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Mathematical Induction: Prepared By: Mr. Israel P. Penero Course Facilitator (Number Theory)

This document discusses mathematical induction, which is a method of proof applicable to statements about natural numbers. It presents the principle of mathematical induction, which involves proving a base case, making an inductive assumption, and proving the next case. Several examples demonstrate applying this principle to prove formulas for the sum of terms and divisibility by 3 for all natural numbers.

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Marielle Landicho
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14 views

Mathematical Induction: Prepared By: Mr. Israel P. Penero Course Facilitator (Number Theory)

This document discusses mathematical induction, which is a method of proof applicable to statements about natural numbers. It presents the principle of mathematical induction, which involves proving a base case, making an inductive assumption, and proving the next case. Several examples demonstrate applying this principle to prove formulas for the sum of terms and divisibility by 3 for all natural numbers.

Uploaded by

Marielle Landicho
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATHEMATICAL

INDUCTION
PREPARED BY: MR. ISRAEL P. PENERO
COURSE FACILITATOR (NUMBER THEORY)
Well-Ordering Principle (WOP)

A non-empty set S of non-negative integer contains a least


element. That is, there exists a ∈ S such that a ≤ b for all b ∈ S.

An alternative statement could be; “If S ⊂ N and S is not an


empty set, then S has a least element”.

Illustration:

Say Z+, and n ∈ Z+ where n ≥ 4. Then here, there is a least


element of S that is it could be n = 1. But in n ∈ Q, there is no least
element.
Mathematical induction is a
technique for proving a
statement ( a theorem, or a
formula ) that is asserted
about every natural number.
Principle of Mathematical Induction (PMI)
Let P(n) be a predicate defined for integers n.
Suppose the following statements are true:
1. Basis step:
P(a) is true for some fixed a ∈ Z .
2. Inductive step: For all integers k ≥ a,
if P(k) is true then P(k+1) is true.
Then for all integers n ≥ a, P(n) is true.
Example 1: Prove using the Mathematical Induction

Proof:
i. Verify if it is true for n = 1 For n = 2 For n = 3
ii. Assume that for n = 1, 2, 3, … , k is true.
iii. Show that its true of n = k + 1.
Example 2: Prove using the Mathematical Induction

Proof:

i. Verify if it is true for n = 1 For n = 2


For n = 3
2 2 2 2
ii. Assume that for n = 1 , 2 , 3 , … , k is
true.
iii. Show that its true of n = k + 1.
Example 3: Prove using the Mathematical Induction

Proof:

i. Verify if it is true for n = 1, n = 2, n = 3, …


for n = 1 for n = 2 for n = 3

1 = 12 1 + 3 = 22 1 + 3 + 5 = 32
1 =1 4=4 9=9
ii. Assume it is true of n = k

ii. Assume it is true of n = k + 1


Example 4: Use mathematical induction to prove that 4n – 1 is
divisible by 3 for all positive integer n.

Proof:

i. Verify if it is true of n = 1, n = 2, n = 3, …

For n = 1

41 – 1 = 3. (It is clearly seen that the result is divisible by 3


For n = 2

42 – 1 = 15. (the result is divisible by 3)


For n = 3

43 – 1 = 63. (the result is divisible by 3)


ii. Assume that for n = k, 4k – 1 is divisible by 3, thus 4k – 1 = 3q where
q ∈ Z.
iii. Show that it is true for n = k + 1

4k + 1 – 1
= (4k)(4) – 1
= (4)(4k) – 4 + 3
= 4[ 4k – 1] + 3
= 4(3q) + 3 (by hypothesis of induction)
= 3(4q + 1) where 4q + 1 ∈ Z

Hence, 4k+1 – 1 is divisible by 3

Therefore, by Principle of Mathematical Induction (PMI),


4n – 1 is divisible by 3.
Exercises: Prove the following using the principle
of mathematical induction

a) 1 + 5 + 9 + … + (4n – 3) = n (2n -1)

b) 20 + 21 + 22 + … + 2n = 2n+1 – 1; n ≥ 0

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