CV4102 – Advanced Steel Structures

Moment Connections

Instructor: Lie Seng Tjhen

Office: N1-01c-78
E-mail: [email protected]

Division of Structures and Mechanics

School of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Nanyang Technological University

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References:
[1] “Moment-Resisting Joints to Eurocode 3 – Joints in Steel Construction”,
Publication P398, The Steel Construction Institute and The British
Construction Steelwork Association Limited, 2013
Silwood Park, Ascot and London, United Kingdom.

[2] Mckenzie, W.M.C. (1998), “Design of Structural Steelwork”,

Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire,
United Kingdom.

[3] Wald, F., Tan, K.H. and Chiew, S.P. (2012), “Design of Steel
Structures with Worked Examples to EN 1993-1-1 and
EN 1993-1-8”, Research Publishing, Singapore.

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Outlines:

1. Introduction

2. Moment connections

3. Analysis techniques

4. Non-preloaded bolts

5. Preloaded bolts

6. Fillet welds

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1. Introduction
1.1 Simple frame construction

Laterally
unrestrained
beam

Laterally
restrained
beam

RC wall resists horizontal wind loads while steel frame

resists vertical loads of the structure

All beams and columns are jointed using

simple pinned connections

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1. Introduction
1.2 Three types of connections

Fin Plate Flexible End Plate Welded Angle Cleats

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1. Introduction
1.3 Rigid frames construction

Image courtesy of Richard Lees Steel Decking Ltd. BNP Paribas Real Estate HQ, 6 Pancras Square, London

Unbraced multi-storey rigid steel All beams and columns are jointed using
frames construction rigid (moment) connections

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2. Moment connections
2.1 General

1. There are three methods of design in steel structures,

namely, simple, continuous and semi-continuous
construction.

2. Pinned connections are used in simple frame Unbraced pitched roof portal frame
construction, rigid (moment) connections are used in
continuous construction and pinned/rigid connections
are used in semi-continuous construction.

3. A connection occurs where a member changes direction

such as the eaves and ridge of pitch single-storey and
multi-storey frames.

4. The design of these connections take into account the

“loading paths” from one member to another member
throughout the steel structures.

5. The resistances of each part such as flanges, webs,

stiffening plates, bolts and welds must be checked to
resist the load being transferred from one member to
another member. Unbraced multi-storey frame

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2.2 Moment Connections 2.3 Design procedures

1. Moment connections are used in the design of 1. Resolve the applied moment, study the “loading
unbraced multi-storey steel buildings to resist the path”, i.e. how the forces are transmitted from one
lateral (horizontal) loads. member to another member, and determine these
forces in the members.
2. It is designed primarily to transmit bending moment
in addition to axial and shear forces. 2. Check the resistance of the bolts, welds, column
and beam web and flange, and other critical parts
3. The transfer of bending moment, axial and shear if there are any.
forces is at the location (connection) between
members to ensure continuity of the structure.
Extended plate
above the beam
4. It has the benefits of using longer span beams and
shallow beams depths. Most importantly, there is
no need to use bracings.

5. In general, full strength rigid connections are more

expensive to fabricate due to extra workmanship.

6. To ensure continuity and full rigidity, preloaded

bolts or welding are frequently used in the
fabrication of moment connections.
Typical extended end-plate connection

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 Extended end-plate in moment connection

Bolts in tension

Fillet welds
in tension

T  (h  tf )  M
M
T
( h  tf )
T C

C
Fillet welds
In shear

Flange crushing
Loading path:
of beam T is resisted by fillet welds and bolts
Web buckling
C flows to beam flange and column web
of column V is assumed to be taken by fillet welds

Critical parts needed to be checked in design

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Four types of end-plate in moment connection

Flush End Plate Flush End Plate

Small moment; medium shear force Small moment; large shear force

Extended End Plate Flush End Plate

Large moment; medium shear force Large moment; large shear force

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 Beam welded to column flange connection

Butt welds
in tension
Notch beam in
shear and bending

T
T  (h  tf )  M
M M
V T
( h  tf )
T C
C

Fillet welds
In shear
Web buckling
of column
Loading path:
T is resisted by butt welds in tension
C is flowing from butt welds to beam flange and column web
V is assumed to be taken completely by fillet welds

Critical parts needed to be checked in design

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 Bolted cover plate beam splices connection

T  (h  tf )  M
M
T
( h  tf )
T C

Calculation of flange forces

Loading path:
T is resisted by beam flange and the bolts groups
C is resisted by beam flange and the bolts groups
If the bolts used are non-preloaded ones, then the bolts under shear are resisting the forces
If the bolts used are pre-loaded one, then the frictional forces are resisting the forces.
Generally, pre-loaded bolts are used in practice to produce rigid connections.

Critical parts needed to be checked in design

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 Bolted cover column splices connection
N

M N M N
T  & C 
( h  tf ) 2 (h  tf ) 2

Calculation of flange forces

M
Gap Loading path:
T is resisted by beam flange and the bolts groups
C is resisted by beam flange and the bolts groups
N is assumed to be taken beam flanges and the bolts groups
If the bolts used are non-preloaded ones, then the bolts under shear
are resisting the forces.
M If the bolts used are pre-loaded one, then the frictional forces are
resisting the forces.
Generally, pre-loaded bolts are used in practice to produce rigid
connections.

N Critical parts needed to be checked in design

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Fixed end column base connection

Select the trial base plate dimensions, and decide on the

bearing stress, the equilibrium equations are given by

N  C T
M = Ta  Cb
Substituting for a and b into M , the above equation becomes :
 h   hp  X 
M  T h  p   C   
 2   2 
also given,
C  0.6 f cu bp X
T CN
Substituting C and T into M gives
 X  h 
M  0.6 f cu bp X   h    N   h  p 
 2  2
The above equation is then solved to determine X .

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3. Analysis techniques

3.1 Perpendicular moment, bolted

In this moment connection, two rows of bolts are A

used to fix the bracket to the flange of the column.
It is assumed that the bracket rotates about the
bottom row of bolts at A. The bolts are then Number of vertical columns of bolts = 2
subjected to combined tension and shear forces as Moment resistance of bolt group = Applied moment
shown below.
2  F3 y3  F2 y2  F1 y1   Pe

  y2   y1  
2  F3 y3   F3  y2   F3  y1   Pe
  y3   y3  
F 
2  3  y32  y22  y12    Pe
 y3 
Pe y
F3  3 3
2 ym2
Assumed line m=1
of rotation
where F3 is the maximum tensile force in the bolts.
Then, the resultant stress due to shear and tension
must be checked is given as follows:

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The moment of resistance MRd of the bolt group is given by

y2 y2 y2 2 F 2 F  y 2
M Rd  2 ( F 1 F 2 F 3  . . .)  3 [( y 2  y 2  y 2  . . .)] 
1 2 3
3  Pe
3 y 3 y 3 y y y
3 3 3 3 3
Pey
The load F3 due to the moment on the maximum loaded bolt “A” is equal to F F  3
3 t,Ed
P 2 y 2
The load FS due to direct shear is equal to F F 
S v,Ed No. of Bolts

F
Tensile stress is given by f  3  F3  Ft,Ed  f As
t A t
s
F
Shear stress is given by f  S  FS  Fv,Ed  f As
s A s
s

The combined tensile and shear forces must also satisfy the condition given in EC3: Part 1-8 – Clause
3.6.1., i.e.

Fv,Ed F
 t,Ed  1.0
Fv,Rd 1.4Ft,Rd

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 P
3.2 Perpendicular moment, welded Maximum vertical shear stress, fs 
Area of weld
A bracket is welded to the plate, and in turn the plate
is connected to the flange of the column either by M Pe
welding or bolting, as shown below: Maximum bending stress, fb  
Wel Wel

where Wel is the elastic section modulus of the weld

group.

Therefore, the resultant maximum stress is given by

fr  fs2  f b2

Then, compare fr with fvw,d as shown in the following

where the welds are subjected to vertical shear section.

stress and bending stress.

The maximum stress in the weld is determined by

vectorial summation of the shear and bending
stresses.

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Elastic modulus Wel of the weld groups should be calculated as follows:

s  weld leg length

t  throat thickness  s  cos 45
z

 b(t )3 2 t ( d )3
t I yy  2    Ah   2 
 12  12
y d y I yy
Wel 
y
y h M
fb 
Wel
t

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Design resistance of fillet welds is specified in EC3: Part 1-8 – Clause 4.5.3.3.

The design shear strength fvw,d of the weld is determined from the following equation:

fu 3
f 
vw,d  
w M2

where fu = 430 N/mm2 for S275; w = 0.85 from Table 4.1; M2 = 1.25

The resultant shear stress fr  fs2  f b2 should not exceed the permissible design shear strength fvw,d
of the weld as defined in EC3: Part 1-8 – Clause 4.5.3.3.

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3.3 In-plane moment, bolted

The bolts with the maximum shear stress under

torsion are those most distant from the centre of
rotation of the bolt group. The bolts are also
subjected under vertical shear stress. The resultant
maximum shear stress will be for the bolts at the
top and bottom right-hand corners.

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The moment of resistance MR of the bolt group is given by

z z F
MR  F 1 z  F 2 z  ...  T ( z 2  z 2  ...)
T z 1 T z 2 z 1 2
1 1 1
F F
 T
z 
2 T (  x 2   y 2 )  Pe
z z
1 1

The force FT (shear stress due to torsion) due to the moment on the maximum loaded bolt “A” is given by

Pe  z Pe  z
F  1  1

 x  y
T
z
2 2 2

The force FS due to direct shear is given by

P P
F  
S No. of Bolts n

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Resolving the load FT vertically and horizontally produces

Total vertical load acting on bolt A,

P Pe  z1
F  F  F cos   cos 
V S T n z
2

Total horizontal load acting on bolt A,

Pe  z
F  F sin  1 sin 
z
H T 2

Therefore, the resultant maximum shear force acting on bolt A is given by

F  F 2 F 2
R V H

The resultant shear force F  F 2 F 2 should not exceed the permissible shear force of the bolt as
R V H

defined in EC3: Part 1-8, Clause 3.6.1 (4) and Table 3.4.

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3.4 In-plane moment, welded
P z
The extreme fibres of the weld most distant from A
Pez I p

the centre of gravity of the weld group are subjected

to the maximum stress values.

A Total vertical stress,

Stress at the tip
P Pe  z
extreme fibre A : fV   cos 
Area of weld Ip
Pe  z
fR 
Ip Total horizontal stress,
Pe  z
fH  sin 
Ip

Therefore, the resultant maximum shear stress is

given by
fR  f V2  f H2

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 P Pe  z
The total vertical stress is equal to fV   cos 
Area of weld Ip
Pe  z
The total horizontal stress is equal to fH  sin 
Ip

Therefore, the maximum shear stress is fR  f V2  f H2

z
bt
t  g I p  I yy  I zz
b 2
t ( d )3  (b  t ) (t )3 t 
P
I yy   2  A1 ( y  ) 2 
A z
 Pe  z 12  12 2 
Ip
g
 t (b  t )3 b t 
d  I zz  2  A1 (  t  g )2 
y y  12 2 
G
y  (d ) (t )3 t 
  A2 ( g  ) 2 
t  12 2 
A1  t (b  t )
A2  t  d

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Design resistance of fillet welds is specified in EC3: Part 1-8 – Clause 4.5.3.3.

The design shear strength fvw,d of the weld is determined from the following equation:

fu 3
f 
vw,d  
w M2

where fu = 430 N/mm2 for S275; w = 0.85 from Table 4.1; M2 = 1.25

The maximum shear stress fR  f V2  f H2 should not exceed the permissible design shear strength

fvw,d of the weld as defined in EC3: Part 1-8 – Clause 4.5.3.3.

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4. Non-preloaded ordinary bolts

• Non-preloaded bolts in clearance holes

generally slip before starting to transfer loads in
shear Yield strength fyb and ultimate tensile strength fub
• Assumed not to share loads with welds or are given in EC3: Part 1-8, Table 3.1:
preloaded bolts

Bolt class 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 6.8 8.8 10.9

fyb 240 320 300 400 480 640 900
Bolt grades:
Class 4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 6.8, 8.8, 10.9 (N/mm2)
fub 400 400 500 500 600 800 1000
Non-preloaded ordinary bolts transfer shear at the (N/mm2)
connection by bolt shear at the interface and
bearing on the bolts and plates as shown below.

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 4.1 Bolt spacing and edge distances Table 3.3
(Clause 6.2.1 & Clause 6.2.2) d0 is the diameter of the hole

• Minimum spacing to prevent local crushing. Distances Minimum Maximum

• Maximum spacing to prevent plate buckling. End distance e1 1.2d0 4t + 40 mm

• Minimum end and edge distances to ensure no Edge distance e2 1.2d0 4t + 40 mm

end or edge splitting or tearing.
Spacing p1 2.2d0 min(14t, 200 mm)
• Maximum edge distances to prevent lifting of
Spacing p2 2.4d0 min(14t, 200 mm)
the edges between the bolts.

Perpendicular to the direction of load transfer

Ft,Ed Ft,Ed

In the direction of load transfer

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4.2 Shear resistance of bolt 4.3 Bearing resistance of bolt
(Clause 3.6.1) (Clause 3.6.1)
Shear resistance of a bolt is given by k1 b f u dt
Bearing resistance: Fb,Rd 
 M2
 v f ub A
Fv,Rd   f 
 M2 where  b  min   d , ub , 1.0 
 fu 
where In the direction of load transfer,
v = 0.6 for classes 4.6, 5.6 and 8.8
e1
v = 0.5 for classes 4.8, 5.8, 6.8 and 10.9 d  for end bolts,
3d 0
A = As is the tensile stress area. p 1
d  1  for inner bolts,
3d 0 4
Diameter of bolt, Tensile stress area As
d (mm) (mm2)
Perpendicular to direction of load
12 84.3
 e 
16 157 k1  min  2.8 2  1.7, 2.5  for end bolts,
20 245  d0 
24 353
 p 
30 561 k1  min 1.4 2  1.7, 2.5  for inner bolts
 d0 

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Yield strength fy and ultimate strength fu is given in 4.5 Combined shear and tension
EC3: Part 1-1, Table 3.1: (Clause 3.6.1)

Steel Thickness  40mm Thickness > 40mm

Fv,Ed Ft,Ed
grade
fy fu fy fu   1.0
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
F v,Rd 1.4 Ft,Rd
S235 235 360 215 360
S275 275 430 255 410 where Fv,Ed is the applied shear force,
S355 355 510 335 470
S460 440 550 410 550
Ft,Ed is the applied tension, which should include
prying forces. But for simplicity we will not consider
4.4 Bolt tension resistance
prying forces.
(Clause 3.6.1)

Tension resistance:

k2 f ub As
Ft,Rd 
 M2
where
k2 = 0.9 for hexagonal type bolts head
M2 = 1.25

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5. Preloaded bolts Preloaded bolt, also known as High strength friction
grip bolt (HSFG bolt) manufactured from high
strength steel.

Tightened to give a high shank tension.

Shear force is transmitted completely by friction

between the surfaces.

Surfaces must be free of mill scale, rust, paint,

grease, etc.

It may share the load with welds provided that the

final tightening is done after welding.

Only Classes 8.8 and 10.9 can be used as

preloaded bolts, and it can be used in two ways:

(i) Category B connection, slip-resistant at

serviceability limit state
(ii) Category C connection, slip-resistant at ultimate
limit state
Transferring mechanism of forces and tightening
procedures

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5.1 Design slip resistance (Clause 3.9.1) The slip factor  is obtained from Table 3.7:

The design slip resistance is taken as

Class of friction surfaces Slip factor 

ks n  A 0.5
Fs,Rd  Fp,C and Fp,C  0.7 f ub As
 M3 B 0.4

C 0.3

D 0.2
where

Fp,C  0.7 f ub As is the preloading force.

5.2 Bolt tension capacity
ks = 1.0 for bolts in normal holes It is the same as that given in Section 4.4.

n = the number of friction surfaces (typically 1) 5.3 Capacity after slipping

M3 = 1.1 for serviceability limit state For Category B connection, slip-resistant at
serviceability and Category C capacity at ultimate

M3 = 1.25 for ultimate limit state load after slipping, then it is calculated as an
ordinary (non-preloaded) bolt.

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5.4 Combined shear and tension
(Clause 3.9.2)

• Category B connection, slip-resistant at

serviceability

ks n ( Fp,C  0.8Ft,Ed,ser )

Fs,Rd,ser 
 M3,ser

• Category C connection, slip-resistant at ultimate

limit state

ks n ( Fp,C  0.8Ft,Ed )

Fs,Rd 
 M3

where M3,ser = 1.1 and M3 = 1.25 for serviceability

and ultimate limit state, respectively.

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5.5 Example 1 (a) End and edge distances

A lap joint is shown below. A single Class 4.6 Check for e1

16 mm diameter ordinary non pre-loaded bolt is 1.2d0  e1  4t + 40 (in mm)
used. The clearance holes are 18 mm diameter. 1.2(18)  50  4(10) + 40 = 80 OK!
Assume S275 steel for the plates.

(a) Check the minimum edge and end distances. Check for e2, 1.2d0  e2  4t + 40 (in mm)
(b) Determine the shear capacity of the 1.2(18)  25  4(10) + 40 = 80 OK!
connection with respect to shear and bearing.
(c) Calculate the maximum (ultimate) resistance
of the rigid connection if the same bolt is (b) Bolt shear and bearing
replaced by a Class 8.8 preloaded bolt. Shear capacity

 v f ub A (0.6)(400)157
Fv,Rd  
 M2 1.25

= 30.1 kN > 20 kN OK!

20 mm 50 mm 50 mm

Bearing capacity

k1 b f u dt
Fb,Rd 
 M2

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In the direction of load transfer, (c) Maximum resistance or slip resistance of the
End bolt: connection
e1 50
d    0.926
3d 0 3(18) The design slip resistance at ultimate limit state
of one 16 mm preloaded bolt is
 f 
 b  min   d , ub , 1.0 
 fu  ks n 
Fs,Rd  Fp,C
 400   M3
 min  0.926, , 1.0   0.926
 430 
where Fp,C  0.7 f ub As .
Perpendicular to direction of load

 e  Therefore, the maximum load that can be

End bolts, k1  min  2.8 2  1.7, 2.5  subjected to the rigid connection is equal to
 d0 
 25  1.0 1 0.5  0.7  800 157
 min  2.8   1.7, 2.5   2.19 Fs,Rd 
 18  1.25
(2.19)(0.926)(430)(16)(10)  35.168 kN  20 kN
Fb,Rd 
1.25
 112 kN > 20 kN Therefore, the rigid lap joint is adequate to resist
the tension force of 20 kN.
Bearing capacity is also O.K. ! .

CV4102 – ADVANCED STEEL STRUCTURES – LIE SENG TJHEN – AY2019/2020 – JULY 2019 34
5.6 Example 2 (a) End and edge distances

A lap joint similar to Example 1 is shown below.

Check for e1
There are two shear interfaces and four 20 mm
diameter ordinary bolts of Class 4.6. The clearance 1.2d0  e1  4t + 40 (in mm)
holes are 22 mm diameter. The outer plates are 8 1.2(22)  45  4(8) + 40 = 72 OK!
mm thick, while the inner plate is 12 mm thick.
Check for e2
(a) Check the minimum edge and end distances
(b) Check the bolt spacing requirements. 1.2d0  e2  4t + 40 (in mm)
(c) Determine the shear capacity of the connection 1.2(22)  40  4(8) + 40 = 72 OK!
with respect to shear and bearing.
(d) Calculate the maximum (ultimate) resistance of (b) Bolt spacing
the rigid connection if the same bolts are
replaced by a Class 8.8 preloaded bolts. Check for p1
2.2d0  p1  min (28t, 400 mm)
39.6  50  min (288, 400 mm) = 224 mm OK!

Check for p2
2.4d0  p2  min (14t, 400 mm)
43.2  50  = 112 mm OK!

CV4102 – ADVANCED STEEL STRUCTURES – LIE SENG TJHEN – AY2019/2020 – JULY 2019 35
(c) Bolt shear and bearing

Shear resistance per bolt per shear surface is In the direction of load transfer,
 v f ub A (0.6)(400)245 d 
p1 1
 
Fv,Rd   Inner bolts:
 M2 1.25 3d 0 4
50 1
Total shear capacity = 47.0  2  4    0.508
3  22 4
2 shear 4 bolts  f 
surfaces
 b  min   d , ub , 1.0 
= 376 > 150 kN OK!  fu 
 400 
Bearing resistance,  min  0.508, , 1.0 
 430 
In the direction of load transfer,
 0.508
e1 45
End bolts: d    0.682
3d 0 3(22)
 f 
 b  min   d , ub , 1.0 
 fu 
 400 
 min  0.682, , 1.0 
 430 
 0.682

CV4102 – ADVANCED STEEL STRUCTURES – LIE SENG TJHEN – AY2019/2020 – JULY 2019 36
Perpendicular to direction of load transfer, (1.482)(0.508)(430)(20)(12)
Fb,Rd 
 e  1.25
Edge bolts, k1  min  2.8 2  1.7, 2.5   62 kN
 d0 
 40 
 min  2.8   1.7, 2.5  The bearing resistance of 2 end bolts = 2 x 141 kN =
 22  282 kN
 2.5
The bearing resistance of 2 inner bolts = 2 x 62 kN =
(2.5)(0.682)(430)(20)(12) 124 kN
Fb,Rd 
1.25
Therefore, the total bearing resistance = 282 + 124 =
 141 kN
406 kN

Hence, the bearing capacity is OK.

Perpendicular to direction of load transfer,

 p 
Inner bolts, k1  min 1.4 2  1.7, 2.5 
 d0 
 50 
 min 1.4   1.7, 2.5 
 22 
 1.482

CV4102 – ADVANCED STEEL STRUCTURES – LIE SENG TJHEN – AY2019/2020 – JULY 2019 37
(d) Maximum resistance or slip resistance of the
connection

The design slip resistance at ultimate limit state

of one 20 mm preloaded bolt is

ks n 
Fs,Rd  Fp,C
 M3
1.0 1 0.5  0.7  800  245

1.25
 54.880 kN

There are two contact surface, therefore, the

maximum load that can be subjected to the rigid
connection is equal to

Ft,Ed  2  4  54.880  439.04 kN

2 contact 4 bolts
surfaces

CV4102 – ADVANCED STEEL STRUCTURES – LIE SENG TJHEN – AY2019/2020 – JULY 2019 38
5.7 Example 3

A bracket shown below is constructed from a cut

300 x 200 x 77.3 kg/m UB with a 15 mm thick plate Two bolts one 380 kN
in each side of
flange of column 160
welded on top if it. The bracket is subjected with a
Maximum load due
factored vertical design load of 380 kN acting at an to moment Ft

eccentricity of 160 mm from the face of the column.

50
Ft × y1/y1
A total of 8 numbers of M20 class 8.8 preloaded 8 No. M20
70 class 8.8
higher grade high strength friction grip (HSFG) bolts preloaded Ft × y2/y1
bolts
70 y1
in S275 and designed to be non-slip in service, and y2 Ft × y3/y1

assuming the slip factor  = 0.5 and there is no 70 y3

prying force. 60
A

Assuming the centre of rotation is at point A, the

bottom of the bolts group, and the loads vary
linearly, show that the proposed 8-bolt group is
adequate under combined shear and tension action.

CV4102 – ADVANCED STEEL STRUCTURES – LIE SENG TJHEN – AY2019/2020 – JULY 2019 39
The moment of resistance MR of the bolt group is given by

Applied moment is equal to the moment of resistance MR of the bolt group,

Therefore, the tensile load per bolt Ft due to the moment on the maximum loaded
bolt is given by

CV4102 – ADVANCED STEEL STRUCTURES – LIE SENG TJHEN – AY2019/2020 – JULY 2019 40
The shear load per bolt Fv,Ed due to direct shear is given by

If a slip-resistant connection is subjected to an applied tensile force, Ft,Ed or Ft,Ed,ser, in

addition to the shear force, Fv,Ed or Fv,Ed,ser, tending to produce slip, the design slip
resistance per bolt should be taken as follows:

k n  ( F  0.8F ) 1.0  1  0.5 ( 0.7  800  245  0.8  93.061  103 )

F  s p,C t,Ed

s,Rd  1.25
M3
 25.1 kN

Since Fv,Ed  Fs,Rd, i.e. 47.5 kN  25.1 kN

Therefore, it is not O.K.

CV4102 – ADVANCED STEEL STRUCTURES – LIE SENG TJHEN – AY2019/2020 – JULY 2019 41
6. Fillet Welds
6. It is traditionally regarded as the method that is capable
1. Manual metal arc (MMA) welding is still the most of producing the highest quality welds. The quality of
commonly used process in structural fabrication. It is welding is closely related to operator skill. A good
certainly the most flexible as it can be used in all welded has both a sound understanding of the process
welding positions, and the hand-held electrode can be and high level of manipulative skill. Qualified welders
manipulated in many situations where other welding command a high salary and they are sought in the
processes could not be used. industry.

2. In addition, there is no time-consuming in the initial set-

up process. In this process, as shown below, the
electrode is hand held and fed manually into the weld
pool. No shielding gas is used but a flux is incorporated
as a coating to the electrode.

3. Typical electrode diameters for structural steel works

vary between 2.5 mm to 6 mm.
Schematic representation of manual metal arc welding

4. Open-circuit voltages are usually 50-90 V, depending on

electrode, and as soon as the arc is struck, the voltage
falls to between 20 and 35 V.

5. Typical currents range from 50 to 400 amps, deposition

rates from 20 to 100 g/mm.

Typical welded connections done using fillet welds

CV4102 – ADVANCED STEEL STRUCTURES – LIE SENG TJHEN – AY2019/2020 – JULY 2019 42
 Manual metal arc welding process Different electrodes Welding two tubular
joints

Fillet welds of several Excellent welding quality Welding sheet piles to base metal
passes

CV4102 – ADVANCED STEEL STRUCTURES – LIE SENG TJHEN – AY2019/2020 – JULY 2019 43
6.1 Stresses in fillet weld 3. The resistance of the fillet weld will be sufficient if the
following two conditions are satisfied:
1. The internal forces on the fillet weld is resolved into
components parallel and transverse to the critical plane fu
2  3 (2  2// ) 
w  M2
of the weld throat.

2. A uniform stress distribution is assumed on the critical

throat section of the weld, leading to the following normal and
stresses and shear stresses: fu
 
 M2
Weld throat

The correlation factor w is between 0.8 to 1.0 given EC3:

Part 1-8 of Table 4.1 depending on the type of steel, and
M2 is partial factor equal to 1.25.
Stresses in critical plane of fillet weld

 is the normal stress perpendicular to the throat,

 is the normal stress parallel to the axis of the weld; it is
neglected in the design resistance of a fillet weld because
the weld is long, hence, it does not have any effect on the
resultant stress.
 is the shear stress perpendicular to the weld axis,
 is the shear stress parallel to the weld axis.

CV4102 – ADVANCED STEEL STRUCTURES – LIE SENG TJHEN – AY2019/2020 – JULY 2019 44
6.2 Design resistances
2. Substituting these three component of stresses into the
1. If Fw,T,Ed and Fw,L,Ed are the design action acting in the main condition given in the above, then the following
transverse and longitudinal of the fillet weld respectively, expression is obtained:
then each of the stress component in the weld can be
expressed in terms of the longitudinal and transverse  Fw, T, Ed sin  
2  F cos  
2
 Fw, L, Ed 
2 
resistance of the weld per unit length as follows:    3  w, T, Ed    
 a    a   a  
      
Fw,T,Ed sin  Fw,T,Ed cos  Fw,L,Ed
  ,   ,  //  fu
a a a 
 w  M2

1 2 2 fu
Fw,T,Ed (sin   3 cos )  3 Fw,L,Ed 
2 2

Fw, T, Ed a  w  M2

1 2 2 fu
Fw,T,Ed (1  2 cos )  3 Fw,L,Ed 
2
Fw, L, Ed
a  w  M2
s  P

1 Fw,T,Ed 2 2 fu
 Fw,L,Ed 
O
s
a K2  w  M2

where a is the throat length and equal to a = 0.707 x

3
weld leg length s. where K  .
(1  2 cos ) 2

CV4102 – ADVANCED STEEL STRUCTURES – LIE SENG TJHEN – AY2019/2020 – JULY 2019 45
3. From this equation, taking each of the action components For Grade S275 steel, fu = 410 N/mm2, w = 0.85 and M2 =
in turn as zero, the following expressions can be derived 1.25, and when  = 45, K = 1.225.
for the longitudinal and transverse resistances of the
welds: 410
f vw,d   222.789 N/mm
2

3  0.85  1.25
When Fw,T,Ed = 0, the design weld resistance in
longitudinal direction is When the weld leg length s is 6 mm,

1 fu 
Fw,L,Rd   Fw,L,Rd  f vw,d .a Fw, L,Rd  222.789  6 cos 45  0.945 kN/mm
a  w  M2
Fw,T, Rd  1.225  0.945  1.158 kN/mm
When Fw,L,Ed = 0, the design weld resistance in transverse
direction is

1 Fw,T,Rd fu fu
  Fw,T,Rd  K .a.  K .Fw,L,Rd
a K  w  M2  w  M2

Design shear strength fvw,d of fillet weld is specified in

EC3: Part 1-8 – Clause 4.5.3.3 as

fu
f vw,d 
3 w  M2

CV4102 – ADVANCED STEEL STRUCTURES – LIE SENG TJHEN – AY2019/2020 – JULY 2019 46
 63.75 6.4 63.75
6.3 Example 4

A rigid moment connection shown below is required

4.950
to carry a factored beam reaction of 350 kN at a
distance of 120 mm to the face of the column.
Welding is used through out to joint the column and 7 mm
fillet 206.8 – 2x9.6 –
the beam. welds
2x7xcos45
= 177.7
Check the resistance of the 7 mm fillet weld. y y
6.4
254 x 254 x 89 kg/m UC
350 kN

120 mm 9.6

133.9

7 mm fillet
welds 203 x 133 x 30 kg/m UB
b = 133.9 mm
h = 206.8 mm
203 x 133 x 30 kg/m UB
tw = 6.4 mm
tf = 9.6 mm

CV4102 – ADVANCED STEEL STRUCTURES – LIE SENG TJHEN – AY2019/2020 – JULY 2019 47
 The throat length of the 7 mm fillet welds = 7 x cos 45 = 7 x 0.707 = 4.950 mm

Total area of the 7 mm fillet welds = (2 x 173.6 + 2 x 133.9 + 4 x 63.75) x 4.950 = 4306.5 mm2

P 350 x 10 3
Hence, the maximum vertical shear stress is equal to fs    81.272 N/mm 2
Area of weld 4306.5

The second moment of the weld group is equal to

4.950x173.63 133.9x4.9503  206.8  2x2.475  

2
 63.75x4.9503  173.6  2 x 2.475  
2

I yy  2x  2x   (133.9x4.950)x     4x   (63.75 x 4.950)x   

12  12  2    12  2  
 2158107.706  2x 1353.365  7429723.004  4x  644.339  2515041.211
 4316215.412  14862152.740  10062742.200  29241110.360

The elastic section modulus of the weld group is equal to

I yybd 3 1 29241110.360
Z yy  Wel,y     269876.422 mm 3
y 12 y 103.4  4.950

CV4102 – ADVANCED STEEL STRUCTURES – LIE SENG TJHEN – AY2019/2020 – JULY 2019 48
Hence, the maximum bending stress is equal to

Pe 350  103  120

fb    155.627 N/mm 2
Z xx 269876.422

Therefore, the maximum stress is equal to

fr  fs2  f b2  81.2722  155.627 2  6605.138  24219.763  175.570 N/mm 2

The design shear strength of the weld fvw,d which is independent of the orientation of the weld throat plane
to the applied force, and it is given by

fu 3 430 3
f vw,d    233.657 N/mm 2
w   M2 0.85  1.25

The resultant stress fr is less than the design shear strength of the weld fvw,d.

Therefore, it is O.K.

CV4102 – ADVANCED STEEL STRUCTURES – LIE SENG TJHEN – AY2019/2020 – JULY 2019 49