Faculty of Engineering

Electrical Engineering Department

Computer and Control
Third Year
Second Semester

Electrical Machines
Experiment NO.4

Load Test of a Single-phase Transformer

Supervisor :
Eng. Ali al- Al Uqahbi

Prepared by :
Mutasim makin alkamil
AC: 202270192

Sana’a .2024
 Contents


Abstract: ..................................................... 0

Introduction: ............................................... 0

Objectives: ................................................. 1

Experiment tools ........................................ 2

Procedures................................................. 2

CONNECTION DIAGRAM ......................... 3

Results ....................................................... 3

Calculation ................................................. 4

Graphs: ...................................................... 5

conclusion .................................................. 6

Discussion:................................................. 7
  Abstract:

This experiment investigated the load characteristics of a [110/220v single

phase Transformer ] under varying resistive load conditions, with a
particular focus on determining its efficiency and voltage regulation at full
and no-load. Measurements of primary and secondary voltages, currents,
and apparent power were conducted at different load levels. By analyzing
the data and performing relevant calculations, the experiment evaluated
the transformer's impedance, power losses, efficiency, and voltage
regulation across the load range. The results revealed [general trend in
efficiency and voltage regulation as load increases] and confirmed [, e.g.,
efficiency decrease with load, impact of no-load losses on overall
efficiency]. This experiment highlights the importance of considering load
conditions when selecting and operating transformers, as it directly
impacts their efficiency and voltage regulation, which are crucial for
power system stability and performance.

 Introduction:

Transformers are ubiquitous components in power systems,

enabling efficient voltage level changes for power transmission and
distribution. Their performance under varying load conditions
significantly impacts system stability and effectiveness. Understanding
how load affects key parameters like efficiency and voltage regulation is
crucial for engineers involved in transformer selection, operation, and
design.
This experiment delves into the load characteristics of a [110/220 v single
phase Transformer ] specifically under resistive load conditions. By
meticulously measuring primary and secondary voltages, currents, and
apparent power at different load levels, we aim to:
Investigate the impact of resistive load on the transformer's efficiency. This
involves calculating and analyzing efficiency values across the load range,
particularly comparing full-load and no-load scenarios.

2
 \
Quantify the effect of load on voltage regulation. By measuring the
change in voltage from no-load to full-load, we aim to understand how
effectively the transformer maintains its output voltage under varying
load conditions.
Through analysis of the obtained data and calculations, this
experiment strives to provide valuable insights into the relationship
between resistive load and transformer performance. Such understanding
is essential for optimizing transformer utilization in real-world
applications, directly contributing to efficient and reliable power system
operation.

 Objectives:

• Measure and analyze:

Primary and secondary voltages, currents, and apparent power at
different load levels.

• Calculate and evaluate:

Efficiency and the voltage regulation of the transformer under
varying load conditions, particularly comparing full-load and no-load
scenarios.

• Compare and analyze:

- Experimental results with theoretical expectations for transformers
under resistive or inductive load.
- The impact of load on different performance parameters
(e.g., efficiency vs. voltage regulation).
  Experiment tools

1-110/220v single phase Transformer

2-AC 220v source
3-2x Wattmeter
4-2x voltmeter
5-2x ammeter
6- connecting wires
7- 2x Power factor scale
8- variable resistance

 Procedures

1. Connect the transformer as shown in the figure but at no load.

2. Vary the input voltage until VHV reached its rated value.
3. Connect the load and vary the load in steps and record the values of
ILV, VLV, Pin, IHV and VHV for each step at the load until ILV reached to its
rated value.
4. For each load step calculate Pout, and 𝜂 of the transformer.
5. Calculate the regulation of the transformer at full load from the test
readings.
6. Compute the regulation of unity p.f using the results of the no load and
short circuit tests and compare the values obtained with those obtained .
Comment on the difference.
7. Plot curves of Pin, η and VHV against Pout.
  CONNECTION DIAGRAM

 Results

Table 1: measured values at R-L Load

Is Ip PiN Vp Vs POUT P.F

0 0.15 14 115 0 0.43
220v

0.3 0.26 47 113.7 33 0.85

0.6 0.41 82 112.6 68 0.92
0.9 0.55 115 111.5 98 0.95
1.36 0.85 180 109.3 160 0.97
  Calculation

For calculating the voltage regulation and the efficiency we use the laws below:
𝑉𝑁𝑂 𝐿𝑂𝐴𝐷 − 𝑉 𝐿𝑂𝐴𝐷
𝑽𝑶𝑳𝑻𝑨𝑮𝑬 𝑹𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑳𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑵 = ∗ 100
𝑉 𝐿𝑂𝐴𝐷
115 − 109.3
∗ 100 = 5.22%
109.3

𝑷𝑶𝑼𝑻 𝟏𝟔𝟎
THE EFFICIENCY 𝛈 = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟖𝟖%
𝑷𝑰𝑵 𝟏𝟖𝟎

Repeating The Same procedures we get the voltage regulation and the
efficiency in table 2:

Table 2: voltage regulation and the efficiency for table 1

Is V.R 𝜼
0 -- ---
0.3 1.143 70.21
0.6 2.131 82.93
0.9 3.139 85.22
1.36 5.215 88.88
  Graphs:

POUT
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100


Figure 2: THE relation between Pin (Y-axis) against Pout (X-axis)

180
160
160

140

120
98
100
η

80 68

60
33
40

20
0
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
POUT

Figure 3: THE relation between THE relation between η (Y-axis) against Pout (X-axis).
 180
160
160


140

120
98
100
VHV

 80 68

60
33
40

20
0
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
 POUT

Figure 4: THE relation between VHV (Y-axis) against Pout (X-axis)

 conclusion

In conclusion, this study successfully examined the load

characteristics of a [110/220v] under resistive load conditions. The
experiment determined the transformer's efficiency and voltage regulation
at full and no-load, demonstrating the changes in efficiency and voltage
regulation with load. These results align with theoretical expectations,
emphasizing the impact of load on transformer performance. However,
limitations such as [the limited load range] Overall, this experiment
provided valuable insights into the behavior of transformers under
resistive loads, highlighting the importance of considering load variations
for optimal selection an d operation in real-world applications.
  Discussion:

1-Calculate the efficiency of the transformer and evaluate where the losses are?
The efficiency has been calculated in table.2.
The losses in the transformer are classified as core and copper losses
Pout – Pin =Plosses "at full load"

180-160=20w
Pco=I2R =( 1.36)2*1.46=2.7 W
Core losses can't be determined accurately .

2. Why does the load voltage decreased while increasing the load current?
this experiment is with a resistive load, the decrease in load voltage with
increasing current is primarily due to the resistive component of the transformer's
impedance. Here's a simplified explanation:
Resistive Impedance: Every transformer has inherent resistance in its windings, both
primary and secondary. This resistance, combined with the resistance of the
connecting conductors, forms the equivalent resistance seen by the load.
Voltage Drop: When current flows through this resistance, it experiences a voltage
drop according to Ohm's Law (V = IR). As the load current (I) increases, the voltage
drop (V) across the resistance also increases.
3. ans. is calculated in table 1.