Third Edition

Handbook of
Handbook of Third Edition

Osteology Handbook of
is the thoroughly revised and updated edition of the popular book. All the diagrams
have been replaced by new ones making them more accurate and simple. Graphics
have been made informative, illustrative and appealingly attractive by incorporating
subtle colours synonymous with widely accepted international colour code.
International norms have been adopted for abbreviations, terminology, definitions,
descriptions and labelling. Although the book carries complete description of each
Osteology

Osteology
bone, yet only extremely essential information is included in the text in a lucid manner
to make it a handbook for medical students. The unique feature of this book is its
diagrams which have been independently drawn by the author himself to avoid factual
inaccuracies. Clarity in the language and the unique way of presentation further
enhance the value of the book.
The book will fully serve the interests of undergraduate medical students as a text and
a rich resource book | handbook for postgraduate students in anatomy, orthopedics,
surgery and related specialties.

Nafis Ahmad Faruqi MBBS, MS

is currently Professor, Department of Anatomy, JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh, UP. He completed his MBBS (1976) and MS in Anatomy (1981)
from the same college and has been teaching anatomy since 1979; he was
promoted as Professor in 2003.
His special areas of research are neuroanatomy, microanatomy, morphometry,
histomorphometry and foetal anatomy. He has to his credit over 100 papers published both
in national and international journals. He has supervised/cosupervised many postgraduate
candidates in anatomy and other medical subjects, participated in several conferences
and research courses, and delivered a large number of invited lectures.
Owing to his exceptionally bright academic career, he was offered membership of New Third
York Academy of Sciences in 1997 and awarded ‘Man of the Year’ in 2002 by American Edition
Biographical Institute. He is the author of other four books aimed at medical and dental
students during 39 years of his teaching career.
• Manual of Practical Anatomy, 2/edn (in 3 vols)
• Human Osteology: A Clinical Orientation, 3/edn

Faruqi
• Osteology for Dental Students, 3/edn
• Self Assessment in Human Anatomy
Dedicated to Education

ISBN: 978-93-86478-18-4

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Nafis Ahmad Faruqi
Dedicated to Education
New Delhi | Bengaluru | Chennai | Kochi | Kolkata | Mumbai
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Handbook of
Osteology
THIRD EDITION
Handbook of
Osteology
THIRD EDITION

Nafis Ahmad Faruqi

MBBS, MS, MNYAS (USA), Man of YK2 (USA)

Professor
Department of Anatomy
JN Medical College, AMU
Aligarh-202002, India

CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd

New Delhi • Bengaluru • Chennai • Kochi • Kolkata • Mumbai
Hyderabad • Jharkhand • Nagpur • Patna • Pune • Uttarakhand
 Disclaimer
Science and technology are constantly changing fields.
New research and experience broaden the scope of
information and knowledge. The author has tried his best
in giving information available to him while preparing
the material for this book. Although, all efforts have been
made to ensure optimum accuracy of the material, yet it
is quite possible some errors might have been left
uncorrected. The publisher, the printer and the author
will not be held responsible for any inadvertent errors,
or inaccuracies.

Handbook of
Osteology
THIRD EDITION

ISBN: 978-93-86478-18-4

Copyright © Author and Publisher

Third Edition: 2018

First Edition: 2007
Second Edition: 2012
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval
system without permission, in writing, from the author and the publisher.

Published by Satish Kumar Jain and produced by Varun Jain for

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 To
My wife Roshan Ara whose encouraging attitude was
great force in compiling this book although she was one who
suffered most during its preparation.

Roshan Ara
Professor
Department of Philosophy
Faculty of Arts, Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh, UP
 Preface to the Third Edition

T he third edition of Handbook of Osteology is thoroughly revised in the

light of recent advances on the subject. All the diagrams have been redrawn and made
coloured to make them more accurate and attractive. A large number of new diagrams in all
the chapters has made the book more useful and graspable. Mnemonics have been added at
several places to simplify the memorising of hard facts.
I request all the readers to provide me their suggestions so that the book may be further
improved in subsequent editions.

Nafis Ahmad Faruqi

 Preface to the First Edition

H andbook of Osteology is a sort of gift to the undergraduate medical students. The book
carries only essential informations on the subject to minimize the burden of the students.
Coloured illustrations drawn by the author himself make this book unique. Extremely precise
treatment of the subject and clarity of linguistic expression have been focussed on the book.
Readers of the book are kindly requested to communicate to the author any shortcomings
and suggestions regarding the book, which may help improve it if the book goes into subsequent
editions.

Nafis Ahmad Faruqi

 Reader’s Comments
Dear Reader,
I will feel honoured if you spare a few
minutes from your precious time and
comment on this book. Your suggestions will
go long way in improving this book in
subsequent editions.
Address
Dr. Nafis Ahmad Faruqi
Gulfishan
Allahwali Kothi
Dodhpur, Civil Lines
Aligarh-202001
Mob. 09358256504
WhatsApp no. 07060888167
Email: [email protected]
 Acknowledgements

It is my moral duty to acknowledge all those people who helped me in bringing out the third
edition of my book Handbook of Osteology. Although only few of them are directly involved, I
feel pleasure in mentioning the names of many others whose loving and encouraging attitude
infused great force in me to work hard for fulfilling the dream of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, the
founder of Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India.
1. First and foremost I sincerely thank to Lt. Gen. (Retd.) Zameer Uddin Shah (Vice-
Chancellor, AMU, Aligarh) who made history by not declaring sine die during his five
years tenure and created congenial academic atmosphere.
2. I am zero without the help of following members of CBS team, Mr SK Jain (CMD),
Mr YN Arjuna (Senior Vice President—Publishing, Editorial and Publicity), Mrs Ritu Chawla
(AGM—Publishing), Ms Ritu Tiwai (DTP Operator), Mr Sanjay Kishan Chauhan
(Graphic Designer), Mr Neeraj Prasad (Cover and Graphic Designer) and Mr Kshirod
Kumar Sahoo and Mr Ananda Mohanty (Readers).
3. Dr Krishna Garg, ex-Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy, Lady Hardinge Medical
College, New Delhi, and Chief Editor of BD Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy and author of
many other books. She was one who inspired me most.
4. Dr Khursheed Alam, Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy, Patna Medical College,
Patna, who introduced my books to his undergraduate and postgraduate medical students.
I realy feel obliged.
5. Dr Shoukat Nijamsaheb Kazi, Principal, Prasad Institute of Medical Sciences, Sarai
Shahajadi, Banthara, Kanpur Road, Lucknow, UP.
6. Colleagues Prof. Tariq Zaidi (Head of the Department), Prof. Aijaz Ahmed Khan, Prof.
SM Yunus, Dr SM Dawar Husain, Dr Farhan Kirmani, Dr Fazal Ur Rehman, Dr Farah
Ghaus, Dr Nema Usman, Dr Mohd Imran, Dr Mohd Ajmal (SR), Dr Israr Ahmad Khan
(SR), Dr Ragya Bharadwaj (SR).
7. Postgraduate students, Dr Pallavi Ranjan Anand, Dr Fayezah Ahsan Khan, Dr Mahammad
Asif Khan, Dr Waqar Akram.
8. Prof. PK Sharma, Department of Anatomy, Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital,
Lucknow, UP.
9. Dr Makandar UK, C/O AM Pathan, Behind SP Office, Kumbar Galli, Jorapur Peth,
Vijaypur, Karnataka.
10. Prof. Namita Malhotra, Department of Anatomy, SHKM Medical College, Mewat, Haryana.
11. Dr Saim Hasan, Department of Anatomy, SHKM Medical College, Mewat, Haryana.
12. Dr Tarun Maheshwari, Department of Anatomy, Govt. Doon Medical College, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand.
xii Handbook of Osteology

13. Prof. Harsh Chaturvedi, Department of Anatomy, Shridev Suman Subharti Medical
College, Subhartipuram, Nanda Ki Chawki, Premnagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
14. Dr Faisal Taufiq, Department of Anatomy, Shridev Suman Subharti Medical College,
Subhartipuram, Nanda Ki Chwki, Premnagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
15. Dr Rati Tandon, Department of Anatomy, All India Institue of Medical Sciences, New
Delhi.
16. Dr Mohd Arshad, Department of Anatomy, Glocal Medical College, Superspeciality
Hospital and Research Centre, Saharanpur, UP.
17. Prof. (Colonel) Arvind Kishor Shukla, Sena Medal, Principal and Dean, Jauhar Institute of
Medical Sciences, Mohammad Ali Jauhar University, Jauhar Nagar, Rampur, UP.
18. Prof. Anand Mishra, Department of Anatomy, IMS, BHU, Varansi, UP.
19. Prof. Naresh Chandra, Head, Department of Anatomy, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences,
Safedabad, Barabanki, UP.
20. Prof. Shah Alam Khan, Department of Orthopaedics, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi.
21. Dr Nidhi Sharma, Department of Anatomy, TMMC, NH-24, Muradabad.
22. Dr Devendra Nath Sinha, B9/84B, Udai Giri Apartment 2, Sector 34, Noida, GB Nagar, UP.
23. Dr Manisha Upadhyay, Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College, Chakranpur,
Azamgarh.
24. Prof. Riazul Qamar, Department of Anatomy, MAMC, New Delhi.
25. Prof. Brijendra Singh, Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, Rishikesh, UK.
26. Dr Royana Singh, Department of Anatomy, IMS, BHU, Varanasi.
27. Prof Awadhesh Kumar Singh, Department of Anatomy, MLN Medical College, Allahabad.
28. Dr Nishtha Singh, Department of Anatomy, MLN Medical College, Allahabad.
29. Prof. NN Srivastava, Department of Anatomy, UPRIMS and R, Safai, Etawah.
30. Prof. TC Singel, Department of Anatomy, MES Medical College, Jamnagar, Gujarat.
31. Prof. S.K. Pandey, Department of Anatomy, IMS, BHU, Varanasi, UP.
32. Dr Zeba Alam, Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, Patna, Bihar.
33. Prof. DK Sharma, Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, Raipur, Chhattisgarh.
34. Dr VK Konuri, Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, Raipur, Chhattisgarh.
35. Dr Azmi Mohsin, MSDS Medical College and Hospital, Farukhabad, UP.
36. Prof. Daxa Dixit, Department of Anatomy, JNMC, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka.
37. Dr Alka Udainia, Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College, Surat, Gujarat.
38. Dr K Sandhya, Department of Anatomy, RIMS, Ranchi, Jharkhand.
39. Prof. Renu Prasad, Department of Anatomy, RIMS, Ranchi, Jharkhand.
40. Prof. Narendra Thakur, Department of Anatomy, RIMS, Ranchi, Jharkhand.
41. Prof. SHH Zaidi, Department of Anatomy, Rohilkhand Medical College, Bareilly, UP.
42. Prof. RK Srivastava, Principal, Rama Medical College, Kanpur, UP.
43. Dr Upendra Kumar Gupta, Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy, National
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, NIMS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
44. Dr Shikky Garg, Department of Anatomy, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, UP.
45. Prof. SL Jethani, Department of Anatomy, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, SRHU,
Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
 Acknowledgements xiii

46. Prof. RK Rohatgi, Department of Anatomy, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, SRHU,
Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
47. Dr Aksh Dubey, Department of Anatomy, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, SRHU,
Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
48. Prof. Suniti Raj Mishra, Department of Anatomy, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, UP.
49. Dr Zeba Khan, Department of Anatomy, Grant Government Medical College and Sir JJ
Group of Hospitals, Byculla, Mumbai, Maharashtra.
50. Dr Prerna Gupta, Department of Anatomy, Integral Institute of Medical Sciences and
Research, Integral University, Lucknow, UP.
51. Prof. Mehboobul Haque, Department of Anatomy, Integral Institute of Medical Sciences
and Research, Integral University, Lucknow, UP.
52. Prof. Neel Kamal Arora, Head, Department of Anatomy, Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute
of Medical Sciences, Bareilly Nainital Road, Bhojipura, Bareilly, UP.
53. Dr AK Srivastava, Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy, HIMS, Mau, Ataria,
Sitapur, UP.
54. Dr Bindu Singh, Department of Anatomy, BRD Medical College, Gorakhpur, UP.
55. Muktyaz Hussein, Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College, Nausera Ujjani Road,
Badaun, UP.
56. Dr Ashwani Bilandu, Department of Orthopaedics, City Hospital, Karolbagh, New Delhi.
57. Prof. Satyam Khare, Head, Department of Anatomy, Subhart Medical College, Meerut,
UP.
58. Dr Shailesh M Patel, Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College,
Bhavnagar, Gujarat
59. Dr Rekha Parashar, Department of Anatomy, National Institute of Medical Sciences and
Research, NIMS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
60. Dr Bashir Karim Khan, Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College, Dhule,
Maharashtra.
61. Prof. A Shariff, Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi.
62.Prof. Navneet Kumar, Department of Anatomy, KGMU, Lucknow, UP.
63. Dr RK Diwan, Department of Anatomy, KGMU, Lucknow, UP.
64. Dr Manjula Singh, Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College, Kannauj, UP.
65. Prof. Anita Rani, Deaprtment of Anatomy, KGMU, Lucknow, UP.
66. Dr Rekha Lalwani, Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, Bhopal, MP.
67. Prof. Punita Manik, Department of Anatomy, KGMU, Lucknow, UP.
68. Dr Badal Singh, Department of Anatomy, MLN Medical College, Allahabad, UP.
69. Prof. Jyoti Chopra, Department of Anatomy, KGMU, Lucknow, UP.
70. Prof. Mukesh Singla, Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, Rishikesh, UK.
71. Dr Tabinda Hasan, Al Matefa College of Medicine, Riyadh, KSA.
72. Porf. Mujahid Beg, Department of Medicine, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh, UP.
73. Prof. Tabassum Shahab, Department of Paediatrics, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh, UP.
74. Prof. Javed Akhtar, Registrar, AMU, Aligarh, UP.
 Contents
Preface to the Third Edition vii
Preface to the First Edition ix
1. General Considerations of Bone 1 6. Ulna 32
Properties 1 Side determination 32
Functions 1 Features and attachments 32
Chemical composition 1 Ossification 37
Structure of bone 1
7. Carpal Bones 38
Classification of bones 3
Carpus 38
Parts of a young long bone 5
Articulated carpal bones 38
Features of bones 5
Individual carpal bone 39
Blood supply of bones 6
Ossification 42
Ossification of bones 7
2. Clavicle 8 8. Metacarpal Bones 44
Side determination 8 Metacarpus 44
Functions 8 Identifications of metacarpal bones 44
Peculiarities of clavicle 8 Features and attachments 45
Features and attachments 9 Ossification 46
Ossification 10 9. Phalanges of the Hand 47
3. Scapula 12 Characteristics 47
Side determination 12 Ossification 48
Features and attachments 12 10. Hip Bone 49
Ossification 18
Side determination 49
4. Humerus 19 Normal anatomical position 49
Side determination 19 Features and attachments 50
Features and attachments 19 Ossification 58
Capsular attachments 23 Sexual dimorphism 58
Angles 24
11. Bony Pelvis 59
Ossification 25
Pelvic girdle 59
5. Radius 27 Divisions of pelvis 59
Side determination 27 Anatomical position 60
Features and attachments 27 Boundaries of pelvic inlet 60
Ossification 31 Boundaries of pelvic outlet 61
xvi Handbook of Osteology

Boundaries of pelvic cavity 61 Talus 94

Pubic arch and subpubic angle 61 Calcaneus 97
Functions of pelvis 61 Navicular bone 100
Axes of pelvis 62 Cuboid bone 101
Pelvic segments 62 Cuneiform bones 102
Posterior sagittal diameter of Klein 62
Pelvic inclination 63 17. Metatarsal Bones 105
Planes of pelvic dimensions 63 Metatarsus 105
Conjugate diameters 63 Identification of metatarsal bones 105
Least diameter of pelvis 63 Features and attachments 106
Types of pelvis 63 Ossification 107
Diameters of pelvis 64
Sex differences in adult pelvis 65 18. Phalanges of the Foot 108
Characteristics 108
12. Femur 67
Ossification 108
Side determination 67
Anatomical position 67 19. Vertebrae 110
Angle of femoral torsion 68 General considerations 110
Features and attachments 68 Curvatures of vertebral column 110
Sex differences 75 Movements of vertebral column 111
Ossification 75 Features of a typical vertebra 111
13. Patella 77 Distinguishing features 112
Typical cervical vertebra 113
Peculiarities 77
First cervical vertebra 115
Side determination 77
Second cervical vertebra 117
Features and attachments 78
Typical thoracic vertebra 119
Ossification 79
Atypical thoracic vertebrae 121
14. Tibia 80 Typical lumbar vertebra 122
Peculiarities 80 Atypical (5th) lumbar vertebra 125
Side determination 80 Sacrum 125
Features and attachments 80 Coccyx 130
Capsular attachments 87
Ossification of vertebrae 131
Ossification 87
20. Sternum 133
15. Fibula 88
Terminology 133
Peculiarities 88
Side determination 88 Features and attachments 133
Features and attachments 89 Manubrium (presternum or
Ossification 93 episternum) 133
Body (mesosternum or gladiolus) 135
16. Tarsal Bones 94
Xiphoid process (xiphisternum or
Tarsus 94
metasternum or ensiform cartilage) 137
Identification of tarsal bones in foot
skeleton 94 Sex differences 137
Individual tarsal bones 94 Ossification 137
 Contents xvii

21. Ribs 138 Spaces and canals 179

General considerations 138 External acoustic meatus 179
Classification of ribs 139 Middle ear space (tympanic cavity) 180
Typical rib 139 Mastoid antrum 182
First rib 144 Mastoid air cells 182
Second rib 146 Bony labyrinth (osseous labyrinth) 183
Tenth rib 147 Ossification 185
Eleventh rib 148 28. Auditory Ossicles 186
Twelfth rib 148 Terminology 186
Ossification of ribs 149 Features and attachments 186
22. Hyoid 151 Malleus 186
Incus 187
Location 151
Stapes 187
Features and attachments 151
Ossification 187
Ossification 153
Functions 187
23. Mandible 154
29. Occipital Bone 188
Peculiarities 154
Locations 188
Features and attachments 154
Features and attachments 188
Ossification 159
Ossification 192
Age changes in mandible 159
30. Zygomatic Bone 194
24. Maxilla 161
Terminology 194
Location 161
Features and attachments 194
Features and attachments 161
Ossification 196
Ossification 164
Age changes in maxilla 164 31. Nasal Bone 197
Location 197
25. Parietal Bone 165
Features and attachments 197
Side determination 165
Ossification 198
Features and attachments 165
Ossification 167 32. Lacrimal Bone 199
Age changes 167 Terminology 199
Peculiarities 199
26. Frontal Bone 168
Location 199
Location 168 Features and attachments 199
Features and attachments 168 Ossification 200
Frontal sinus 171
33. Ethmoid Bone 201
Ossification 171
Terminology 201
27. Temporal Bone 172 Location 201
Side determination 172 Features and attachments 201
Features and attachments 172 Ossification 203
xviii Handbook of Osteology

34. Inferior Nasal Concha 204 39. Exterior of the Skull 223
Terminology 204 Norma verticalis 223
Location 204 Norma occipitalis 224
Features and attachments 204 Norma frontalis 225
Ossification 205 Norma lateralis 228
Norma basalis 232
35. Vomer 206
Terminology 206 40. Orbital Cavity 239
Location 206 Definition 239
Features and attachments 206 Shape and parts 239
Ossification 207 Bony contributions 239
Communications 240
36. Sphenoid Bone 208 Measurements 241
Terminology 208 Features 242
Anatomical position 208
41. Nasal Cavity 244
Articulations 208
Features and attachments 208 Features 244
Ossification 214 42. Interior of the Cranial Vault 247
37. Palatine Bones 216 Definition 247
Terminology 216 Shape 247
Location 216 Bones 247
Features and attachments 216 Sutures 247
Ossification 219 Features 247

38. Skull: General Features 220 43. Interior of the Base of the Skull 249
Introduction 220 Definition 249
Neurocranium 221 Subdivisions 249
Facial skeleton (viscerocranium or Anterior cranial fossa 249
splanchnocranium) 221 Middle cranial fossa 251
Anatomical position of skull 221 Posterior cranial fossa 254

Index 259