1

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Situational Analysis

Paper is one of the necessities of civilization and it is almost impossible to

imagine the continuance of a world without the printed books and newspapers. Paper is

an essential part of our community. People use it for everything from education to

communication to entertainment. Though paper, is most commonly used for writing and

printing upon, but also found applications include usage as a packaging material,

industrial and construction purposes among others (Brozek and Novakova 2013). These

and many more of its uses make it almost impossible to have a halt in its production.

In addition, wastes generated through the paper usage are also transformed into

other value-added products. Paper is a flexible material frequently used in the food

packaging sector because it is generally affordable and has good mechanical properties.

Nowadays, it is gaining popularity due to growing interest in sustainable elements,

including biodegradability and recyclability. Nearly half the world population is

dependent on wood as their primary energy source. Therefore, with deforestation

becoming increasingly prevalent in many regions of the developing world, there is an

urgent need to improve combustion using paper wastes. (Chaney, 2013).

Using waste paper as fuel for domestic heating is a beneficial recycling option for

small island developing states where there are lacks of resources for energy and waste
 2

treatment. However, there are concerns about the impact of air pollutants emitted from

the burning of the self-made paper briquettes as household air pollution is recognized as

the greatest environmental risk for human. In this study, combustion tests were carried

out for paper briquettes made in one Pacific Island and three commercial fuels in

Australia including wood briquettes, kindling fire wood and coal briquettes in order to: 1)

characterize the emissions of three criteria air pollutants including particulate matters, CO

and NOx including their emission factors (EF) from the tested fuels; and 2) compare the

EFs among the tested fuels and with others reported in the literature. The results showed

that waste paper briquettes burned quickly and generated high temperature but the heat

value is relatively low.

The briquetting procedure involves shredding, sometimes heating, mixing, and

compressing (Gug et al., 2015). In addition, the briquetting process can support the waste

management systems, with emphasis on developing countries where low-tech options

should be introduced (Ferronato et al., 2021; Nwabue et al., 2017).

Briquetting can be done with or without a binder. Doing without the binder is

more convenient but it requires sophisticated and costly presses and drying equipment

which makes such processes unsuitable in a developing country like Nigeria (Janczak,

2013). As observed by Wamukonya and Jenkins (2013), for the briquetting industry to be

successful in the less industrialized countries, the equipment should consist of locally

designed simple, low-cost machines.

As an alternative, waste paper appears to be a viable candidate for binding the

agricultural residues for binder-less and perhaps smokeless briquette production.

 3

Approximately 25 to 40% of the municipal solid waste each year worldwide consists of

paper and paper products (Grigorion, 2013). While the prevailing practice worldwide is

to recycle these products in the paper industry, the process could be expensive in view of

its requirements for resorting, de-inking and decontamination. Also, re-use of recovered

waste paper tends to reduce the quality of paper produced (Groom et al.,2013). Besides,

the present level of waste paper recycling technology is such that a certain percentage of

waste paper cannot be recycled for technical and economic reasons (Grigorion, 2014).

Furthermore, the idea of briquetting is using the materials that are unusable due to

a lack of density, and compressing them into a solid fuel of a convenient shape that can

be burned like wood or charcoal. The briquettes have better physical and combustion

characteristics than the initial wastes. Briquettes will improve the combustion efficiency

using the existing traditional furnaces, in addition to killing all insects and diseases as

well as reducing the destructive fire risk in the countryside (El-Hagar, 2017).

There are two types of briquetting process, carbonized and non-carbonized.

Carbonized fuel briquettes, these are made from waste materials that have undergone

carbonization such as charcoal dust, or carbonizing non-carbonized briquettes. Converted

into carbon or charcoal, typically by heating or burning or during fossilization

Non-carbonized fuel briquettes, these are produced from waste materials that are

not carbonized such as saw dust, and waste paper. Produced from waste materials that are

partially decomposed and then dried and can be made manually by hand, with presses, or

with a mechanized mold or extruder, and by mixing the feedstock with water and a binder

and drying them.

 4

The Automated Paper Briquette Machine falls in the category of Non carbonized,

it is sustainable alternative to traditional charcoal briquettes. They are made by

compacting shredded paper into solid fuel material. They are eco-friendly because they

utilize waste paper and reduce the need for cutting down trees for charcoal production. In

addition non-carbonized briquettes produce less smoke and emission compared to

traditional charcoal, making them a cleaner option for both indoor and outdoor use.

In Kenya, non-carbonized briquettes from waste are a burgeoning part of the eco-

friendly energy scheme. Briquettes are made from agricultural waste that has been sieved

to remove large pieces, such as glass and stone. High pressure and high temperature are

applied to the resulting mixture which causes the lignin (organic polymers that create

important structural materials in the support tissues of the majority of plants) to flow and

bind everything together; Starch, clay, or soil may be added if the base materials are not

holding together. The resulting solid briquette is used in place of firewood or charcoal.

Briquettes can be used to power boilers to create steam and for generators and gasifiers to

create electricity. They burn longer than charcoal and are better for the environment in

many ways (Rao and Gebrezgabher, 2018).

A briquette enterprise can be fit for carbon offset depending on the sort of fuel

interchanged and, in turn, the baseline used to measure advantages from diminished

greenhouse gas emissions. The organic materials that go into briquettes are already part

of the carbon cycle, and they have lower net GHG emissions compared to fossil fuels.

There are even carbon benefits for using briquettes from crop residue to replace wood as

fuel in regions with high deforestation (Rao and Gebrezgabher, 2018). Wood as fuel can
 5

create emissions that have negative environmental and health impacts, particularly when

burned in ineffective appliances, which is often the case (Ramsay & Njenga, 2021).

Paper briquettes and coal briquettes produced higher CO concentration than the

others while paper briquettes generated the highest NOx level. Only PM2.5 concentration

emitted from paper briquettes was similar to kindling firewood and lower than wood

briquettes. Burning of paper briquettes and wood briquettes produced particulate matter

with large average count median diameter (72 and 68 nm) than coal briquette and

kindling firewood (45 and 51 nm). The EFs for CO, NOx and PM2.5 of paper briquettes

were within the range of EFs reported in this study as well as in the literature. Overall,

the results suggested that using paper briquettes as fuel for domestic heating will not

likely to generate higher level of three major air pollutants compared to other traditional

fuels.

This new type highly efficient and energy saving airflow dryer adopts multiple

sets of pulse connection, which can dry sawdust, rice husk, peanut shell and stalk in one

time. It adopts self-supply combustible gas as heat source; the drying adopts draught fan

negative pressure suction to suck the raw material into coiled pipe, let the high

temperature air and material mix fully, and takes away moisture inside material, so as to

achieve the aim of drying (ABC Machinery, 2015).

Steps in drying using paper briquettes involved several steps. First, preparing

tools such as paper, water, paper shredder, a power drill with a mixer attachment. Second,

prepping the paper by loading a gallon of water in a bucket and filling it with shredded

paper. Third, grab a power drill and paint mixer and in less than a minute later you have a
 6

paper slurry ready to be molded into briquettes. Fourth, adding some reusable wastes

such as shelling the peanuts and shredding it, adding some grass clippings from the lawn

instead of throwing them away and adding some bulk pick up from Christmas trees. Just

grab the base of the branch and run your hand down towards the tips of the branches.

Next, after making the briquettes with the other fillers, there was just enough pulp left to

make one more briquette. Inspired by plywood then try making a laminate briquette by

alternating thin layers of pulp and cardboard. Another, filling the press with enough pulp.

Lastly, wait until it's totally dried (Lorddrake, 2023).

Adapted hyacinth briquetting machine for mass production of briquettes (2018)

Detailed design and development of an adapted briquetting machine is presented

to help optimize time and energy expended in the production of briquettes locally. The

machine is designed specifically to convert waste materials into useful briquettes. This

research focused on the development of a modified automated briquetting machine with

hopper, grinder, and heating element attached. This has eliminated the deficiencies of the

classical briquetting machine developed. The machine is modified such that grinding,

compacting, and heating processes are carried out simultaneously thereby minimizing

tardy time and increasing productivity by producing solid briquettes ready for immediate

use. The essential features of the machine are the hopper, the screw shaft, and die and

electric motor of 1horsepower with a design speed of 2830rpm. It is fast, easy to operate,

and safe to use. The efficiency of the machine was deduced to be 90% with a production

rate of 72 g/h and power consumed at 1.3 kW. The briquettes produced from the

developed machine is a blend of hyacinth plant and groundnut shell with waste oil and
 7

starch as a binder. The briquette fuel produced can be used as solid fuels in local

bakeries, restaurants, and domestic and industrial settings. Effect of biomaterials and

working pressure of a briquetting machine on physical characteristics and energy

consumption of briquette production.

Briquetting technology is one of the renewable sources of energy that was

developed to address problems concerning global warming, energy catastrophe, as well

as solid waste management. Nigeria has abundant supplies of biomass resources and

unrestricted solid waste whose potentials are yet to be fully tapped for energy generation.

It is, therefore, necessary to convert these waste into a product that will provide

alternative energy to the people rather than constituting environmental problems. The

study was undertaken to develop of hyacinth briquette machine and examine the

properties of fuel briquettes produced from a mixture of waste paper (WP) and water

hyacinth plant (WHP) using corn and cassava starch as a binder. WP from the academic

environment and WHP harvested from the surface of fresh waters were used. Briquette

machine was designed using a screw type extruder to convert the processed WHP and

WP into solid briquette for domestic consumption. Samples of WHP was harvested,

ground, dried and mixed with WP. The mixture was poured into a hopper.

The present study focused on the combustion of four types of briquettes made

from paper and cardboard waste produced in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Rotary and

tubular kilns were used to study the combustion. The combustion means temperatures,

nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) content in the ash and heavy metals content

in the ash and the flue gas were analyzed. The combustion steady phase means
 8

temperatures ranged from 950 °C to 750 °C were obtained according to briquettes type.

The temperature favored the transfer of the heavy metal in the flue gas comparatively to

the ash mainly for Hg, Cd and Pb. The Pb, Hg and Mn content in flue gas and the ash are

higher than their content in the parent wood used for paper production due to the additive

during the manufacturing process. The results showed a high content of heavy metal in

flue gas produced by combustion of briquette made with office paper and in the ash for

the briquette made of corrugated cardboard. Furthermore, the low heavy metal contains in

the ash allow their use for soil amendment. However, ash contained a low proportion of

NPK (less than 2%) which does not allow their usage as fertilizer alone.

In order to help our environment and lessen the possible outcomes that we might

encounter in the future, it is important to recycle the waste materials and reprocess it to

make a new product. As a result, it helps our environment lessen the casualties such as

floods or harmful effects of waste to human's health. As an innovative solution, recycling

is important nowadays to avoid the negative effects of improper waste management.

When you think of recycling, you should really think about the whole idea; reduce, reuse

and recycle. The researchers have been careless up to this point with the way they treated

the Earth, and it is time to change as stated in Barnes (2019).

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Statement of the Objectives

This study aims to develop the Automated Paper Briquette Machine

Specifically, it seeks to achieve the following objectives:

1. To design and construct an Automated Paper Briquette Machine

2. To evaluate the Automated Paper Briquette Machine in terms of its;

a.) Level of technical soundness;

b.) Level of technical performance, and;

c.) Level of acceptability

3. To prepare an operations manual for the Automated Paper Briquette Machine

Time and Place of the Study

This study will focus for the design and development of the Automated Paper

Briquette Machine. The study will be conducted at Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State

University, Mid La Union Campus, City of San Fernando, La Union. The fabrication and

assembly will take place at Barangay Baraoas Norte, Naguilian, La Union during the

First Semester of the School Year 2023-2024.

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Definition of Terms
For better understanding of the study, the following terms were defined
operationally:
Briquette is a compressed block of paper for fuel and kindling to set a fire
Carbonized fuel briquettes, these are made from waste materials that have
undergone carbonization such as charcoal dust, or carbonizing non-carbonized briquettes.
Compressing the process by which the paper wastes can be flatten by the use of

pressure.

Grinder is used for removing material from a workpiece via abrasion or to

employ rotating abrasive wheels to shape,smooth.
Heating the process by which the material was being carbonized on its surface to

form a definite shape

Hopper is used to hold materials to transfer mixed shredded papers into molder

Level of acceptability is the extent of work ability of briquette machine to the

people and community.

Level of technical performance is the measure of the ability of the briquette

machine to resolve the problems encountered after the testing and to improve its

functionality.

Level of technical soundness is the service ability of the briquette machine that

measured from a scale.

Linear Actuator use to push forward and pull backward.

Mixing the process by which the paper wastes combine or put together to form

one substance or mass called fuel.

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Non-carbonized fuel briquettes, these are produced from waste materials that are
not carbonized such as saw dust, and waste paper.
Paper made from wood pulp or other fibrous materials in thin sheets used for

writing wherein it was utilized as a material that was cut into small pieces to make fuel

for burning.

Pulp is the basic component of manufacturing paper. The pulp is soupy like
material which is obtained from fiber and water.
Recycling process of converting the paper wastes into usable materials

Screw Shaft is a cylindrical shaft with helical grooves or ridges called threads
around the outside.
Shredding it is the process where the paper was cut or torn into small pieces in

order to create a new substance.

.
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Chapter 2

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The researchers will be using the project development design. Project

Development Design is the process and the facility of planning, organizing coordinating,

and controlling the resources to accomplish specific goals. The process takes

transportation, improvement from the concept through construction. Project development

has a six phases which is the initiation, definition, design development, implementation

and follow-up phases (Garip and S. Garip. 2020).

The researchers first conceptualized the design and specification of the

Automated Paper Briquette Machine in accordance to the objectives set upon the

beginning of the study. Then, the construction and fabrication of the parts. Revision will

be made to observe effect reassembled the factors and to achieve functionality and

acceptability performance.

Descriptive design will be also employed in the study. Descriptive-Evaluative

design is a research that appraises carefully the worthiness of the current study

(Villanueva, 2015).

The researchers will use the descriptive-evaluative design to test the machines

level of technical soundness, level of technical performance and level of acceptability.

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Supplies and Materials

All of the supplies and materials that will be use is available in the locality and the

researchers are supervised by their adviser. Table 1 present the summary of the supplies

and materials will be use upon the fabrication of the machine.

Table 1. Total Cost for the Project

No Qty. Unit Name and Description Unit Cost Total

1 1 pc Programmable Logic Controller 14x10 I/O 15,500.00 15,500.00
2 3 pcs Angle Bar 1x1x1/4 220.00 780.00
3 4 pcs Hinges 1x1 10.00 40.00
4 3 pcs Round Bar 10mm 180.00 540.00
5 2 pcs Linear Actuator 125psi 150mm 28V 2,300.00 4,600.00
6 20 ft Flat bar 2x2x3/16 260.00 260.00
7 10 pcs Indicator lamp 120.00 1,200.00
8 2 pcs Momentary push button 235.00 470.00
9 1 pc Power supply 24V/15A 400.00 400.00
10 1 set Mini box shredder 3,700.00 3,700.00
11 3 kls Welding electrode 110.00 330.00
12 5 pcs Cutting disc 4inches 45.00 225.00
13 26 pcs Assorted Bolts, nuts and washer 20.00 520.00
14 4 pcs Ball Caster Wheels 75.00 300.00
15 50 pcs Blind Revits 1.00 50.00
16 2 pcs Bearing UCF205-16 190.00 380.00
17 1 pc Heater 3,700.00 3,700.00
18 1 pc Shafting 20”x1” 180.00 180.00
19 1 pc Control panel Box 800.00 800.00
20 1 roll Automotive Wire gauge no. 18 400.00 400.00
21 1 roll Automotive Wire Gauge no. 14 400.00 400.00
22 1 pc Emergency stop push button 265.00 265.00
23 1 pc G.I. Flatsheet 0.4 600.00 600.00
24 5 pcs Terminal Block 12 rows 70.00 350.00
25 1 pc Low speed motor F/R 1hp 2,700.00 2,700.00
26 1 pc Mixing motor 0.5hp 1,500.00 1,500.00
27 2 pcs 12v DC worm gear motor 1,900.00 1,900.00
28 1 pc Heat sensor digital display 400.00 400.00
29 1 pc Temperature Controller 150.00 150.00
30 1 pc Miniature Circuit Breaker 30A/2p 350.00 350.00
31 2 pcs Miniature Circuit Breaker 20A/2p 350.00 700.00
32 2 pcs Magnetic Contactor 15A 400.00 800.00
44,490.00
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Project Cost

Table 2 presents the project cost, which covers the project’s total expenses based

on the amount of supplies, materials, labor, and overhead cost of the project. The

estimated cost of the labor in the construction of the Automated Paper Briquette Machine

Php 4,690.00 computed based on 20 percent to the total cost of supplies and materials.

Such percentage was the current rate of labor charged by a skilled machinist in the City

of San Fernando, La Union.

The overhead cost will be Php 4,639.00 was computed based on 10 percent of the

total cost of supplies and materials.

Table 2. Table Cost

Source Amount

1. Supplies and materials Php 44,490.00

2. Labor Cost Php 8,898.00

3. Overhead Cost Php 4,449.00

Total Project Cost Php 57,837.00

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Table 3. presents the list of tools and equipment used in the construction of the

Automated Paper Briquette Machine including their respective functions.

Table 3. Tools and Equipment

Tools and Equipment Functions

A. Tools
1. Hammer Used to strike ,drive, and remove the
machine parts
2. Paint Brush Used for painting the metal parts of the
machine.
3. Pliers Used for gripping, bending, and cutting
objects.
4. Screw Driver Used to drive screws.
5. Wrench Used to tighten and to loosen nuts.
6. L-Square Used for checking correctness of right
angles.
7. Meter Rule Used to measure the length of the object.
8. Bar Level Used to determine whether a surface is
horizontal (level) or vertical (plumb).
9. Sand Paper Used for removing loose paint, grit, or
dirt.
10. Reviter Used for fasten two separate pieces of
metal together.
B. Equipment
1. Grinder Used for cutting and smoothening
metals.
2. Welding Meachine Used to weld metals.
3. Drilling Machine Used to make holes in the work pieces.
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Procedure

Figure 1 shows the flowchart that illustrates the stages in the development of the

Automated Paper Briquette Machines.

Planning. The first step is planning the automated device. The researchers came

up with the idea of the Automated Paper Briquette Machines. The researchers defend the

title and had been approved by the panelists. Second is the conceptualization of the

design.

Designing. This includes the design, materials and tools. Second is the

conceptualization of the design. The researcher based their design to a baling press

machine to make sure the briquette machine can form the automated paper into

box/cube. The researchers use resources such as thesis, YouTube and online researches

for the literature.

Canvassing and the Purchasing. The third stage is the purchasing of supplies

and materials. The researcher wants to buy the supplies and materials from the local

market, hardware and Junkshop. The researcher will go to the hardware to canvass the

price of the materials and supplies needed and purchased the materials. All members of

the group will be given a task to perform, to test their capabilities and to give them the

actual and direct exposure in the fabrication.

Constructing. The next stage is the fabrication. In the fabrication, all parts will

be assembling in accordance to the specification needed. The researchers will construct

the automated machine

Testing and Revising. The fifth step will be testing and revising the automated

paper briquette machine. The researchers after some period of the time that the
 17

automated device was assembled, tested and revised to determine its functionality and did

the necessary adjustments/revision.

Evaluating. The sixth step is evaluating the automated paper briquette machine.

After a thorough testing of the machine, they will bring it to the panel of experts for

evaluation along the level of technical soundness, level of functionality and after

acceptability in order to achieve the full efficiency and effectiveness of the machine.
 18

Planning

Conceptual
Designing

Canvassing
and
Purchasing

Constructing

Testing and
Revising

Evaluating

Figure 1. Flowchart in the development of the Automated Paper Briquette Machine

 19

Data analysis

This study will utilize the weighted mean to determine the level of technical

soundness, level of technical performance, and level of acceptability of the Automated

Paper Briquette Machine.

The questionnaire consisting of four parts: the first part ask the name and

qualifications of the evaluators; the second part include the indicator to determine the

level of technical soundness such as durability of parts, simplicity, and functionality; the

third part include the indicators to determine the level of technical performance such as

quality output, precision of perform activities, and speed; lastly, the fourth part include

the indicators to determine the level of acceptability such as affordability, maintenance,

physical appearance, and design.

The categorization of data was utilized to quantify and assign descriptive

equivalent of the perception of the evaluators as shown below:

Level of Technical Soundness

Point value Scale Descriptive Descriptive Meaning
Equivalent
5 4.20-5.00 Excellent (E) The machine is excellently
durable, simple, and functional.

4 3.40-4.19 Very Good The machine is very durable,

(VG) simple, and functional.
3 2.60-3.39 Good (G) The machine is durable, simple
and functional.
2 1.80-2.59 Fair (F) The machine is fairly durable,
simple and functional.
1 1.00-1.79 Poor (P) The machine is not durable,
simple and functional
 20

Level of Technical Performance

Point value Scale Descriptive Descriptive Meaning

Equivalent

5 4.20-5.00 Excellent The Automated Paper

(E) Briquette Machine has an
exceptional performance,
quality output and precision is
Excellent.

4 3.40-4.19 Very Good The Automated Paper

(VG) Briquette Machine consistently
performs well, quality output
and precision is very good.

3 2.60-3.39 Good (G) The Automated Paper

Briquette Machine quality has
an adequate performance,
output and precision is good

2 1.80-2.59 Fair (F) The Automated Paper

Briquette Machine has limited
issues but noticeable
performance shortcomings,
with room for improvement.

1 1.00-1.79 Poor (P) The Automated Paper

Briquette Machine has severe
technical flaw, Indicating a
high risk of malfunction or
safety concerns.
 21

Level of Acceptability
Point value Scale Descriptive Descriptive Meaning
Equivalent
5 4.20-5.00 Highly The Automated Paper
Acceptable Briquette Machine is Very
Highly Acceptable surpassing
expectations and demonstrating
excellence.

4 3.40-4.19 Moderately The Automated Paper

Acceptable Briquette Machine is above
average and generally
acceptable.

3 2.60-3.39 Acceptable The Automated Paper

Briquette Machine is
Acceptable, meeting basic
expectations.

2 1.80-2.59 Fairly The Automated Paper

Acceptable Briquette Machine is fairly
acceptable, but needs
significant improvement.

1 1.00-1.79 Not The Automated Paper

Acceptable Briquette Machine is not
acceptable at all.
 22

Figure 2. Isometric View of the Automated Paper Briquette Machine

 23

Figure 3. Orthographic View of the Automated Paper Briquette Machine

 24

LEGEND:
1. 220v Mixing motor 8. 250mm 12v Linear Actuator
2. Mixing blade 9. Heater
3 Mixing container 10. Shredder
4. 12v DC worm gear motor 11. Molder
5. 150mm Linear Actuator 12. 250mm 12v Linear Actuator
6. Molder 13. Control Panel
7. 350mm 12v Linear Actuator 14. Ball Caster Wheels

Figure 4. Exploded view of the Automated Paper Briquette Machine

 25

Literature Cited
Cavallo, E. et al (2017). Effects of Compressing Pressure on Briquettes Made
from Woody Biomass. Retrieved on June 20, 2017 from https://www.aidic.it/cet/17/58/0
87.pdf
Eco-Fuel Briquettes (2019). Difference between carbonized and non-carbonized
briquettes. Retrieved on September 08, 2019 from https://www.techxlab.org/solutions/
practical-actionecofuelbriquettes#:~:text=Non%2Dcarbonized%20fuel%20briquettes%3
A%20these,or%20carbonizing%20n on%2Dcarbonized%20briquettes.
Odusote, J., Onowuma, S., & Fodeke, E. (2016). Production of Paperboard Briquette
Using Waste Paper and Sawdust. The Journal of Engineering Research [TJER], 13(1), 80–88.
Retrieve on April 09, 2016 from https://doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol13iss1pp80-88
Ltd, A. G. E. (2022). Non Carbonized Briquettes - a Massive Potential in Kenya.
Retrieved on November 2, 2022 from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/non-carbonised-
briquettes-massive-potential
Masai, M. (2019). Briquettes is so Famous, But Why? Retrieved on January 6,
2019 from https://energyzed world.com/advisory briquettes-perhaps-the-hottest-cooking-
fuelinventionforhomeuse/fbclid=IwAR1cA7Znp3B16eJgvLVDvQH_Rne4gDNUFE2v00
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Masai, M. (2017). Briquettes - Perhaps the ‘Hottest’ Cooking Fuel Invention for
Home Use?. Retrieved on January 17, 2017 from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/briqu
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GyJmhrbxRcjz9UuGX7E9XpNJkcVrqfMSvo2MyVuBp7GBqVbGw_aem_AY4iX6WE3
tGcgCKBuXFhhL_xcj3IS65ug_EOYj_ehwfLqf07DItkWdydH7ooA1sE8yc
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ter+hyacinth+briquetting+machine+
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Modestus, Okwu O., Adeyemi I. Olabisi1 ThankGod E. Boye, and Ezurike O. Benjamin.
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machine+on+physical+characteristics+and+energy+consumption+of+briquette+production+
%282018%29&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1705223288286&u=%23p%3DCsyQJc7XrRgJ