Mathematics-II (MAC02) Problem Set

Group Theory

1. Check whether
 the following
 sets forms a group with respect to matrix multiplication:
a b 2 2
(i) G = : a, b ∈ R, a + b = 1 ;
−b a
  
a b
(ii) G = GL(2, R) = : a, b, c, d ∈ R, ad − bc 6= 0 ;
c d
  
a b
(iii) G = SL(2, R) = : a, b, c, d ∈ R, ad − bc = 1 ;
c d
  
a b
(iv) G = : a, b ∈ Q, (a, b) 6= (0, 0) ;
2b a 
a a
(v) G = : a ∈ R \ {0}
a a
2. Check whether the set G = {z ∈ C : |z| = 1} forms a group with respect to multiplication.

3. Let X be a non empty set. Check whether the power set P(X) is a group with respect to the
composition ∗ defined by (i ) A ∗ B = A ∩ B and (ii ) A ∗ B = A ∪ B for A, B ∈ P(X).

4. Show that SL(2, R) is a subgroup of GL(2, R).

5. Let G be a commutative group. Then show that H = {a ∈ G : a = a−1 } is a subgroup of G.

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 Mathematics-II (MAC02) Problem Set
Vector Space

1. Examine whether the set given below is a subspace of R3 or not.

(i) S = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x = y = 0 ;


(ii) S = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : y = z = 0 ;


(iii) S = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x = z = 0 ;


(iv) S = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : xy = z ;


(v) S = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x + y + z = 0 ;


(vi) S = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x + 2y − z = 0, 2x − y + z = 0 .


2. If α = (1, 1, 2), β = (0, 2, 1), γ = (2, 2, 4) determine whether

(i) α is a linear combination of β and γ;
(ii) β is a linear combination of γ and α.
3. Let S = {α, β, γ}, T = {α, α + β, α + β + γ} and U = {α + β, β + γ, γ + α} be subsets in a real
vector space V . Prove that L(S) = L(T ) = L(U ).
4. Examine if the setS is a subspace of the vector
 space M2×2 (R), where
a b
(i) S = ∈ M2×2 (R) : a + b = 0 ;
 c d 
a b
(ii) S = ∈ M2×2 (R) : ad − bc = 0 ;
c d
(iii) S is the set of all 2 × 2 real diagonal matrices;
(iv) S is the set of all 2 × 2 real symmetric matrices;
(v) S is the set of all 2 × 2 real skew-symmetric matrices;
5. Examine if the set S is linearly dependent or linearly independent, where
(i) S = {α = (2, 3, 1), β = (2, 1, 3), γ = (1, 1, 1)};
(ii) S = {α = (1, 2, 3), β = (2, 3, 1), γ = (3, 1, 2)};
(iii) S = {α = (1, 1, 1, 0), β = (1, 0, 1, 1), γ = (1, 2, 1, 2), δ = (1, 1, 1, 1)};
(iv) S = {α = (1, 2, 3, 0), β = (2, 3, 0, 1), γ = (3, 0, 1, 2), δ = (1, 1, 1, 1)}.
6. Determine k so that the set
(i) S = {α = (1, 2, 1), β = (k, 3, 1), γ = (2, k, 0)} is linearly dependent in R3 ;
(ii) S = {α = (k, 1, 1), β = (1, k, 1), γ = (1, 1, k)} is linearly dependent in R3 ;
(iii) S = {α = (k, 1, k), β = (0, k, 1), γ = (1, 1, 1)} is a basis of R3 .
7. Let S = {α, β, γ} be a basis of a real vector space V and c be real non-zero number. Prove that
(i) S = {cα, cβ, cγ} is a basis of V ;
(ii) S = {α + cβ, β + cγ, γ + cα} may not be a basis of V ;
8. Given the following sets and the corresponding vector space V, find whether they form a basis
V is the vector space of all polynomials of degree less than or equal to two and S =
(i) 
α = x − 1, β = x2 + x − 1, γ = x2 − x + 1 ;
V is the vector space of all polynomials of degree less than or equal to three and S =
(ii) 
α = 1, β = x − 2, γ = (x − 2)2 , δ = (x − 2)3 ;
9. Find a basis and dimension of the following subspaces:
(i) S = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : 2x + y − z = 0 ;
(ii) S = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x + 2y − z = 0, 2x − y + 3z = 0 ;


(x, y, z,w) ∈ R4 : x + 2y − z = 0,

(iii) S =   2x + y + w = 0
a b
(iv) S = ∈ M2×2 (R) : a + b = 0 ;
c d
  
a b
(v) S = ∈ M2×2 (R) : a = d = 0 ;
c d
(vi) S is the set of all 2 × 2 real diagonal matrices;
(vii) S is the set of all 2 × 2 real symmetric matrices;
(viii) S is the set of all 2 × 2 real skew-symmetric matrices;
10. Show that the set C of all complex numbers forms a vector space over the field R. What is the
dimension of C over R?

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11. Find the rank of the following matrices by using elementary row operations:
   
    1 2 3 0 1 2 −1 4
1 4 5 1 3 4 3 2 4 3 2 2 4 3 4
(i) 2 6 8 , (ii) 3 9 12 3, (iii)  3 2 1 3, (iv)  1
  .
2 3 4
3 7 22 1 3 4 1
6 8 7 5 −1 −2 6 −7
12. Reduce the matrix to normal form and find its rank:
   
1 0 2 3 2 4 1 0
(i) 2 0 4 6, (ii) 1 2 0 3.
3 0 7 2 3 6 2 5  
1 2 3 1
13. Find all values of x for which the rank of the matrix A is 2, where 2 5 3 x 
1 1 6 1+x
 
x 1 1 1
1 x 1 1
14. Find all values of x for which the rank of the matrix A is less than 4, where 1 1 x 1


1 1 1 x
15. Use elementary row operations on A to obtain A−1 where A is
     
2 0 0 1 2 3 2 1 −1
(i) 4 3 0 (ii) 0 1 2 (iii) 0 2 1 
6 4 1 0 0 1 5 2 −3
16. Solve, if possible, the following system of equations
(i) x + y + 3z = 0, 2x + y + z = 0, 3x + 2y + 4z = 0
(ii) x + y + z = 1, 2x + y + 2z = 2, 3x + 2y + 3z = 5
(iii) x + 2y + z − 3w = 1, 2x + 4y + 3z + w = 3, 3x + 6y + 4z − 2w = 5

(iv) x + y + z = 9, 2x + 5y + 7z = 52, 2x + y − z = 0,

(v) x − y + 2z = 9, x + 5y + z = 52, −x + y − z = 1,

(vi) 2x + 3y + z = 8, 2x − 5y + z = 12, 2x + 2y − z = 15,

(vii) 4x + y + 2z = 7, x + y + 7z = 4, 2x + 2y − z = 10,

(viii) x + 2y + z = 9, 2x + y + 7z = 2, 3x + y − z = 5,

(ix) 5x + y + 3z = 5, x − y + z = 5, x + y − z = 0,

(x) x + y + z = 2, x + 5y − 6z = 2, x − y − z = 4.
17. For what values of a the following system of equations is consistent

x − y + z = 1, x + 2y + 4z = a, x + 4y + 6z = a2 .

18. Determine the conditions for which the following system of equations has (i) only one solution
(ii) no solution (iii) many solutions

x + 2y + z = 1, 2x + y + 3z = b, x + ay + 3z = b + 1.

19. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the following matrices.
     
2 0 0 2 2 1 2 −1 1  
1 −i
(i) 0 3 0
  (ii) 1 3 1
  (iii) −1 2 −1
  (iv)
i 1
0 0 5 1 2 2 1 −1 2
20. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A and then use it to find A−1 .
   
1 0 0 1 2 1
(i) 1 2 1 (ii) 1 −1 1 
2 3 2 2 3 −1

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21. Use Cayley-Hamilton
  theorem to find A100 and also find the eigen values of A100 where
1 0 0
A = 1 0 1
0 1 0
22. Diagonalize the following matrices.
       
3 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 −1 1
(i)  1 4 1  (ii) 1 1 1 (iii) 1 3 1 (iv) −1 2 −1
−2 −4 −1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 −1 2
23. Show that the the following matrices are not diagonalizable.
   
3 1 1 2 2 1
(i) 4 3 1 (ii) 1 3 1
0 0 1 2 1 2