space left between letters.
17. LINE DIRECTION-movement of the baseline. May slant up, down, or straight across the page.
18. LINE QUALITY - the overall character of the ink lines from the beginning to the ending strokes. There are
two classes the good line quality and poor line quality. The visible records in the written stroke of the basic
movements and manner of holding the writing instrument is characterized by the term "line quality". It is derived
from a combination of factors including writing skills, speed rhythm, freedom of movements, shading and pen
position.
19. LINE SPACE the amount of space left between lines.
20. MANUSCRIPT WRITING a disconnected form of script or semi-script writing. This type of writing is
taught in young children in elementary schools as the first step in learning to write.
21. MARGINS the amount of space left around the writing on all four sides.
22. MOVEMENT it is an important element in handwriting. It embraces all the factors which are related to the
motion of the writing instrument skill, speed freedom, hesitation, rhythm, emphasis, and tremors. The manner in
which the writing instrument is move that is by finger, hand, forearm or whole arm.
23. NATURAL WRITING any specimen of writing executed normally without any attempt to control or alter
its identifying habits and its usual quality or execution.
24. PEN EMPHASIS the act of intermittently forcing she pen against the paper surfaces. When the pen-point
has flexibility, this emphasis produces shading, but with more rigid writing points heavy point emphasis can occur
in writing without any evidence of shading, the act intermittently forcing the pen against the paper with increase
pressure.
25. PEN HOLD- place where the writer grasps the barrel of the pen and the angle at which he holds it.
26. PEN POSITION relationship between the pen point and the paper. The orientation of the writing instrument.
27. PEN PRESSURE the average force with which the pen contacts the paper. Pen pressure as opposed to pen
emphasis deals with the usual of average force Involved in the writing rather than the period increases.
28. PEN SCRIPT a creative combination of printing and cursive writing.
29. PROPORTION OR RATIO the relation between the tall and short letter is preferred as the ratio of writing.
30. QUALITY-a distinct or peculiar character. Also, quality is used in describing handwriting to refer to any
identifying factor that is related to the writing movement itself.
31. RHYTHM - the element of writing movement, which is marked by regular or periodic recurrences. It may
be classed as smooth, intermittent, or jerky in its quality; the flourishing succession of motion which are recorded
in a written record.
32. SHADING - Is the widening of the ink strokes due to the added pressure on a flexible pen point or to the use
of a stub pen.
33. SIGNIFICANT WRITING HABIT any characteristic of handwriting that is sufficiently uncommon and
well-fixed to serve as a fundamental point in the identification.
34. SIMPLIFICATION -eliminating extra or superfluous strokes from the copybook model.
35. SIZE-may refer to the overall size of the writing or the proportions between zones.
36. SKILL in any set there are relative degrees or ability or skill and a specimen of handwriting usually contain
evidences of the writer's proficiency, degree, ability, or skills of write proficiency.
37. SLOPE OR SLANT the angle or inclination of the axis of the letters relative to the baseline. There are three
classes of slant, slant to the left, slant to the right, and vertical slant.
38. SPEED OF WRITING the personal pace at which the writer's pen moves across the paper
39. STROKE - series of line and curves within a single letter.
40. TENSION - the degree of force exerted on the pen compared to the degree of relaxation.
41. THREADY FORM- an indefinite connective form that looks flat and wavy.
42. VARIABILITY- the degree to which the writing varies from the copybook model.
43. VARIATION the act or process of changing.
44. WORD SPACE the amount of space left between words.
45. WRITING CONDITION - both the circumstances under which the writing was prepared and the factor
influencing the writer's ability to write at the time of execution, it includes the writer's position (sitting, standing,
abed, etc.), the paper support and backing, and the writing instrument. Writing ability maybe modified by the
condition of the writer’s health, nervous state, or degree of intoxication.
46. WRONG-HANDED WRITING - Anv writing executed with the opposite hand that normally used; a.k.a, as
"with the awkward hand". It is one means of disguise. Thus, the writing of a right-handed person, which has been
executed with his left hand, accounts for the common terminology for this class of disguise as "left-hand writing.
47. WRITING IMPULSE - the result of the pen touching down on the paper and moving across the page, until
it is raised from the paper.
48. REPROGRAPHIC EXAMINATION thus refers to the examination of documents which includes
photocopies, facsimile, and photographs.
Illustration:
1. Alignment

2. Slant

3. Shading

4. Rhythm

5. Pen Pressure

Light Heavy
6. Lateral Spacing

7. Ratio of Writing
Regular Ratio Irregular Ratio

8. Form

9. Line Quality
Lesson Proper for Week 3

VIII. MOVEMENT IN HANDWRITING

A. KINDS OF MOVEMENT

1. Finger Movement- the thumb, the first, the second and slightly the third finger are in actual motion. Most
usually employed by children and illiterates.

2. Hand Movement - produced by the movement or action of the whole hand with the wrist as the center of
attraction.

3. Forearm Movement the movement of the shoulder, hand and arm with the support of the table.

4. Whole Arm Movement - action of the entire arm without resting, i.e. blackboard writing.

B. QUALITY OF MOVEMENT

1. Clumsy, illiterate and halting

2. Hesitating and painful due to weakness and illness

3. Strong, heavy and forceful

4. Nervous and irregular

5. Smooth, flowing and rapid

C. SPEED

1. Slow and drawn

2. Deliberate

3. Average

4. Rapid
D. DIFFERENT MOVEMENTS EMPLOYED AFFECT WRITING

1. Smoothness

2. Directness

3. Uniformity

4. Continuity of strokes

5. Connecting or curves between letter

IX. MOTOR COORDINATION- it refer to the special way in which the various muscles used in writing work
together to produced written forms. Generally speaking, four groups of muscles are employed in writing, those
which operate respectively the joints of the finger, wrist, elbow and shoulder.

A. CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTOR COORDINATION:

1. Free smelt rounded curves

2. Gradual changes of directions

3. Pressure is always in a state of change, moving from light to heavy or vice versa.

4. Speed

5. The shading impulse is distributed over a considerable length of the line whereas in writing produced with a
slow motion as in the finger movement, the shading often has a "bunchy" appearance, in which the maximum
width of the shaded line is attained abruptly.

B. FAULTLY COORDINATION IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE FOLLOWING:

1. Wavering and very irregular line or strokes with uncertain and unsteady progress. There is no freedom of
movement along the strokes of the letterforms. The writing is obviously very slow and is typical of the writing of
a young child or for any one who painstakingly draws a picture of an unfamiliar form.
2. Angular line - a very commonly fault of coordination. Curves, large and small are not smoothly rounded and
there is no gradual change of direction. On the contrary, an angle marks almost every change direction in the line.
Investigation has disclosed that angles are accompanied by a lessening of writing speed.

X. RHYTHM IN HANDWRITING Rhythm is a succession of connected, uniform strokes working in full

coordination. This manifested by clear-cut accentuated strokes which increase and decrease in which like perfect
cones. Pressure is always in a state of changes moving from light to heavy or from heavy to light.

A. LACK OF RHYTHM characterized by a succession of awkward, independent poorly directed and

disconnected motions.

B. IMPORTANCE OF RHYTHM- by studying the rhythm of the succession of strokes, one can determine if
the writer normally and spontaneously or write with hesitation as if he is attempting to for another signature.

C. LETTER OF CONNECTIONS-determine the essential expression of the writing pattern. It is a mean

indicator of the neuromuscular function. Words are formed by connection of letters to one another. Even letters
are formed by the joining of the upward and the downward strokes.

These types of connections are:

1. Arcade-a rounded stroke shaped like an arch. It is a slow mode of connection resulting from controlled
movements.

2. Garland links the downward stroke to the upstrokes with a flowing curve swinging from left to right.

3. Angular Connective Form when the downward strokes and upward strokes meet directly, angular connection
is formed. This type of connection imposes a check on the continuity of movement which is characterized by an
abrupt stop and start in each turning point.

4. The Threadlike Connective Form- the joining of downward and upward strokes is slurred to a threadlike
tracing or where rounded turns used at both top and bottom a double curve. These forms appear both in the shaping
of letters within the word.

B. TERMINOLOGIES CONCERNING STROKE CHARACTERISTICS

1. Arc- a curved formed inside the top curve of loop as in small letters "h", "m", "n", & "p".
2. Arch- any arcade form in the body of a letter found in small letters which contain arches.

3. Ascender -is the top portion of a letter or upper loop.

4. Baseline - maybe actually on a ruled paper, it might be imaginary alignment of writing it the ruled or imaginary
line upon which the writing rests.

5. Beaded-preliminary embellished initial stroke which usually occurs in capital letters.

6. Beard-is the rudimentary initial up stroke of a letter.

7. Blunt-the beginning and ending stroke of a letter (without hesitation)

8. Body-the main portion of the letter, minus the initial strokes, terminal strokes and the diacritic, of any. Ex: the
oval of the letter "0" is the body, minus the downward stroke and the loop.

9. Bowl-a fully rounded oval or circular form on a letter complete into "0"

10. Buckle/ Buckle knot- a loop made as a flourished which is added to the letters, as in small letter "k"&"b", or
in capital letters "A", "K", "P", the horizontal end loop stroke that are often used to complete a letter.

11. Cacography- a bad writing.

12. Calligraphy- the art of beautiful writing.

13. Descender opposite of ascender, the lower portion of a letter.

14. Diacritic-"t" crossing and dots of the letter "i" and "j". The matters of Indian script are also known as diacritic
sign; an element added to complete a certin letter, either a cross bar or a dot.

15. Ending/ Terminate stroke of toe- the end stroke of a letter.

16. Eye/Eyelet/Eye loop-a small loop or curved formed inside the letters. This may occur inside the oval of the
letters "a, d, o", the small loop form by the stroke that extends in divergent direction as in small letters.

17. Foot lower part which rest on the baseline. The small letter "m has three feet, and the small letter "n" has two
feet.

18. Habits-any repeated elements or details, which may serve to individualize writing.

19. Hesitation a term applied to the irregular thickening of ink which Is found when writing slows down or stop
while the pen take a stock of the position.

20. Hiatus/ pen jump- a gap occurring between continuous strokes without lifting the pen. Such as occurrence
usually occurs due to speed, maybe regarded also as a special form of pen lift distinguished in a ball gaps and
appear in the writing
21. Hook-it is a minute curve or ankle which often occurs at the end of the terminal stoke. It is also sometimes
occurs at the beginning of an initial stroke. The terminal curves of a letter "a, d, n, m, p, u" is the hook. In small
letter "w the initial curve is a hook.

22. Hump - upper portion of its letter "m, n, h, k, the rounded outside of the top of the bend, stroke or curve in a
small letter.

23. Knob - the extra deposit of ink in the initial and terminal stroke due to the slow withdrawal of the pen from
the paper (usually applicable to the fountain pen).

24. Ligature/ connection - the stroke which connects two strokes of a letter, characterized by connected stroke
between letters.

25. Long letter - those letters with both upper and lower loops.

26. Loop-an oblong curve such as found on the small letter ", g, P' and letter stroke "f has two. A loop maybe
blind or open. A blind loop is usually the result of the ink having filled in the open space.

27. Majuscule- a capital letter.

28. Miniscule-a small letter.

29. Movement impulses- this refers to the continuality of stroke, forged writing is usually produced by
disconnected and broken movements and more motion impulses than in genuine writing.

30. Patching-retouching or going back over a defective portion of a stroke. Careful patching is common defect
on forgeries.

31. Pen lift - an interruption in a stroke caused by removing the writing instrument from the paper.

32. Retrace/ retracing- any part of a stroke which is super imposed upon the original stroke.

33. Shoulder outside portion of the top curve, small letter "m" has three shoulders and the small letter "n" has
two, and the smaill letter "h" has one shoulder.

34. Spur-a short initial or terminal stroke.

35. Staff- any major long downward stroke of a letter that is the long downward stroke of the small letter "g".

36. Stem or Shank- the upright long downward stroke that is the trunk or stalk, normally seen in capital letters.

37. Tick/Hitch any short stroke, which usually occurs at the top of the letters.

38. Tremor-a writing weakness portrayed by irregular shaky strokes is described as writing tremor.

39. Whirl-the upstroke of looping ascender.

40. Linear Letters lower case letters having no ascending loops or stems, or descending loops or stems
sometimes called minuscules. No capital letters.
41. Supralinear letters that extend a distance vertically above the linear letters, (b, d, h, k, land t)

42. Infralinear-letters are those that extend a distance vertically both above and below the linear letters. (e,i.p.q,v)

43. Double -Length Letters- are those few letters that extend a distance vertically both above and below the linear
letters. (f,y,z,p)

D. OTHER TERMINOLOGIES CONCERNING STROKES:

1. AIRSTROKE the movement of the pen as it is raised from the paper and continues in the same direction.

2. COVERING STROKE- a stroke that unnecessarily covers another stroke in a concealing action.

3. FINAL-the ending stroke of a letter when it is at the end of a word.

4. UPSTROKE movement of the pen away from the letter.

S. SEQUENCE OF STROKES the order in which writing strokes are placed on the paper is referred to as their
sequence.

6. SUPPORTED STROKE upstroke partially covering the previous down strokes. Originally taught in
European schools.

7. TRAIT STROKE - a school of handwriting analysis that assigns personality trait manners to individual
writing strokes.

E. QUALTIES OF STROKES:

EXPANSION whether the movement is extended or limited in its range with respect to both vertical and
horizontal dimension. "e", "" and also form and design of letters. This group of habits is also called General
Characteristics.

GENERAL (CLASS) CHARACTERISTICS

These characteristics refer to those habits are part of basic writing system or which are modification of the system
of writing found among so large of writers that have only slight identification value.

National Characteristics- this refers to the extent that writing system within a country share common features
and induce class characteristics in the writing of its people, different from other countries.
Accidental Characteristics they are characteristics which are the result of the writer's muscular control,
coordination, age, health, nervous, temperament, frequency personality and character. They are found in the
following:

1. Writing movement

2. Form and design of letters

3. Muscular control or motor control

LOOSE WRITING this is characterized by too much freedom of movement and lack of regulation. This is
noticed most especially in tall letter forms.

RESTRAINED WRITING there is lack of freedom and inhibited movements. It gives you the impression that
every stroke was made with great difficulty. This writing is small. There is distortion of letters forms which may
lead to illegibility.

4. Motor coordination

5. Shading

6. Alignment

7. Pen pressure

8. Connection

9. Pen hold

10. Skill

11. Rhythm

12. Disconnections or pen lifts between letters

13. Speed

14. Slant as a writing habit

15. Proportion of letters as an individual characteristics or habit

16. Quality of stroke or line quality

17. Variation

QUALTIES OF COMMON CHARACTERISTICS

1. PERMANENT CHARACTERISTICS - this can be found always in his handwriting.

2. COMMON OR USUAL can be found in a group of writers who outside the same system of writing.

3. OCCASIONAL-this is only found occasionally in his handwriting.

4. RARE this is special to the writer and perhaps found only in one or two persons in a group of one hundred
individuals.

POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN EXAMINING EXTENDED WRITING:

(anonymous, threat, poison letters)

EXTENDED WRITINGS - are any writing by an individual other than their own signature or initial.

Signature is just that, the name of a person or something representing his/her name.

To identify questioned signatures it is best to have contemporaneous signatures of the subject for

comparison.

1. Uniformity-does the questioned writing have smooth, rhythmic and free flowing appearance?

2. Irregularities does the questioned writing appear awkward, ill-formed slowly drawn.

3. Size & Proportion - determine the height of the over-all writing as well as the height of then

individual strokes in proportion to each other,

4. Alignment
5. Spacing- determine the general spacing between letters, spacing between words. Width of the left and right
margins, paragraph indentations.

6. Degree of Slant - determine the general spacing between letters, spacing between words.

Width of the left and right margins, paragraph indentations.

7. Formation and Design of the Letters -"t", (-) bars, "i" dots, loops, circle formation.

8. Initial, connecting and final strokes

INDICATIONS OF SPEED INDICATIONS OF SLOW WRITING:

(SPEEDY)WRITING:
a. Smooth unbroken strokes and rounded forms. a. Wavering forms and broken strokes

b. Frequent signs or tendencies to the right. b. Frequent signs or tendencies to the left.

c. Marked uncertaity as to the location of the dots c. Conspicuous certainly as to the location of the
of small letters "I", "J"& crosses of small letter dots of small letters "I", "J" &"t" crosses with
"t". scarcely perceptible deviation from the intended
direction.
d. Increased spontaneity of words or small letter
"t" connected with the following words. d. Frequent pauses by meaningless blobs, angles,
divided letters, and retouches.
e. Letters curtailed or degenerated almost to
illegibility towards the end of words. e. Careful execution of detail of letters, toward
the end or names.
f. Wide writing- width of letters is greater than
the connecting spaces adjoining it. f. Narrow writing.

g. Great difference in emphasis between g. No difference in emphasis in upstrokes and

upstrokes and down strokes. down strokes

h. Marked simplification of letters especially h. Ornament or flourishing connections.

capital letters
i. Sinking lines
i. Rising line.

j. increased pen pressure

k. Increased in the margin to left at the beginning

of the line.