MODULE II: MARITIME CONTAINERS

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 Learning Objectives
− To gain knowledge about functions, rules and regulation of international container shipment
by sea and the most widely used types of container

− To understand container languages and related documents used for sea carriage under
international regulations and refer to Vietnam market

− To be able to explain the pricing of ocean freight and maritime containers in

− To be provided with information on the different possibilities of insurance coverage and its
characteristics for transported by sea

− To develop strategies to deal with simple insurance issues in normal shipping activities

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 MODULE CONTENTS

MODULE CONTENTS
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO CONTAINERIZATION
Chapter 2: CONTAINER STRUCTURE AND SPECIFICATION
Chapter 3: INFRASTRUCTURE & FACILITIES
Chapter 4: CONTAINER STUFFING & UNSTUFFING (LOADING TYPE)
Chapter 5: CONTAINER STUFFING & UNSTUFFING (LOADING SEQUENCE)
Chapter 6: PRICING AND QUOTATION
Chapter 7: CONTAINER PHYSICAL FLOW AND DOCUMENTATION

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO CONTAINERIZATION

4
 CONTENTS

Contents:

▪ The history of containers

▪ What is containerization?
▪ Container language

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 THE HISTORY OF CONTAINERS

Ship owners:
bigger vessels but
less time in port
and more time at
sea

Business interests Truckers:

in port cities:
pick up and deliver
pay anything to boost Aims? without hour after
traffic through their
hour waiting
harbours…

Shippers:
cheaper transport;
less pilferage,
damage and lower
insurance rates

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 THE HISTORY OF CONTAINERS

Malcom
Purcell
Mclean

Keith
Tantlinger

1956
33FT (35FT)
ALU

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 THE HISTORY OF CONTAINERS
Multiple Handling

All cargoes other than bulk commodities were moved package by package and piece
by piece with multiple handling, resulting in damage, pilferage and time loss.

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 THE HISTORY OF CONTAINERS

➢ During Second World War Period

▪ The first type of container was conex box that

was used by the US military.
▪ Keith Walton Tantlinger (March 22, 1919 –
August 27, 2011) is father of ISO container
▪ In the early 1950s ➔ the transportation of
finished products, raw materials in containers
➔ reduce costs for the delivery of goods
from producers to consumers.

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 WHAT IS CONTAINERIZATION ?

Definition of Container

“Container” is a piece of transport equipment that is

permanent in character, and consequently sufficiently
strong to allow repeated use, specially designed to facilitate
the transport of goods, without disturbing the contents, for
one or more modes of transport. It is designed to be
secured and/or handled without difficulty, corner fittings
being envisaged for this purpose.

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 WHAT IS CONTAINERIZATION ?

Philosophy of Containerization

▪ To reduce to absolute minimum the number of times a piece of cargo is handled

t1 t2 t3
Loading Unloading

t1, t3: Loading and Unloading time

t2: On voyage

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 WHAT IS CONTAINERIZATION ?

Definition

▪ Containerization is ultimately a transport system of which the extent

and scope are the primary features determined by the trade volumes
between countries and/or parts of the world.

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 WHAT IS CONTAINERIZATION ?

Benefits Of Containerization

➢ Creates a unit load for rapid cargo handling

➢ Protects cargo packages
➢ Reduces risks of pilferage and theft
➢ Encourages door to door transport
➢ Provides economical, cost effective transport
➢ Easy change between modalities

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 HOW THE CONTAINER HAS FACILITATED INTERNATIONAL TRADE ?

Volumes Of Trade By Container

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 HOW THE CONTAINER HAS FACILITATED INTERNATIONAL TRADE ?

Review Of Maritime Transport

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 HOW THE CONTAINER HAS FACILITATED INTERNATIONAL TRADE ?

Review Of Maritime Transport

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 CONTAINER LANGUAGE

Full Container Load (FCL/FCL)

▪ The shipper stuffs the container himself. Inland transport is taken care of by the
shipper (merchant's haulage) or by the transport company (carrier' s haulage).
▪ The container will not be opened until it is on the consignee's premises.

FCL/FCL

Shipper CY CY Consignee

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 CONTAINER LANGUAGE

Less Container Load (LCL/LCL)

▪ The shipper delivers his goods to a grouping centre.

▪ They are containerised with other goods then the bulk is broken on
arrival.
LCL/LCL

Shipper CFS CFS Consignee

Groupage Degroupage

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 CONTAINER LANGUAGE

Container Freight Station (CFS)

Originally, the CFS were depots, where small consignments were gathered with a
view to their packaging, unloading or delivery. Given the breadth of container
transport, a wide range of essential services is currently found there.
▪ Storage of a limited number of empty containers and frames
▪ Cleaning, repair and fumigation of containers
▪ Storage of damaged goods
▪ Temporary storage of goods (which have not been claimed immediately by the
consignee)

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 CONTAINER LANGUAGE

Container Yard (CY)

The term “Container Yard" (CY)

means the location designated
by the carrier where
▪ the carrier assembles, holds
or stores containers, and
▪ where containers loaded
with goods are received or
delivered.

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 CONTAINER LANGUAGE

Container Ship
CONTAINER SHIP DEFINITION

• Container ships (sometimes spelled containerships) are cargo ships that carry all of their
load in truck-size intermodal containers, in a technique called containerization. They are a
common means of commercial intermodal freight transport and now carry most seagoing
non-bulk cargo.
• Container ship capacity is measured in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU). Typical loads
are a mix of 20-foot and 40-foot (2-TEU) ISO-standard containers, with the latter
predominant.
• Today, about 90% of non-bulk cargo worldwide is transported by container ships, and the
largest modern container ships can carry over 23,000 TEU

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CONTAINER LANGUAGE

Container Ship

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 CONTAINER LANGUAGE

Container Ship

CONTAINER SHIP – First Generation

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 CONTAINER LANGUAGE

Container Ship

CONTAINER SHIP – Second Generation

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 CONTAINER LANGUAGE

Container Ship

CONTAINER SHIP – Third Generation

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CONTAINER LANGUAGE

Container Ship

CONTAINER SHIP – Fourth Generation

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 CONTAINER LANGUAGE

Container Ship

CONTAINER SHIP – Fifth Generation

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 CONTAINER LANGUAGE

Container Ship

CONTAINER SHIP – Sixth Generation

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 CONTAINER LANGUAGE

Container Ship

Container Ship Without Hatch Cover

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 CONTAINER LANGUAGE

Container Ship

Container Ship Without Hatch Cover

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 CONTAINER LANGUAGE

Container Ship

Container without hatch cover is handling shipment at the port

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 CONTAINER LANGUAGE

Container Ship

TRANSSHIPMENT TRANSIT

The act of off-loading a container from A cargo that is moved from an origin
one ship (generally at a hub port) and point across international borders to
loading it onto another ship to be another country over land
further carried to the final port of
discharge

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CHAPTER 2: CONTAINER STRUCTURE AND SPECIFICATION

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 CONTENTS

Contents:

▪ Dimensions of container
▪ Identification Codes of Containers
(Container leasing and owner code)
▪ Operational specification; CSC plate
▪ Types of Container (Most common
used container)

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 DIMENSIONS OF CONTAINER

Dimensions of container (ISO standards ISO 668:2013)

▪ ISO: International Standards Organization / International Organization for

Standardization.
▪ Length: 20 ft 40ft, 45ft
▪ Width: 8.0 ft
▪ Height: 8.6; 9.6 ft
▪ 1 feet (foot) = 0.3048 m
▪ Gross Weight: variable up to 35 tonnes

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DIMENSIONS OF CONTAINER

Dimensions of container (ISO standards)

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 DIMENSIONS OF CONTAINER

Dimensions of container (ISO standards)

Container dimensions as shown in ISO 668:2013, Series 1 (updated from ISO 668:1995)
In certain countries there are legal limitations to the overall height of vehicle and load (for example for
rail/road service)

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 OPERATIONAL SPECIFICATION
Capacity - Boxes

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 DIMENSIONS OF CONTAINER

Dimensions of container (ISO standards)

The following Length codes
(right) are presently used in the
English customary code system
• Size and Type codes: ISO
6346
• Following elements
“shape”
the code:

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 DIMENSIONS OF CONTAINER

Dimensions of commonly used container for DRY CARGO (ISO standards)

CONTAINER VOLUME MAXIMUM GROSS

WIDTH IN FT HEIGHT IN FT
SIZE FT Cu. M WEIGHT
20 8 8’6 33.2 ~30,500 Kgs
8'6 67.6 ~30,500 Kgs
40 8
9'6 76.4 ~30,500 Kgs
45 8 9'6 86.5 ~33,000 Kgs

Dimensions of commonly used container for REEFER CARGO (ISO standards)

CONTAINER VOLUME MAXIMUM GROSS

WIDTH IN FT HEIGHT IN FT
SIZE FT Cu. M WEIGHT
20 8 8’6 28.4 ~32,500 Kgs
8 8'6 58.9 ~34,500 Kgs
40
9'6 67.4 ~34,500 Kgs
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 DIMENSIONS OF CONTAINER
Dimensions of container (ISO standards)
Structure of a container

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 DIMENSIONS OF CONTAINER
Dimensions of container (ISO standards)
PAYLOAD (NET WEIGHT) = MAX GROSS WEIGHT – TARE WEIGHT

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 IDENTIFICATION CODES OF CONTAINERS

ISO Marking (ISO 6346)

100 mm+ HLCU 247 136 9

ID, Country,
Size/Type
22G1

Max Gross 24 000 kg

50 mm+
52 910 lb
Operational
marks Tare 2 200 kg
4 850 lb

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 IDENTIFICATION CODES OF CONTAINERS

ISO Marking (ISO 6346)

Where category Identification Code

identifier can be:
J: detachable
freight container
related equipment HLCU 247 136 9
R: reefer
(refrigerated )
containers
U: freight
containers
Z: trailers and
Initials Container number Check digit chassis

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 IDENTIFICATION CODES OF CONTAINERS

ISO Size Code (ISO 6346)

First character = Container Length 2 2 G1

Character Length

1 10 feet (3 meters)
2 20 feet (6 meters)
3 30 feet (9 meters)
4 40 feet (12 meters)
L 45 feet (13.7 meters)
N 48 feet (14.6 meters)

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 IDENTIFICATION CODES OF CONTAINERS

ISO Size Code (ISO 6346) - Second size-code character 2 2 G1

Cont. Height Code Character
Mm Ft - in Container width in MM
2 438 > 2 438 ≤ 2 500 > 2 500
2 438 8 0
2 591 8 6 2 C L
2 743 9 4 D M
2 895 9 6 5 E N
> 2 895 >96 6 F P
1 295 4 3 8
≤ 1 219 <4 9
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 IDENTIFICATION CODES OF CONTAINERS

ISO “Type” Code (ISO 6346)

2 2 G1

• G – General purpose without ventilation

• R - Thermal: refrigerated, ref.-/heated & self powered
• H - Thermal: refrigerated and/or heated with removable
equipment & insulated
• U - Open-top
• P - Platform & platform- based
• T/K - Tank: non dangerous, dangerous and for gasses

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 IDENTIFICATION CODES OF CONTAINERS

ISO Marking

Below: 20ft 8ft6

HLCU 247 136 9

DE 22G1

Max Gross 24 000 kg

52 910 lb

Tare 2 200 kg
4 850 lb

Operational marks / optional are payload and

cubic capacity
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 IDENTIFICATION CODES OF CONTAINERS

▪ Mandatory

Maximum Gross Weight

Tare Weight

▪ Optional

Payload (Net Weight)

Cubic Capacity (Cube)

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 IDENTIFICATION CODES OF CONTAINERS

How to caculate a check digit

H L C U 2 4 7 1 3 6 9
ID
1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512
Values
Factors A = 10 B = 12 C = 13 D = 14 E = 15
Products F = 16 G = 17 H = 18 I = 19 J = 20
M =
K = 21 L = 23 N = 25 O = 26
24
P = 27 Q = 28 R = 29 S = 30 T = 31
W=
U = 32 V = 34 X = 36 Y = 37
35
Z = 38

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 IDENTIFICATION CODES OF CONTAINERS

Check Digit Calculation

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 24

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 34 35 36 37 38

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 IDENTIFICATION CODES OF CONTAINERS

Check Digit Calculation

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
nbr nbr nbr nbr nbr nbr nbr nbr nbr nbr

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512

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 IDENTIFICATION CODES OF CONTAINERS
Calculation Step 3:
Example CSQU 305438 3
Check Digit Calculation

C S Q U 3 0 5 4 3 8 Calc.
13 30 28 32 3 0 5 4 3 8
x x x x x x x x x x Value
1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512
= = = = = = = = = = Factor
13 60 112 256 48 0 320 512 768 4096 6185 (a)
(b) Division by 11: 562
(c) Remaider = Check Digit: 3
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 IDENTIFICATION CODES OF CONTAINERS

Check Digit Calculation

Please Check the Following Check Digits:

H D M U 2 1 0 8 5 1 ?
Y M L U 7 0 0 1 9 1 ?
C S Q U 3 0 5 4 3 8 ?
H J C U 1 1 3 6 4 8 ?
A P Z U 3 1 0 1 5 1 ?
M O E U 0 0 0 5 0 0 ?
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 IDENTIFICATION CODES OF CONTAINERS

ISO Marking Locations

1 = Identification code
2 = Size/type codes
3 = Operational specifications

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IDENTIFICATION CODES OF CONTAINERS

ISO Marking Permissible Layouts

Or

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 IDENTIFICATION CODES OF CONTAINERS

Owner Code Examples

▪ MAEU : Maersk ▪ OCLU : Oriental Shipping

▪ APLU : American President Line ▪ GSTU : Genstar Leasing

▪ NOLU : Neptune Orient Line ▪ KNLU : P&O / Nedlloyd

▪ TRIU : Transamerica Leasing ▪ SEAU : Sealand

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 IDENTIFICATION CODES OF CONTAINERS
Owner Code Examples
No Owner’s Code Shipping Company Country
1 MAEU Maersk Shipping Line Denmark
2 CGMU ; CGTU CMA-CGM Shipping Line France
3 CCLU ; COSU China Shipping Line China
4 APZU ; APLU ; NOSU APL Shipping Line US
5 HLCU Hapag - Loy Shipping Line Germany
6 MOLU MOL Shipping Line Japan
7 NYKU NYK Shipping Line Japan
8 HJCU Hanjin Shipping Line Korea
9 WHLU Wanhai Shipping Line Taiwan
10 EMCU ; EISU Evergreen Shipping Line Taiwan
11 REGU RCL Shipping Line Taiwan
12 YMLU Yangming Shipping Line Taiwan
13 SITU SITC Shipping Line Thailand
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 CSC PLATE

CSC
Safety Approval
▪ The International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC) 1972 sets out rules, the aim of which is
to provide maximum guarantees for the safety of human life during handling, stacking and
transport of the container.

▪ This convention imposes on container owners a regular fixed-date examination of containers

(5 years after construction, then every 30 months) and whenever they undergo major repairs.

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 CSC PLATE

CSC

INSPECTION SOCIETIES

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 CSC PLATE

CSC

Approval for the international transport of goods under Customs seal may be granted
only to containers constructed and equipped in such a manner that:
1. No goods can be removed from, or introduced into, the sealed part of the container
without leaving visible traces of tampering or without breaking the Customs seal;
2. Customs seals can be simply and effectively affixed to them;
3. They contain no concealed spaces where goods may be hidden;
4. All spaces capable of holding goods are readily accessible for Customs inspection.

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 CSC PLATE

CSC
CUSTOMS CONVENTION ON CONTAINER (CCC) 1972

-Custom Seal Approval Number

-Manufacturer’s Number

-Timber Component Treatment

-Manufacturer
-Owner
CSC number
Container’s number
Max. Gross Weight

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 CSC PLATE

CSC
Safety Approval & Customs Approval

CUSTOMS CONVENTION ON CONTAINER

(CCC) 1972
CCC Whereby states agree to allow intermodal
container to be temporarily brought into
their states duty-and tax-free.

CSC are more commonly known are for

CSC intermodal shipping containers and used
to improve the entire supply chain.

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 CSC PLATE

CSC
Safety Approval & Customs Approval

Corner Posts: Allowable stacking weight

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 CSC PLATE

CSC Safety Approval & Customs Approval

Tare mass  2t
Payload  22t

FLOOR: Tare mass  ?t

REMEMBER !!! Payload  ?t

PAYLOAD MUST NOT BE EXCEEDED

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 CSC PLATE

CSC
Safety Approval & Customs Approval
FLOOR LOADING LIMITS
Line load = W tonnes ÷ L metres

FLOOR:
REMEMBER !!!

Line load limit = 4.5 t/m (20ft containers)

= 3.0 t/m (40ft containers)
Load Transfer Area
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 CSC PLATE

CSC
Safety Approval & Customs Approval

FLOOR:
REMEMBER !!!

Load Transfer Area Examples

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 CSC PLATE

CSC Roof Panels

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 CSC PLATE

CSC

“Old Way“ of sealing

Sealing
doorhandle
/ securacam

“New Way”” = “secure way” of sealing

Shipper seal Customs seal

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 TYPES OF CONTAINER
Most common used container

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 TYPES OF CONTAINER
Most common used container

General purpose Closed, vented or ventilated

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 TYPES OF CONTAINER
Most common used container

Dry-bulk Thermal (refrigerated/heated)

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 TYPES OF CONTAINER
Most common used container

Thermal (refrigerated/heated, with Open-topped

removable equipment) & Insulated
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 TYPES OF CONTAINER
Most common used container

Platform-based Tank

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 TYPES OF CONTAINER
Most common used container

Dry-bulk (hoppertype & pressurized) Air/surface

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 TYPES OF CONTAINER

Most common used container “BULK” in liner bags

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 TYPES OF CONTAINER
Most common used container

Iso type size group: 22BU 20ft Dedicated Bulk

Containers

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 TYPES OF CONTAINER
Most common used container
ISO Size Type Code: 8’6” High
22P3 - 22P8 - Flat Flat rack
• Designed for heavy loads and oversized cargo
• Numerous very strong lashing devices
• Bottomrail lashing devices of 2 000 kg up to5 000 kg each
• Stanchion pockets are available
• Collapsible flatracks have spring assisted end walls
• Collapsible flatracks interlocking twistlocks
• interlock 7 units into a 8ft6 pile Source: Hapag Lloyd

Headers are “flush”when folded

( Not always the case ! )
Attention: Maximum payload can only be used if the weight is distributed over the total floor area of the
flat rack.
Peak loads (must) should be avoided.
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 TYPES OF CONTAINER

Most common used container

20ft Container Flat - Flat rack - Platform

Flush when folded?

22P8 = flush folding 22P3 or 22P9

Any preferance?

22P1 fixed ends

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 TYPES OF CONTAINER
Most common used container

From The Group 22PC - 22P3 - Close View

22P1 fixed ends

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 TYPES OF CONTAINER

Most common used container

20ft Container Flat - Flat rack - Platform

22P1 fixed ends

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 TYPES OF CONTAINER

Most common used container

ISO Size Type Code: according to Flat Series

• Especially for heavy loads and oversized cargo; OH/OW/OL

• Strong bottom construction
• 40ft has gooseneck tunnel on both ends 22P8 = Flush folding
• Numerous very strong lashing devices
• Interlocking possible max 4 40ft units combined stays within 2 591 mm (8ft6)
• Static load up to 85 000 kg as a 40’foundation base

42P8 = Flush folding

Source: Hapag Lloyd
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 TYPES OF CONTAINER

Most common used container

Flat-racks Used As Platforms On Board A Container Vessel

Or as Artificial Tween
Deck (ATD)

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 TYPES OF CONTAINER

Most common used container

40 ft Flatracks: ISO 42PC

9ft6 & Bundle

8ft6
42P1 = flat fixed ends

42P9
& 42P8

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 TYPES OF CONTAINER
Most common used container
Innovation – Superracks/ Adjustable corner Posts

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 TYPES OF CONTAINER

Most common used container

Open Top Containers ISO Size/Type: 22U1 or 42U1

Especially for:
• Overheight cargo
• Loading from the top side by e.g. crane
• Loading from door side by e.g. overhead crane
• Removeable tarpaulin
G

Why is “G”the most important dimension?

Source: Hapag Lloyd
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 TYPES OF CONTAINER

Most common used container

8ft6 20ft Open Top Containers – ISO: 22U1

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 TYPES OF CONTAINER

Most common used container

Open Top Containers ISO Size/Type: 42U1

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 TYPES OF CONTAINER

Most common used container

Open Side Container

▪ Special container which is open at the sides
▪ Useful for cargo which should be loaded and unloaded from the side, e.g.
paper rolls.

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 TYPES OF CONTAINER

Most common used container

Tank Container

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 TYPES OF CONTAINER
Most common used container
Tank Container - Grounding

Grounding Point

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 TYPES OF CONTAINER
Most common used container
Tank Container – Securely Sealed
Butterfly valve and dust cap
Man lid sealed

Airline valve sealed

Valve box door sealed TIR cap sealed

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CHAPTER 3: INFRASTRUCTURE & FACILITIES

93
 CONTENTS

Contents:
▪ The importance of container terminal
▪ Marine Transport Infrastructure
o Ports, Terminal, ICD, Hub
o Container terminal facilities
o Vessel (Feeder/mother vessel,…)

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 THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTAINER TERMINAL

Container Terminal Depot

▪ CONTAINER TERMINAL: A loading/discharge location

for container to/from the ship, train, truck. In order to
handle container, terminal needs to have some special
facilities to lift on/lift off container safely

▪ CONTAINER DEPOT: The Storage area for empty

shipping containers is called a Container Depot.
Commonly used term in Import/Export in operations is
ICD which means Inland Container Depot situated at
inland points away from sea ports.

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 THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTAINER TERMINAL

Container Terminal Activities

CONTAINER CONTAINER CONTAINER

ARRIVAL STORAGE DEPARTURE

RECEIPT STORAGE LOADING

SEA
OUTBOUND

DISCHARGE STORAGE DISPATCH

INLAND
INBOUND

96
 MARINE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
Port

A port is usually an area or platform entered into from the sea, by vessels, boats,
ships, which also allows for protected staging and anchoring or docking for these
ships to load and unload consignments and continue up towards its destination.

97
 MARINE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Terminal
A terminal is a part of a port. Typically, a port refers to the location in general where
vessels berth and conduct some activity. A terminal refers to the part of a port
dedicated to a certain type of activity, such as containers or bulks

98
 MARINE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
ICD

ICD means Inland Container Depot situated at inland points away from sea ports. ICD is a term used
in India in the field of Imports and Export of sea shipments. ICD is formed to help importers and
exporters to handle their shipments near their place of location.

99
 MARINE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
Hub

A transport hub (also transport interchange) is a place where passengers and cargo
are exchanged between vehicles or/and between transport modes.

100
 MARINE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
Container terminal facilities

✓ Rail mounted Quay Gantry Crane

▪ Rubber Tired Gantry Crane
▪ Straddle Carrier
▪ Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV)
▪ Auto Stacking Crane (ASC)
▪ Front Loader
▪ Spreader

101
 MARINE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Container terminal facilities

▪ Rail mounted Quay Gantry Crane

✓ Rubber Tired Gantry Crane
▪ Straddle Carrier
▪ Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV)
▪ Auto Stacking Crane (ASC)
▪ Front Loader
▪ Spreader

102
 MARINE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Container terminal facilities

▪ Rail mounted Quay Gantry Crane

▪ Rubber Tired Gantry Crane
✓ Straddle Carrier
▪ Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV)
▪ Auto Stacking Crane (ASC)
▪ Front Loader
▪ Spreader

103
 MARINE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Container terminal facilities

▪ Rail mounted Quay Gantry Crane

▪ Rubber Tired Gantry Crane
▪ Straddle Carrier
✓ Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV)
▪ Auto Stacking Crane (ASC)
▪ Front Loader
▪ Spreader

104
 MARINE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Container terminal facilities

▪ Rail mounted Quay Gantry Crane

▪ Rubber Tired Gantry Crane
▪ Straddle Carrier
▪ Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV)
✓ Auto Stacking Crane (ASC)
▪ Front Loader
▪ Spreader

105
 MARINE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Container terminal facilities

▪ Rail mounted Quay Gantry Crane

▪ Rubber Tired Gantry Crane
▪ Straddle Carrier
▪ Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV)
▪ Auto Stacking Crane (ASC)
✓ Front Loader
▪ Spreader

Empty container handler

(Side-lift spreader, double stacking)
106
 MARINE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Container terminal facilities

▪ Rail mounted Quay Gantry Crane

▪ Rubber Tired Gantry Crane
▪ Straddle Carrier
▪ Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV)
▪ Auto Stacking Crane (ASC)
✓ Front Loader (reach stacker)
▪ Spreader

Curved telescopic boom reach stacker

107
 MARINE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Container terminal facilities

▪ Rail mounted Quay Gantry Crane

▪ Rubber Tired Gantry Crane
▪ Straddle Carrier
▪ Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV)
▪ Auto Stacking Crane (ASC)
▪ Front Loader
✓ Spreader

108
 MARINE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
Container terminal facilities

Source: transportgeography.org
109
 MARINE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Vessel (Feeder/mother vessel,…)

Content Feeder vessel Mother vessel

Size Smaller Bigger
Average capacity of a feeder Average capacity of a Mother
Capacity vessel is 300 to 500 TEUs (20’ vessel is 10000 TEUs
containers)
Characteristics Feeder vessel serves short Mother vessels only serve
distance, either between between major big ports. Mother
smaller ports, or between vessel calls only main ports. The
smaller ports and major ports. mother vessel covers large
distance compared to feeder
vessel.

110
CHAPTER 4: CONTAINER STUFFING & UNSTUFFING
(LOADING TYPE)

111
 CONTENTS

Contents:
▪ Introduction to CTU Code
▪ Overview of container stuffing
▪ Loading types (CFS/CFS, CFS/CY, CY/CY, CY/CFS)
▪ Container stuffing problems
▪ Stuffing Procedures: Stuffing, Stowage, Securing, Stuffing,…

112
 INTRODUCTION TO CTU CODE

Risk from Badly Packed Container

1. Vehicle drivers

2. Rail workers

3. Ships crew

4. Port workers

5. Unpackers

113
 INTRODUCTION TO CTU CODE

CTU CODE (Container Terrorist Unit Code)

▪ IMO/ILO/UNECE Code of Practice for Packing of

Cargo Transport Units (CTU Code) 2014 Edition

▪ CTU including 13 chapters and 10 annexs

114
 INTRODUCTION TO CTU CODE

Content table
• Chapter 1. Introduction • Annex 1. Information flow

• Chapter 2. Definitions • Annex 2. Safe handling of CTUs

• Chapter 3. Key requirements • Annex 3. Prevention of condensation damages
• Chapter 4. Chains of responsibility and information • Annex 4. Approval plates
• Chapter 5. General transport conditions • Annex 5. Receiving CTUs
• Chapter 6. CTU properties • Annex 6. Minimizing the risk of recontamination
• Chapter 7. CTU suitability • Annex 7. Packing and securing cargo into CTUs
• Chapter 8. Arrival, checking and positioning of CTUs • Annex 8. Access to tank and bulk tops, working at
• Chapter 9. Packing cargo into CTUs height
• Chapter 10. Additional advice on the packing of dangerous • Annex 9. Fumigation
goods
• Annex 10. Topics for consideration in a training
• Chapter 11. On completion of packing programme
• Chapter 12. Advice on receipt and unpacking of CTUs
• Chapter 13. Training in packing of CTUs
115
 OVERVIEW OF CONTAINER STUFFING

▪ “Packing” has become a commonly used term for the loading of cargo into freight containers. The
International Maritime Organization refers to that operation as “packing.”
▪ Container packing plays the vital roles to help minimise cargo damage and reduce risks. The
objectives are safe shipment of cargoes and delivery of the cargo in complete, clean and
undamaged condition.

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 OVERVIEW OF CONTAINER STUFFING
Function Of Stuffing
➢ Protect the cargo

➢ Enable cargo to be stacked

➢ Enable cargo to be lifted, moved and secured

➢ Possibility provide information on cargo characteristics and handling

117
 LOADING TYPES (CFS/CFS, CFS/CY, CY/CY, CY/CFS)

CFS/CFS
EXPORT IMPORT

Cnee1
Shipper1

WH WH
Cnee2
Shipper2 CY CY

Cnee3
Shipper3
Origin charges Freight Destination charges

118
 LOADING TYPES (CFS/CFS, CFS/CY, CY/CY, CY/CFS)

CFS/CY

Shipper1

WH
Shipper2 CY CY Cnee

Shipper3

Origin charges Freight Destination charges

119
 LOADING TYPES (CFS/CFS, CFS/CY, CY/CY, CY/CFS)

CY/CY

EXPORT IMPORT
Cnee1

CY CY

Shipper Cnee

Origin charges Freight Destination charges

120
 LOADING TYPES (CFS/CFS, CFS/CY, CY/CY, CY/CFS)

CY/CFS

EXPORT IMPORT

Cnee1

WH
Shipper CY CY Cnee2

Cnee3

Origin charges Freight Destination charges

121
 CONTAINER STUFFING PROBLEMS

Damage During Stuffing / Unstuffing

122
 CONTAINER STUFFING PROBLEMS

Damage During Stuffing / Unstuffing

123
 CONTAINER STUFFING PROBLEMS

During Loading/ Unloading

124
 CONTAINER STUFFING PROBLEMS

Container Stuffing Problems, During Loading/ Unloading

125
 CONTAINER STUFFING PROBLEMS

Container Stuffing Problems, During Transport

1. ‘Surge’ 2. ‘Sway’ 3. ‘Heave’

4. ‘Surge’ 5. ‘Heave’ 6

126
 CONTAINER STUFFING PROBLEMS

Stresses During Transport

Potential acceleration during RAIL transport

127
 CONTAINER STUFFING PROBLEMS

Stresses During Transport

Up to 0,6 g

Potential acceleration during RAIL transport

128
 CONTAINER STUFFING PROBLEMS

Container Stuffing Problems, During Transport

1. ‘Heave’ 2. ‘Surge’ 3. ‘Sway’

4. ‘Roll’ 5. ‘Pitch’ 6. ‘Yaw’

129
 CONTAINER STUFFING PROBLEMS

Stresses During Transport

Potential acceleration during SEA transport

130
 CONTAINER STUFFING PROBLEMS
Stresses During Transport

Deformation and hull girder

131
 CONTAINER STUFFING PROBLEMS

Container Stuffing Problems, Stresses Effect On Insecure Cargo

1. Chafing
2. Spilling
3. Crushing

132
 CONTAINER STUFFING PROBLEMS

Container Stuffing Problems, Stresses Effect On Insecure Cargo

133
 CONTAINER STUFFING PROBLEMS

Container Stuffing Problems

1. Damage during stuffing / unstuffing

2. Uneven container loading

3. Insecure packing

4. Container Incompatibility

5. Administrative error

134
 CONTAINER STUFFING PROBLEMS

Container Stuffing Problems, Container Incompatibility

1. Poor container condition

2. Rusty contaminated container

3. Sweating cargo in dry box

4. Constant temperature cargo in dry box

5. Unsuitable stowage position

135
 STUFFING PROCEDURES: LOADING, STOWAGE, SECURING, UNSTUFFING

Golden Rules

• Do NOT stack heavy over light

• Do NOT stack liquids over solids
• Do NOT put flimsy packages under othere
• Do NOT stack higher than packaging can stand
• Build auxiliary decks or platforms
• Select best stacking pattern
• Palletize loose cargo

136
 STUFFING PROCEDURES: LOADING, STOWAGE, SECURING, UNSTUFFING

Golden Rules

• Do NOT pack wet with moisture-sensitive

• Do NOT pack strong-smelling with delicates
• Do NOT pack poisons with food
• Do NOT pack powdery with dust-sensitive
• Do NOT mix quarantined/fumigated with others
• Do NOT mix incompatible packaging types

137
 STUFFING PROCEDURES: LOADING, STOWAGE, SECURING, UNSTUFFING

Golden Rules
• Dusty goods with dust-sensitive cargo
• Odour-emitting with odour-sensitive cargo
• Moisture-emitting goods or packaging with moisture-
sensitive cargo or packaging
• Items with protruding parts (e.g. sharp corners, edges)
with goods in comparatively soft and sensitive packaging
(e.g. sacks or bales)
• Moist goods with dry goods
• Heavy packages should not be stacked on top of light
packages

138
 STUFFING PROCEDURES: LOADING, STOWAGE, SECURING, UNSTUFFING
Golden Rules
Heavy on light Hard and soft

Wet and dry

Dusty, smelly,staining with
delicates,food etc

139
 STUFFING PROCEDURES: LOADING, STOWAGE, SECURING, UNSTUFFING

Container
Loading

140
 STUFFING PROCEDURES: LOADING, STOWAGE, SECURING, UNSTUFFING

Stowage Plan

141
 STUFFING PROCEDURES: LOADING, STOWAGE, SECURING, UNSTUFFING

Securing

142
 STUFFING PROCEDURES: LOADING, STOWAGE, SECURING, UNSTUFFING

Securing
➢ Tight Stow

The crates are chocked against the side walls with large bearing areas, on the
left with dunnage, on the right with air bags

143
 STUFFING PROCEDURES: LOADING, STOWAGE, SECURING, UNSTUFFING

Securing

➢ Tight Stow

144
 STUFFING PROCEDURES: LOADING, STOWAGE, SECURING, UNSTUFFING

Securing

Cargo is secured against movement lengthwise with a wooden beam, which is wedged in the
groove on the corner post. The space up to the cargo is filled up with other wooden beams
145
 STUFFING PROCEDURES: LOADING, STOWAGE, SECURING, UNSTUFFING

Securing

146
 STUFFING PROCEDURES: LOADING, STOWAGE, SECURING, UNSTUFFING

Securing

➢ Tight Stow
Requires:
• Uniform, regular packages
• Dimensions fit neatly
• One type of cargo
• Packaging sufficiently strong

147
 STUFFING PROCEDURES: LOADING, STOWAGE, SECURING, UNSTUFFING

Securing

148
STUFFING PROCEDURES: LOADING, STOWAGE, SECURING, UNSTUFFING

149
CHAPTER 5: CONTAINER STUFFING & UNSTUFFING
(LOADING SEQUENCE)

150
 CONTENTS

Contents:
▪ Container selection and inspection
▪ Stuffing Plan (Plan to load cargo into container)
▪ Stuffing techniques: Stuffing goods with different
types of packages
▪ VGM requirement
▪ General securing
o Types of seal
o Carrier seal
o Customs seal
o ISO standard
▪ Unstuffing

151
 CONTAINER SELECTION AND INSPECTION

Container Selection

Before drawing up a stowage plan, a suitable container has to be selected, taking

into consideration the following factors:
▪ Load limit and permitted weight distribution of container.
▪ Weight restrictions for inland transport in country of sender and recipient.
▪ Recipient’s possibilities for unloading cargo from container
A stowage plan can be drawn up in various ways. Stowage software can be used for
providing a scale drawing with various views or carrying out an actual pre-stowage
on a free area with recorded container dimensions.

152
 CONTAINER SELECTION AND INSPECTION

Container Selection

➢ Cargo Type

➢ Cargo dimensions

➢ Cargo weight

➢ Cargo volume

➢ Transport route

153
 CONTAINER SELECTION AND INSPECTION

Container Selection

154
 CONTAINER SELECTION AND INSPECTION

Container Selection

155
 CONTAINER SELECTION AND INSPECTION

Container Inspection

• Comprehensive container inspection => accurately assessing the technical

features and capacity of containers.
• Container inspection should be carried out before stuffing cargoes in to container,
• Thorough inspection both inside and outside the container.
• The container does not meet the specified technical standards should be
exchanged or refused

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 CONTAINER SELECTION AND INSPECTION

Container Inspection
➢ Container inspection task includes:
 Check technical and sanitary condition of the container: to ensure it is suitable for the type of
cargo transported, safe for goods and does not cause any problem during transport of goods
 Check container particulars (outside container or on CSC plate) :
- Maximum Gross Weight
- Maximum Payload /Net weight.
- Container Internal Capacity
- Cargo Density (for homogeneous dry cargo)
(Compare with cargo stowage factor Uh=> utilize container capacity)

W
M
157
 CONTAINER SELECTION AND INSPECTION

7 check points follow CTPAT Standard

Follow customer instruction in SOP.
If no specific instruction, then below are EI 7 check points per C-TPAT:

158
 CONTAINER SELECTION AND INSPECTION

EIR

• A document required when transferring a

cargo container from one vessel to another,
or to a shipping terminal.

• The receipt includes the container number,

vessel/voyage code, stacking position and
stowage position.

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 STUFFING PLAN

Stuffing Plan For Containers

➢ Container Load Plan is the plan to load cargo into container following a required loading sequence.
➢ Container loading plan is done based on Customer’s instruction on SOP.
➢ Warehouse team based on CLP to load cargo into container.

160
 STUFFING PLAN

Stuffing Plan For Containers

➢ Preventing the phenomenon cargo become hot and wet:

• Normally the goods are sealed in containers so it is impossible to check the temperature and humidity
inside.
• When the outside temperature rises but the heat inside the container is lower than the dew point of
the air, the excess steam will turn into drops => wet
• Wet also happens to cargo inside container if its temperature is lower than that outside
• Besides, packaging types, wooden dunnage material easy make the air inside the container quickly
reach dew point.
 Main method is to keep low-humidity inside a container, which reduces the effect of outside
temperature fluctuations, making ventilation possible under favorable conditions.
 Other possible methods: anti –moisture machine; cover goods by water-proof material …

161
 STUFFING PLAN

Stuffing Plan For Containers

➢ To prevent risk / damage to containers and the goods inside during transport due to violent
acceleration and deceleration forces.

➢ Goods packed inside containers are fully secured against movement:

• To avoid damage to the contents
• Protect personel when it is opend for discharge
• Each type of commodity requires different stowage consideration and securing methods
• Container leasing companies: advise shipper how to stow their goods safely and securely
• Some large companies have special department for this function
• Majority are amenable to lease containers to a shipper without any information or stowage advice
→ It’s essential that the container is packed properly

162
 STUFFING PLAN

Stuffing Plan For Containers

➢ Origination Of
Sequence

163
 STUFFING PLAN

Stuffing Plan For Containers

164
 STUFFING PLAN

Stuffing Plan For Containers

The following are general recommendations to be taken into account during container
packing/unpacking in addition to the more specific observations above:

DO DON’T

▪ Subject to booking request, select the most ▪ Do not load by weight above the payload
suitable container type to accommodate the limits of the container;
cargo; ▪ Do not load by weight above the road
▪ Prepare a pre stow plan before commencing regulations applicable on the transit;
packing so that weight/cubic considerations are ▪ Do not stow heavy goods on top of light
covered and point loading limits are observed; goods

165
 STUFFING PLAN

Stuffing Plan For Containers

DO
▪ Distribute the weight of the cargo evenly over the floor of the container. Never stow
heavy items in one section and light volumes in another;
▪ Stow and secure all cargo tightly;
▪ Observe all the handling instructions on cargo such as “Do not drop”, “This side up”;
▪ Stow goods with sharp corners separate from other softer merchandise. Use dividers and
separating material as appropriate;
▪ Where possible with mixed loads, place packages containing liquid cargo on the bottom
tiers with dry on top;

166
 STUFFING PLAN

Container loadability for flat pack cargo

Flat pack container storage units are designed to for flexibility, durability,
easy to erect and dismantle ideal for secure storage especially if it needs
to be man portable. These secure anti vandal units are constructed to be
sited in locations with limited access or space without the need for heavy
equipment.

167
 STUFFING PLAN

Correct loading way for flat pack cargo

168
 STUFFING TECHNIQUES: STUFFING GOODS WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF PACKAGES

Drums and Barrels Cargo

Drums and barrels

• Drum is often used to contain liquids, it

is easy to roll. when packing, it is
unavoidable having space porosity

• Carefully observe and vertically direct

the drum mouth to avoid liquids
leakage.

169
 STUFFING TECHNIQUES: STUFFING GOODS WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF PACKAGES

Palletized Cargo

• Size of the pallet must match the size of the

container. It makes it easier to put cargo into the
container. The pallet also be taken carefully with
plastic wire or iron belt.
• When stuffing cargo into the container, there
must be twenty-centimeter space away from the
wall to prevent the impact.

Palletized Cargo Handling and Stowage

170
 STUFFING TECHNIQUES: STUFFING GOODS WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF PACKAGES

Out Of Gauge Cargo

• Size of cargo must be checked to calculate Oversized cargoes
container carrying capacity.
• Flat container type is often used. Condition
when stuffing cargo into this type of
container: size of cargo must not exceed 1
foot (0.3048m) the size of container
• Due to cell guide structure inside ship’s hold,
OOG which more than 8’6’’ (2.5m) over-
height or 150mm must be loaded on deck.
• Oversized Load Cargo must be tied in a fixed
position

171
 STUFFING TECHNIQUES: STUFFING GOODS WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF PACKAGES

Live Animal

• Complexity: requires careful care to ensure the health and life of animals including types of
cattle (buffaloes, cows, chickens, ducks ...) or wild animals (elephants, bears ...) . Therefore,
the container carrying animals must meet the requirements of hygiene and prevention of
diseases, arrange appropriate location on the deck to avoid the direct impact of turbulent
weather.

• Animals which are subject to examination for epidemic prevention, so they must comply
with all regulations on vaccination, cleaning of breeding facilities, hygiene and eating,
sending escorts or veterinarians to follow.

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 STUFFING TECHNIQUES: STUFFING GOODS WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF PACKAGES

Perishable Goods
• Except for fresh fruits and vegetables with short-distance transport and within a short period
of time, the majority of other perishable goods and vulnerable items are carried by
Reefer container; under a low temperature and fully maintained during transporting.
• Depending on the requirements of temperature, Perishable goods are classified into three
categories, each suitable for a specific temperature:
❖ Frozen: the temperature requirement in containers maintained at frozen temperatures
of -60c or lower includes types such as fish, shrimp ...
❖ Cold Treatment: required to be preserved at the temperature from -10c to + 50c such as
some kinds of egg, fruit ...
❖ Controlled Atmosphere: requires preservation at the temperature from 50c to 160c
such as fresh vegetables, some pharmaceuticals, films ... enough to inhibit the process of
ripening or damage.

173
 STUFFING TECHNIQUES: STUFFING GOODS WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF PACKAGES

Perishable Goods
• The temperature source of the container may be caused by the refrigeration attached to the container
or by the outside of the pipeline. Measures applied for Perishable goods transport include:
❖ Carefully checking the conditions of containers before loading: clean, dry, odorless, temperature to
meet requirements
❖ If conditions permit, choose the time of stuffing in the morning or afternoon with cool climate
❖ When the stack does not cover the pipe, seal the cool air circulation in the container (do not
exceed the red line specified)
❖ The dunnage materials must be clean, dry and prepared for coldness
❖ When finished stuffing, check that the required temperature is reached, then close the vents to
maintain the temperature
❖ When transporting fresh fruits and vegetables that require air exchange (breathing plants), it is
necessary to ventilate the correct technique to increase oxygen and exhaust CO2.
❖ Avoid placing different types of goods with different refrigerated temperature requirements in the
same container

174
 STUFFING TECHNIQUES: STUFFING GOODS WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF PACKAGES

Mixed-Goods

• When you have to arrange many types of goods in the same container (in case of LCL)
the following points should be noted:
❖ Review, check the nature, characteristics, forms and appropriated packaging which
are, whether or not suitable for mixed-stuffing
❖ It is necessary to avoid: loading dry goods with liquid, goods that smell against each
other such as tea and cigarettes, coffee, fishpowder ... dangerous goods must be
separated or lactated away from foods such as Canxi cacbua, fishpowder, flour ...
• Under the condition of allowing mixed-goods, additional separation measures are
required, preventing direct contact to ensure cargo safety.

175
 STUFFING TECHNIQUES: STUFFING GOODS WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF PACKAGES

Garment on Hanger (GOH)

1. The inside of the container is lined in order to keep the cargo clean.. Notice the iron railings
on the side panels of the container extending the length of the container..

176
 STUFFING TECHNIQUES: STUFFING GOODS WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF PACKAGES

Garment on Hanger (GOH)

2. The interior of the container in a fully covered state.

177
 STUFFING TECHNIQUES: STUFFING GOODS WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF PACKAGES

Garment on Hanger (GOH)

3. Fitting the cross beams between the two railings that extend the length of the container

178
 STUFFING TECHNIQUES: STUFFING GOODS WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF PACKAGES

Garment on Hanger (GOH)

4. Knotted strings being tied to the cross beams which will be used to hang the garments

179
 STUFFING TECHNIQUES: STUFFING GOODS WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF PACKAGES

Garment on Hanger (GOH)

5. The interior of the container with all the lining done, the cross beams fitted on the railings, the
knotted strings fitted onto the cross beams – all ready to hang the garments – spic and span

180
 STUFFING TECHNIQUES: STUFFING GOODS WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF PACKAGES

Garment on Hanger (GOH)

6. View of the container after the garments have been hung up to the maximum limit and an
outer lining to further protect the cargo from dirt, dust during transit.

181
 STUFFING TECHNIQUES: STUFFING GOODS WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF PACKAGES

Garment on Hanger (GOH)

7. Below is another type of GOH container being packed and here you can see that there are
two bars for hanging garments, one below the other.

182
 STUFFING TECHNIQUES: STUFFING GOODS WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF PACKAGES

Garment on Hanger (GOH)

8. View of the container with double bars after it has been packed fully

183
 VGM REQUIREMENT

VGM
Requirement:

• International Maritime Organization (IMO) has made amendments to the Safety of Life at Sea
(SOLAS) convention requiring Verified Gross Mass (VGM), effective July 1, 2016.
• If forwarder is the shipper, forwarder must provide the verified gross mass (VGM) to the
carrier.
• “No VGM, No loading.”

184
 GENERAL SECURING

International Handling And Packing Symbols

185
 GENERAL SECURING

International Handling And Packing Symbols

186
 GENERAL SECURING

Types of seal

Standard Cargo Bolt Seal Flexible Bolt Seal Primium Snap Bolt Seal Klicker Bolt Seal

Heavy Duty Bolt Seal Flat Metal Seal Global Metal Seal
187
 GENERAL SECURING

ISO standard
Size
• ISO (international Standards Organization) standards
set in late 1960s
• Standardized length took some time
• Pan-Atlantic used 33ft. and then 35 ft.
• Matson used 24 ft.
Length
• Standard length set at 10, 20, 30, and 40 ft.
• 10 proved to small and few 30 were built
• 20 and 40 as the most popular and universally
common
• Longer units of 45ft., 48ft. (14.63 m) and 53ft.
(16.15 m) in use

Additional support points at the 40 ft. position so that

they can be stowed over a standard 40ft. container

188
 GENERAL SECURING

ISO standard

ISO 17712 requires that all security seals have the following general features:
• Security seals must be unique, difficult to imitate and be marked with the
corresponding information.
• The design should be easy to inspect and to determine whether it is being used
properly or its application is defective. No room must be left for doubt.
• Security bolt seals must be at least 18 millimetres in diameter.
• They are single use devices: by removing them, the seals must be destroyed and
become unusable. They have to show clear proof in case of inviolability.
• They must meet the thresholds of strength specified by the standard and pass all
the tests to which they are submitted at the accredited bodies.

189
 UNSTUFFING

Preparing Stripping

1. Position and secure the container

2. Check container external condition

3. Inspect and remove the door seal

4. Carefully open and secure the door

5. Inspect the container contents

6. Retrieve the container packing list

190
 UNSTUFFING

Prior Of Stripping

The following should be checked prior to unpacking.

▪ Security: Seal is intact and has not been tampered with. The number
must be compared with the accompanying documents for possible
future reference;
▪ External condition of the container: Any damage that may have
affected the content should be duly noted;
▪ Placards and Markings: Before opening the doors due regard should be
taken of any placards and markings such as Dangerous Goods Labels or
contents shipped in bulk;
▪ Doors: The doors should be opened cautiously.

191
 UNSTUFFING

Unstuffing

1. Use handling equipment, but 7. Take damaged packages to the

correctly appropriate holding area

2. If stripping by hand, follow all 8. Remove separating dunnage

appropriate precautions carefully

3. Strip in sequence and tally 9. Attach a pile tag to each stored

consignment
4. Sort and reassemble the
consignment at the door

5. Palletize small loose items

6. Check each package for condition

and identity

192
CHAPTER 6: PRICING AND QUOTATION

193
 CONTENTS

Contents:

▪ Pricing
▪ Quotation
▪ Service Contract

194
 PRICING

No. Related cost

1 THC (Terminal Handling Charge)
2 D/O (Delivery Order fee)
3 AMS (Advanced Manifest System fee)
4 B/L (Bill of Lading fee), AWB (Airway Bill fee)
5 DO (Documentation fee)
6 CFS (Container Freight Station fee)
7 Amendment fee
8 BAF (Bunker Adjustment Factor), EBS
9 PSS (Peak Season Surcharge)
10 Cleaning Container fee
11 …

195
 PRICING

Surcharge/Local Charge

TYPICAL LOCAL CHARGES IN VIETNAM

Outbound local charges

***Applied by COSCO CONTAINER LINES

196
 PRICING

Surcharge/Local Charge
TYPICAL LOCAL CHARGES IN VIETNAM
Inbound local charges Currency: VND

Charges 20' (GP/RF) 40' (GP/HQ) 20'RF 40’RF Remarks

1,800,000 2,770,000
THC 1,800,000 2,770,000

D/O 660,000 per B/L

Depend on
100,000 – 200,000 –
Cleaning fee 300,000 500,000 the kind of
300,000 500,000
cargo

***Applied by COSCO CONTAINER LINES

197
 PRICING

Surcharge/Local Charge

HOW TO CALCULATE LCL SHIPMENTS?

▪ The LCL freight is calculated on the volume of 1 CBM or weight of 1 ton (1000kgs) which
ever is higher
▪ Ex: the volume of cargo is 2.3 X 1.4 X 2.00 = 6.44 CBM. If freight forwarder quote a rate of
USD 10.00 per CBM, the rate will be 6.44 CBM X USD 10.00 per CBM = USD 64.40.
▪ If the weight of the said package is 7 tons (7000kgs), the freight on LCL is calculated on the
basis of weight. That is, 7 tons X USD 10.00 = USD 70.00. So, weight of 1 ton (1000kgs) is
treated as 1cbm.

198
 QUOTATION

Most freight rates are based on weight or volume which ever is the greater of the two.
Example: a parcel weights
1 metric ton the dimensions are 2 cubic metres, the freight rate would be based on
the greater namely: 2 cubic metres

199
QUOTATION

Example of a freight rate quoted by a shipping line for

break bulk and or groupage cargo, quoted per freight
ton:

Freight rate quoted by shipping line:

USD 110.00 per weight or measure (freight ton)

Weight of consignment = 2 metric ton

Dimensions Length 2.5M X Width 1M X Height X 2 M = 5
cubic metres using the greater of the two amounts:

5 cubic metres X USD 110.00 = USD 550.00 freight rate

payable

200
 QUOTATION

Sea freight containerisation quoted

per container (6 or 12 metre)

Container/Sea Freight is quoted: per

container (FAK) = freight all kinds
regardless of contents

Example: USD 1000.00 for a 6 metre

(20ft) container regardless of the
weight, volume or contents.

201
SERVICE CONTRACT

Container shall mean any ISO standard

container, flat rack, transportable tank and/or
other items of transportable equipment in
conformity with ISO standards.

202
CHAPTER 7: CONTAINER PHYSICAL FLOW AND DOCUMENTATION

203
 CONTENTS

Contents:
▪ Container physical low
o Pick-up place
o Drop-off place
o Laden container
▪ Container transport document
o Booking Confirmation
o Shipping Instruction
o Bill of Lading
o Arrival Notice
o Delivery Order
▪ Container administration
o Container Tracking
204
 CONTAINER PHYSICAL FLOW

Container physical flow

205
 CONTAINER TRANSPORT DOCUMENT

Booking Confirmation

▪ The booking confirmation is the document

issued by the freight forwarder confirming all
details of the booking you have made, except
for the actual cost of the transportation.

▪ The booking confirmation is used as

documentation for the booking and for sharing
between shipper, consignee and other
relevant parties as easy reference of the
booking details.

206
 CONTAINER TRANSPORT DOCUMENT

Shipping Instruction

▪ A shipping instruction (SI) is a document, provided

by a customer to the carrier, containing details of
the cargo to be shipped and the requirements for
its physical transportation.

207
 CONTAINER TRANSPORT DOCUMENT

Shipping Instruction

▪ The SI contains basic information such as:

• Booking number or B/L number • Cargo description
• B/L parties including shipper, consignee, and • Quantity
notify party • Weight and measurement
• Vessel or voyage or both • B/L type
• Service agreement
• Place of receipt • Payment terms (prepaid or collect)
• Port of loading • House bill of lading (HBL) number
• Port of discharge and information
• Final destination
• Container number
• Seal number
• Shipping mark
208
 CONTAINER TRANSPORT DOCUMENT

What Is B/L?

▪ Bill of lading (B/L) is a document issued by sea carrier of goods on receipt of cargo to him
from the shipper. Bill of lading is issued to shipper after completion of export customs
clearance procedures at load port customs location of the country.

▪ After completion of export customs formalities, shipper hands over cargo to sea shipping
carrier or his agent. As proof of receipt of goods, sea carrier or his agent issues a
document which is called bill of lading. Bill of lading is generally issued in triplicate with
non negotiable copies.

209
 CONTAINER TRANSPORT DOCUMENT

What Is B/L?
• The Bill of Lading is usually made
out in “sets” and the number of
originals prepared depends on
both the practice of the trade and
the wishes of the shipper and other
parties involved in the transaction.
Shippers usually require three (3)
original Bills of Lading. The number
of originals must be inserted in the
appropriate section on the face of
the Bill of Lading; “no of original
B(s)/L”.
• At least one of the originals must
be fully endorsed when presented
by the consignees to obtain
delivery of the goods at destination
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Arrival Notice

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 CONTAINER TRANSPORT DOCUMENT

Arrival Notice

▪ Arrival Notice (also called Notice of Arrival), in respect

of International Cargo Transportation by sea, is an
international shipping document issued by ocean
freight carriers agents to consignees (recipients of
internationally shipped goods) and to their notify
parties, if any) to inform about cargo arriving at
destinations.

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Delivery Order

▪ A Delivery Order is a document issued

by the carrier, in exchange for
• One or all duly endorsed Original
Bill(s) of Lading or duly authorised
and issued Bank Guarantee
• A Telex Release confirmation from
the loading port or principal
confirming surrender of one or all
Original bills of lading issued for the
shipment
• A copy of a Sea waybill issued
• releasing the cargo to the legal
consignee mentioned in the bill of
lading..

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Container Tracking
A container Tracking System allows you to
know where your sea cargo is in the world
and gives you the port details. You can
track anytime the current location of the
container.
To track a container location you need to
specify:
• The container number
• Bill of lading
• Booking number
• The shipping line

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Types of tracking system

Container Tracking
✓ The Standard Container Tracking System will
record the movements of the container
journey as the container passes through key
points such as ports.

✓ The GPS Container Tracking System will show

where the container is in real time, anywhere
in the world, as well as, critical container
data as temperature and tamper reports. The
GPS Tracking System has a battery pack
installed permanently on the container. The
system shows time, temperature, speed,
latitude, longitude, shock reports and battery
information.

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 THE END MODULE II
MARITIME CONTAINERS

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