Virtualization:

Technological Driver of CC

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 1

 Virtualization
• Virtualization is nothing but abstracting operating
system, application, storage or network away
from the true underlying hardware or software.
• It creates the illusion of physical hardware to
achieve the goal of operating system isolation.
• In last decade, data centers were occupied by a
large number of physical servers, network
switches, storage devices. It consumed a lot of
power and manpower to maintain the data
centers.
Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 2
 Cont..
• It is the underlying core technology of cloud computing.
• It helps in creating a multitenant model for the cloud
environment by optimizing the resource usage through
sharing.
• Benefits of virtualization include the lower costs and
extended life of the technology, which has made it a
popular option with small- to medium-sized businesses.
• Using virtualization, the physical infrastructure owned by
the service provider is shared among many users,
increasing the resource utilization. Virtualization provides
efficient resource utilization and increased return on
investment (ROI). Ultimately, it results in low capital
expenditures (CapEx) and operational expenditures (OpEx).

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 3

Types of Virtualization

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 4

• Full Virtualization:
• Virtual machine simulates hardware to allow an
unmodified guest OS to be run in isolation.
• Full virtualization uses a special kind of software called a
hypervisor.
• The hypervisor interacts directly with the physical server’s
hardware resources, such as the CPU and storage space,
and acts as a platform for the virtual server’s OSs. It helps
to keep each virtual server completely independent and
unaware of the other virtual servers running on the
physical machine.
• Each guest server or the virtual machine (VM) is able to run
its own OS. That means one virtual server could be running
on Linux and the other one could be running on Windows.
Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 5
• There is two type of Full virtualizations in the enterprise
market. On both full virtualization types, guest operating
system’s source information will not be modified.
- Software assisted full virtualization
- Hardware-assisted full virtualization

• Examples include VMWare ESX and VirtualBox.

• Advantages - isolation among the various VMs, isolation
between the VMs and the hypervisor, concurrent execution
of multiple OSs, and no change required in the guest OS.
• Disadvantage - the overall system performance may be
affected due to binary translation.

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 6

Protection rings in OS

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 7

 Software Assisted FV
• It completely relies on binary translation to trap and virtualize
the execution of sensitive, non-virtualizable instructions sets.
• It emulates the hardware using the software instruction sets.
• Due to binary translation, it often criticized for performance
issue.
• Example: VMware workstation, Virtual PC, VirtualBox, VMware
Server

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 8

 Hardware Assisted FV
• Hardware-assisted full virtualization eliminates the binary translation and
it directly interrupts with hardware using the virtualization technology
which has been integrated on X86 processors since 2005 (Intel VT-x and
AMD-V).
• Guest OS’s instructions might allow a virtual context execute privileged
instructions directly on the processor, even though it is virtualized.
• Example(bare metal – type 1): Vmware ESXi/ESX, KVM, Hyper-V, Xen
• Example(hosted – type 2): Vmware, Vrtual Box

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 9

 Para-virtualization
• It doesn’t need to simulate the hardware for the virtual
machines.
• The hypervisor is installed on a physical server (host) and a
guest OS is installed into the environment.
• Virtual guests aware that it has been virtualized, unlike the
full virtualization (where the guest doesn’t know that it has
been virtualized) to take advantage of the functions.
• In this virtualization method, guest source codes will be
modified with sensitive information to communicate with
the host.
• Guest Operating systems require extensions to make API
calls to the hypervisor.
• In full virtualization, guests will issue a hardware calls but in
paravirtualization, guests will directly communicate with
the host (hypervisor) using the- SVNIT
Dr. B.N.Gohil drivers. 10
 Cont..
• VMs do not simulate the underlying hardware, but with the
modified guest OS, API is used.
• Example – Xen, VMWare ESX server, IBM LPAR, Oracle VM
• Here, the guest OS is aware of the fact that it is running in a
virtualized environment.
• Hypercalls are used for the direct communication between
the guest OS and the hypervisor.
• Advantage - it improves the overall system performance by
eliminating the overhead of binary translation.
• Disadvantage - modification of the guest OS is required.

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 11

 Hypervisor/VMM
• Hypervisors are software tools used to create the VMs,
and they produce the virtualization of various hardware
resources such as CPU, storage, and networking devices.
• They are also called virtual machine monitor (VMM) or
virtualization managers.
• Example - VMware, Xen, Hyper-V, KVM, etc.
• Hypervisors help to run multiple OSs concurrently on a
physical system sharing its hardware. Thus, a hypervisor
allows multiple Oss to share a single hardware host.
• The hypervisor also makes sure that the guest OSs (called
VMs) do not interrupt each other. It manages multiple OSs
or multiple instances of the same OS on a single physical
computer system.
Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 12
 Cont..
• Type 1 hypervisor:
• This type of hypervisor runs directly on the host
computer’s hardware in order to control the hardware
resources and also to manage the guest OSs.
• This is also known as native or bare-metal hypervisors.
• Examples - VMware ESXi, Citrix XenServer, and Microsoft
Hyper-V hypervisor.

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 13

 Cont..
• Type 2 hypervisor:
• This type of hypervisor runs within a formal OS
environment as a distinct second layer while the guest OS
runs as a third layer above the hardware.
• This is also known as the hosted hypervisors.
• Examples - VMware Workstation and VirtualBox

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 14

Type 1 Vs Type 2

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 15

 Types of Virtualization
• Depending on the resources virtualized, the process of virtualization can
be classified into the following types.
- OS virtualization/Containerization - The kernel of an operating system
allows more than one isolated user-space instance to exist.
- Hardware/Server virtualization – creates VMs in single server.
- Memory virtualization -decouples memory from the server to provide a
shared, distributed or networked function.
- Storage virtualization - multiple network storage resources are present
as a single storage device for easier and more efficient management of
these resources
- Network virtualization - process of combining hardware and software
network resources and network functionality into a single, software-
based administrative entity.
- Application virtualization - encapsulates computer programs from the
underlying operating system on which they are executed.

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 16

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 17
 Multicore Technology
• Two or more CPUs are working together on
the same chip.
• In this type of architecture, a single physical
processor contains the core logic of two or
more processors. These processors are
packaged into a single integrated circuit (IC).

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 18

Memory and Storage Technologies
The storage technology or solutions used in the
cloud environment should meet the following
requirements.
• Scalability
• High availability
• Constant performance
• High bandwidth
• Load balancing
Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 19
 Networking Technologies
Network requirements for cloud:
- Consolidate workloads and provide
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)to various
tenants
- Provide VM connectivity to physical and
virtual networks
- Ensure connectivity and manage network
bandwidth
- Speed application and server performance
Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 20
 Web 2.0
• It is the popular term given to the advanced
Internet technology and applications that include
blogs, wikis, really simple syndication
(RSS), and social bookmarking.
• Characteristics:
- instead of merely reading the contents from a
web page, a user is allowed to write or contribute
to the content available to everyone in an
effective and user-friendly manner
Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 21
 Cont..
- Web 2.0 is also called network as a platform
computing as it provides software, computing,
and storage facilities to the user all through
the browser.
- The major applications of Web 2.0 include
social networking sites, self-publishing
platforms, tagging, and social bookmarking.

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 22

 Cont..
• The key features:
• Folksonomy – digital
tagging
• Rich user experience
• User as a contributor
• User participation
• Dispersion

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 23

 Web 3.0
The two major components forming the basis
of Web 3.0 are :

1. Semantic web - The semantic web provides the web user a

common framework that could be used to share and reuse the
data across various applications, enterprises, and community
boundaries. The semantic web is a vision of IT that allows the
data and information to be readily interpreted by machines, so
that the machines are able to take contextual decisions on their
own by finding, combining, and acting upon relevant
information on the web.
2. Web services - A web service is a software system that supports
computer-to-computer interaction over the Internet. Web
services are usually represented as APIs.

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 24

Characteristics of Web 3.0:
• Ubiquitous connectivity
• Network computing
• Open technologies
• Open identity
• The intelligent web

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 25

Comparison

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 26

 Process models for cloud
• Waterfall
• V model
• Incremental
• RAD
• Agile
• Iterative
• Spiral

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 27

 Agile SDLC for Cloud
• Existing software process models and framework activities are
not adequate unless interaction with cloud providers is
included.
• Requirements gathering phase so far included customers,
users, and software engineers.
• Now, it has to include the cloud providers as well, as they will
be providing the computing infrastructure and its maintenance.
• As only the cloud providers will know the size, architectural
details, virtualization strategy, and resource utilization of the
infrastructure, they should also be included in the planning and
design phases of software development.
• Coding and testing can be done on the cloud platform, which is
a huge benefit as everybody will have easy access to the
software being built.
• This will reduce the cost and time for testing and validation.
Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 28
 Cont..
• In the cloud environment, software developers can use the web
services and open-source software freely available from the cloud
instead of procuring them.
• Software developers build software from readily available
components rather than writing it all and building a monolithic
application.
• Refactoring of existing application is required to best utilize the
cloud infrastructure architecture in a cost-effective way.
• In the latest hardware technology, the computers are multicore and
networked and the software engineers should train themselves in
parallel and distributed computing to complement these advances
of hardware and network technology.
• Cloud providers will insist that software should be as modular as
possible for occasional migration from one server to another for LB
as required by the cloud provider.

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 29

 Cont..
• Most widely used agile frameworks:
- Agile Scrum Methodology
- Lean Software Development
- Kanban
- Extreme Programming (XP)
- Crystal
- Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM)
- Feature Driven Development (FDD)
Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 30
 Features of Cloud SDLC
• SDLC for cloud computing is different from the traditional SDLC
in the following ways:
1. Inclination toward agile methodologies
2. Customizable SDLC framework for different stages: Cloud
computing SDLC must have the capabilities to be customized
according to the requirements of the project. In other words,
the elasticity and robustness of cloud computing environment
can be best utilized if the SDLCs for cloud are customizable.
3. Installation and configuration guidelines: SDLC for cloud must
provide implementation approach and guidelines for
installation and configuration of the cloud depending on its
size. The guidelines must ensure that installation and
configuration of infrastructure and application environment
are completed appropriately for different stages of SDLC
including operations and maintenance. These guidelines are
the key to differentiating SDLC for cloud from traditional SDLC.
Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 31
 Advantages of Agile model
1. Faster time to market
2. Quick ROI
3. Shorter release cycles
4. Better quality
5. Better adaptability and responsiveness to
business changing requirements
6. Early detection of failure/failing projects

Dr. B.N.Gohil - SVNIT 32