CHAPTER 4[PART 1]

Control Structure III: Repetition / Looping

Lesson Outcomes
 At the end of these lessons, students should be able to:
 Learn about repetition (looping) control structures.
 Understand the requirement of while , do-while and for in a program.
 Identify while , do-while and for design structure.

 Explore how to construct and use counter-controlled and

sentinel-controlled loop.
 Discover how to form and use nested control structures.
Overview
 Loop: a control structure that causes a statement or group of
statements to repeat.
 Why Is Repetition Needed?
 Repetition allows you to efficiently use variables.
 Can input, add, and average multiple numbers using a limited
number of variables.
 For example, to add five numbers:
 Declare a variable for each number, input the numbers and add the
variables together.
 Create a loop that reads a number into a variable and adds it to a variable
that contains the sum of the numbers.
Example 1
Without Using Repetition Using Repetition
Statement Statement

int main() int main()

{ {
cout<<"Hello! World"<<endl; int i = 1;
cout<<"Hello! World"<<endl; while(i<= 5)
cout<<"Hello! World"<<endl; {
cout<<"Hello! World"<<endl; cout<<“Hello! World”
<<endl;
cout<<"Hello! World"<<endl;
i++;
cout<< Hello! World <<endl;
}
return 0;
return 0;
}
}
Example 2 Using Repetition
Without Using Repetition Statement
Statement
int main()
{
int main()
int num, sum=0;
{ int i = 1;
while(i<= 5)
int num1,num2,num3,num4,num5,sum;
{
cout<<"Enter 5 numbers: "; cout<<“Enter a number”;
cin>>num1>>num2>>num3>>num4>>num5; cin>>num;
i= i + 1;
sum=num1+num2+num3+num4+num5; sum = sum + num;
cout<<“The sum is ”<<sum; }
cout<<“The sum is ”<<sum;
return 0;
return 0;
} }

Number of variables used = 6

Number of variables used = 3
Components of Loop Statement
 Initialization
 Initialize the loop control variable (LCV)

 Evaluation
 Test the loop control variable – to determine whether the
looping should continue or not
 Updating
 Update/change loop control variable – the
increment/decrement by which the control variable is modified
each time through the loop
Example
int main() i is loop control variable (LCV)
{
int i = 1; <-- initialize the loop control variable
while(i<= 5) <-- test the loop control variable
{
cout<<“Hello! World”<<endl; <-- statement to be executed
i = i + 1; <-- change/modify the loop control variable
}
return 0;
}
 Example
int main()
{
int num, sum=0;
int i = 1; Initialize loop control variable (LCV)
while(i<= 5)
Body of loop { Test the loop control variable (LCV)
-This code is cout<<“Enter a number”;
executed as long as
cin>>num;
the condition is
TRUE and is sum = sum + num;
skipped when the i = i + 1; Change/modify the loop control
condition is FALSE } variable (LCV)
cout<<“The sum is ”<<sum;
return 0;
}
Pseudocode
Start
set i=1, sum=0
While (i <=5)
display “Enter a number”
get num;
sum = sum + num;
i=i+1
EndWhile
Display “The sum is ”, sum;
end
Flow Chart i = 1, sum = 0

i <= 5 false

true
Display “Enter a number”
Get num

sum=sum + num

i=i+1

Display “The
sum is”, sum
The Increment & Decrement Operator
 ++ is the increment operator.
It adds one to a variable.
val++; is the same as val = val + 1;

 ++ can be used before (prefix) or after (postfix) a variable:

++val; val++;
The Increment & Decrement Operator
(cont.)
 -- is the decrement operator.
It subtracts one from a variable.
val--; is the same as val = val - 1;

 -- can be also used before (prefix) or after (postfix) a

variable:
--val; val--;
Prefix vs. Postfix
 ++ and -- operators can be used in complex statements
and expressions
 In prefix mode (++val, --val) the operator
increments or decrements, then returns the value of the
variable
 In postfix mode (val++, val--) the operator returns
the value of the variable, then increments or decrements
Prefix vs. Postfix - Examples
int num, val = 12;
cout << val++; // displays 12,
// val is now 13;
cout << ++val; // sets val to 14,
// then displays it
num = --val; // sets val to 13,
// stores 13 in num
num = val--; // stores 13 in num,
// sets val to 12
Basic Types
 Three types of repetition control structures:
 the while loop
 the do-while loop
 the for loop

 The difference between these structures is how they control

the repetition.
Repetition Structure

while loop
Pre-test:
Condition is
tested first
Repetition for loop
Structure
Post-test:
condition is tested do-while loop
later
Pre- Test
i = 1, sum = 0
Condition is tested
first

i <= 5 false

true
Display “Enter a number”
Get num

sum=sum + num

i=i+1

Display “The
sum is”, sum
 Post-Test
i = 1, sum = 0

Display “Enter a number “

Get num
Condition is tested The loop body will be
later executed at least once
sum = sum + num

i=i+1

true false Display “The

i <= 5
sum is “,sum
How Loops are Controlled
Counter-controlled loops

• Know exactly how many times certain

statements need to be executed.

Sentinel-controlled loops

• Do not always know how many pieces of data

need to be read, but you may know that the last
entry is a special value (sentinel).
Counter-controlled Loop
while Loop Syntax
 The general form of the while statement is:

 while is a reserved word.

 The statement can be simple or compound
while Loop Syntax (cont.)
 The expression acts as a decision maker and is usually a
logical expression (return true or false)
 The statement is called the body of the loop
 The parentheses are part of the syntax
Steps of Actions
 Step 1. Condition is evaluated
 Step 2. If condition is TRUE:
 the specified statement or body of loop executed.
 go back to step 1

 Step 3. Otherwise (if condition is FALSE):

 The loop terminates and the control transferred to the next
statement following it.
General Form of while Loop
 Syntax:
LCV = initial_value; //initialize the LCV
while(LCV <= final_value)//expression test the LCV
{
statement_to_be_executed;
:
LCV = LCV + step; //update the LCV
}
Flowchart
LCV = initial Value

false
Test LCV
true

Step x

Update LCV

Step n
Example
 Consider:
int count = 0; //initialize the LCV
while (count < 3) //test the LCV
{
cout << “Hi” << endl; //Loop Body
count = count + 1; //Update LCV
}
 Loop body executes how many times?
Tracing Table
count
count < 3 Output
(count = count + 1)
0 0 < 3 (T) Hi
1 1 < 3 (T) Hi
2 2 < 3 (T) Hi
3 3 < 3 (F) exit

So, loop body executes 3 times

Exercise 1 (while loop)
for Loop
Introduction
 A for loop simplifies the writing of a counter-controlled
while loop
 Also known as pretest loop.

 In C++, for is a reserved word.

 The syntax of the for loop is:
for(initializeLCV; testCondition; updateLCV)
{
statements
}
Introduction (cont.)
 for structure:
Introduction (cont.)
 The for loop executes as follows:
 1. the initial statement executes.
 2. the loop condition is evaluated. If the loop condition
evaluates to true:
 i. Execute the for loop statemant(s) (loop body)
 ii. Execute the update statement (the third expression in the parentheses)

 Repeat Step 2 until the loop condition evaluates to false.

Introduction (cont.)
 Example:
Introduction (cont.)
 Example:
 You can count backward using for loop
for(int i = 10;i > 0; i--)
cout << i << " ";
cout << endl;

Output:
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Introduction (cont.)
 Putting a semicolon at the end of the for loop (before the
body of the for loop) is a semantic error. In this case, the
action of the for loop is empty.
 Example:
for(int i = 0;i < 5; i++);//Line 1
cout << "*" << endl;//Line 2

 The semicolon at the end of the for statement (Line 1)

terminates the for loop.
 The action of this for loop is empty, that is, null.
Exercise 1
 Find the output for the following segment code:
int w = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
w = 2 + w * 5 – i;
cout << w << “ “;
}
cout << endl;
do-while Loop
Introduction
 Executes at least once and up to many times depending on
expression.
 Syntax of do...while statement:

 In C++, do is a reserved word.

 Statement can be simple or compound (multiple statements); if
compound, they must be in braces.
Introduction (cont.)
 do...while loop executes as follows:
 The statement executes first, and then expression is evaluated.
 If expression evaluates to true, statement executes again.
 As long as expression in a do...while statement is
true, statement executes.
 Like other loops, to avoid an infinite loop, loop body must
contain a statement that makes expression false.
Introduction (cont.)
 Example:
//printing 1 - 10 using do while loop
int num=1; //initialize the LCV, num
do
{
cout << num << " " ;
num=num + 1; //update the lCV
} while(num <= 10); //test the LCV
Introduction (cont.)
 A do...while loop can be used for input validation.
 For example, a program prompts a user to enter a test score,
which must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal
to 50. If the user enters a score less than 0 or greater than 50,
the user should be prompted to re-enter the score.
Exercise 1 (do…while loop)
 Find the output for the following segment code:
Infinite Loop
 Infinite Loop: continues to execute endlessly
 Example:

 How do you avoid an infinite loop?

 Verify that the loop’s body contains statement(s) that assure the
exit condition will eventually be false.
TO BE CONTINUED…