Electric circuits

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KNOW THE ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS:

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 Diode

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Center zero galvanometer

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APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS:
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MCQ:
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 om
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----------------------- Series circuits

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:
so Currrent: Current at every point
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in a series circuit is the same.
I=I 1 =I 2 =I 3
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Potential difference:
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Sum of the pd's across the

components in a series circuit is
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equal to the total pd( emf) across

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the
V=V 1 + V 2
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Combined resistance :Total resistance in a series circuit is equal to the

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sum of individual resistances of the resistors.

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R=R1+ R2

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Combined emf of several sources in series:

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The above diagram can be represented as:

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The combined emf= 36V

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 - Parallel circuits
Current:
I 1 =I 2 +I 3
I 1 =I 6

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I 6 =I 4 +I 5
I 2 +I 3 = I 4 +I 5
I 2 =I 4

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I 3 =I 5

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Voltage:
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The voltage across the power supply is the same as the voltage across each
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branch in a parallel circuit.

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Hence :

The voltage across Resistor R 1 = The voltage across Resistor R 2

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= Emf of the power supply

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Resistance:
The total resistance (R) in a parallel circuit is given by:
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𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
= +
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𝑹𝑹 𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐
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Advantages of connecting lamps in parallel in a lighting circuit:

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• All lamps will work at the same brightness.

• If one lamp breaks, the others will continue to light.
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Action and use of circuit components:
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Action of a potential divider: A potential divider consists of 2 or more
resistors connected in series across a power supply.

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Because the resistors are in series so

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the same current flows through them.
The emf of the power source is

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shared between the two resistors R 1
and R 2 .

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Action of a variable potential divider-potentiometer:
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A potentiometer is a kind of potential divider. There is a sliding contact that

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can help to change the potential.

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• The voltmeter reading increases when more wires are brought in

contact.
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• The voltmeter reading decreases when less wires are brought in contact.
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• Thus the pd between the sliding contact and either fixed contact
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depends on the position of the sliding contact.

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Action of Thermistors ( TDR) and light dependent resistors (LDR) and their

use as input transducers

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Transducers: A sensor circuit is also called as a transducer.LDR and TDR are

used in sensor circuits

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Thermistor:

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• A thermistor is a temperature dependent resistor.
• Its resistance decreases as its temperature increases.

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When the temperature of the thermistor
increases, its resistance decreases, so its share

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of battery pd decreases. as a result its share of

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battery pd across resistor R increases so the
output pd increases.
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Light dependent resistor:

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When the brightness of the incident light

increases, its resistance decreases, so its
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share of battery pd decreases. as a result its

share of battery pd across resistor R inc
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Action of relay and their use in switching circuits:
Relay:
A relay is a special type of switch turned on and off by an electromagnet.
When a current flows through the coil

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an electro-magnetic field is set up.
The field attracts an iron armature,

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whose other end pushes the contacts
together, completing the circuit.

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When the current is switched off,
the contacts open again, switching the

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circuit off.

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When the ignition car switch is
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turned on, a small current passes
through the coil of the
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electromagnet and the iron

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armature is attracted to the

electromagnet. The armature
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turns about the pivot and closes

the gap. This allows a much larger
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current to pass through the car

motor.
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Working of diode and its use as a rectifier:
A diode allows the current to flow in one direction only. This direction is
referred to as the forward direction. Its resistance in the forward direction
is very low. Its resistance in the reverse direction is very high.

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Solved Examples:

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APPLICATION ABSED QUESTIONS:

MCQ:

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 om
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 om
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 om
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APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS-EXTENDED THEORY
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