Operating Systems Unit 03

3.1 3.2

Process Process Scheduling

A program which is scheduled or running is a Process Scheduling is responsible for selecting

process. a processor process based on a scheduling
method as well as removing a processor
A program is passive entity until the OS wraps
process.
it into a Process. Every process once ready is
stored into a Main memory & dispatched to the Scheduling Queues
processor to execute the instructions.

Process States

Schedulers

Process Control Block

Context Switch

1. PCB is Data structure

2. Stores information about the Process 1. Storing & Restoring State of the
3. Every process has a PCB which is process
controlled by the OS 2. Helps to share CPU among the
4. It is stored inside the OS Memory numerous Processes
Space. 3. Information that is stored
a. Program counter
b. Base and limit register value
 Operating Systems Unit 03

c. Scheduling information ii. Non-Blocking Receive

d. Currently used register
3.4
e. I/O State information
f. Changed state Threads
g. Accounting information
Thread is a basic unit of execution. A process
3.3 can have multiple threads executing at a time.
Inter-Process Communication Thread Comprises of
Introduction: 1. Thread ID
2. Program Counter
A system can have two types of processes i.e.
3. Register Set
independent or cooperating. Cooperating
4. Stack
processes affect each other and may share data
and information among themselves. Shares
Interprocess Communication or IPC provides a 1. Code section
mechanism to exachange data and information 2. Data section
across multiple processes, which might be on 3. Other OS resources
single or multiple computers connected by a
network. Benefits

1. Shared Memory IPC: 1. Process can perform multiple tasks

a. Shares Memory space at a time
between two coordinating 2. Responsiveness: user can interact
processes with application even if it’s
b. Forms a Buffer inside the working with passive task
Share memory 3. Resource Sharing: Threads can
c. Processes has to work share memory & other resources
concurrently acquired by the parent process.
d. Types of Buffers 4. Economy: It’s more economical to
i. Bounded Buffers context switch or store thread
(Fixed Size buffers) than the process.
ii. Unbounded Buffer 5. Utilization of Multiprocessor
(No limit) architecture
2. Message Passing IPC: Types of threads
a. Send & Receive are two
services provided by the 1. User threads: Supported above
operating system the kernel & are managed without
b. Mailbox is situated into the kernel support.
kernel space 2. Kernel Threads: Supported and
c. We send message to the managed by the operating system.
mailbox which later received Models
by the recipient
d. There are 2 types of Send: 1. Many to one model:
i. Blocking send a. Maps Many users threads
ii. Non Blocking Send to one kernel thread
e. There are 2 types of receive: b. Efficient to manage in
i. Blocking Receive users space
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c. Entire process blocks if TTY is the type of terminal where current

process makes blocking command is running
system call
Option Function
d. Can not use
ps -ef / -aux List currently
multiprocessors
running process in
2. One to One model
full format
a. One user thread mapped ps -ax List currently
to one kernel thread running process
b. Provides more ps -u <username> List process for
concurrency that the specific user
many to one model ps -C <command> List process for given
c. It does not stop the command
process even if the ps -p <PID> List process with
blocking system call is given PID
made by any of the thread.
d. Parallelism
wait
e. Creating user thread
requires to create kernel wait is used to wait for a specific process &
thread when exits it returns exit status to this process.
f. It has overhead to create
wait process_id
kernel thread so
performance is low. sleep:
3. Many to Many model
a. Many user threads are Linux sleep command lets the terminal wait by
mapped to many kernel the specified amount of time. By default, it
thread takes time in seconds. But, we can set the delay
b. No. of Kernel threads are time in minutes (m), hours (h), and days (d). It
specific to application or helps in pausing the execution of any particular
machine. command for a fixed amount of time
c. Developers can create as sleep NUMBER[SUFFIX]
many as user threads that
are necessary without 1. s – second
caring about kernel thread 2. m – minute
d. When a user thread 3. h – hour
performs blocking system 4. d – day
call kernel can schedule exit:
another thread to run.
exit command in linux is used to exit the shell
3.5 where it is currently running. It takes one more
Execute Process Commands parameter as [N] and exits the shell with a
return of status N. If n is not provided, then it
Process Status Command simply returns the status of last command that
`ps` is executed.

exit [N]

kill:
 Operating Systems Unit 03

kill command kills a process with specific signal

& to specific process.

kill [signal] pid