Reading and Thinking

Across Text Types

Reading and Writing
Angieross Sharon R. Valenzuela
Adventist Medical Center College – SHS Department
- Not liable to sin
- In accordance with the
highest standards of
propriety; faultless.

IMPECCABLE
(noun)a remark made in order
to anger, wound, or provoke
someone.
(verb) provoke or challenge
(someone) with insulting remarks.

TAUNT
make known (private or
sensitive information).

DIVULGE
silly; stupid.

INANE
a remark or statement,
especially one with a moral
content, that has been used too
often to be interesting or
thoughtful.

PLATITUDE
BRAINSTORMING
A group activity technique by which efforts are
made to find a conclusion for a specific
problem by gathering a list of ideas
spontaneously contributed by its member
(Sandagan, 2016)
BRAINSTORMING
- A method for generating ideas to solve a
design problem. It usually involves a group,
under the direction of a facilitator.
 Variations of Brainstorming
 Nominal Group Technique
Participants are asked to write their ideas anonymously.
Then the facilitator collects the ideas and the group
votes on each idea.
 Group Passing Technique
Each person in a circular group writes down one idea
and then passes the piece of paper to the next person,
who adds some thoughts
This continues until everybody gets his/her original piece
of paper back or until the distribution list is exhausted
This may take longer but it allows time for each
individual to think deeply about the problem.
 Variations of Brainstorming
Team Idea Mapping Method
Works by association in which it starts with a well-defined
topic and each participant will brainstorm individually,
then all ideas are merged into one large idea map.
Once all ideas are captured, the group can take action.
Directed brainstorming
Can be done manually or with computers wherein each
participant is given one sheet of paper and told the
brainstorming question. Each is asked to produce one
response and stop; then all the papers are randomly
swapped among the participants who are invited to
improve the ideas.
 Variations of Brainstorming
Guided brainstorming
Time is set aside to brainstorm either individually or as
a collective group about a particular subject to the
constraints of perspective and time.
Participants are asked to adopt different mindsets
for a pre-defined period while contributing the ideas
to a basic mind map drawn by a pre-appointed
scribe.
 Variations of Brainstorming
 Individual brainstorming
The use of brainstorming in solitary
Includes such techniques as free writing, free speaking,
word association, and drawing a mind map which is a
useful in method in creative writing and has been
shown to be superior to traditional group
brainstorming.
 Question brainstorming
Involves brainstorming the questions, rather than trying
to come up with immediate answers and short-term
solutions. Once the list of issues is set, it may be
necessary to prioritize them to reach the best solution
in an orderly way.
 Graphic Organizer
- These are visual presentations of concepts that
help us structure information into organizational
patterns where they present essential
information and their connections with each
other (Barrot, 2016)
- Helps in focusing the attention on key elements
and help you integrate new knowledge into the
current knowledge
 Graphic Organizer
- Also known as knowledge map, story map,
cognitive organizer, advance organizer, or
concept diagram. A communication tool that
uses visual symbols to express knowledge,
concepts, thoughts, or ideas, and the
relationships between them. Its main purpose is
to provide a visual aid to facilitate learning and
instruction (Saladaga, 2016)
FORMS OF GRAPHIC
ORGANIZERS
1. Relational Organizer
a. Fishbone chart – used to better understand the
causal relationship of a complex phenomenon. It
shows the factor that cause a specific event or
problem, as well as details of each cause.
1. Relational Organizers

b. Cause and
Effect web
(also known as
problem-solution
map)
2. Category/ Classification

a. Concept
mapping
2. Category/
Classification

b. Network Tree
2. Category/ Classification

c. KWL Tables
2. Category/ Classification
d. Mind mapping / semantic map / spider map
– used to investigate and enumerate various
aspects of a central idea, which could be a
concept, topic, or theme.
 This central idea is placed at the center of
the map.
 The main idea is placed along its diagonal
line, while details of the main idea are
placed on the sides of the diagonals
2. Category/ Classification
d. Mind mapping / semantic map / spider map
Sequence Organizers

a. Storyboard
Sequence Organizers

b. Chain
Sequence Organizers

c. Ladder
Sequence Organizers

d. cycle
 Sequence Organizers
e. Plot Diagram – a tool used to map events in a story. It is
used to analyze the major parts of a plot.
Exposition – the initial part where the characters, settings,
and relationships are established
Inciting moment – the parts which brings about the
change or the conflict
Rising action – the section where the conflict and the
characters are developed
Climax – the highest point of the story where the major
events are confronted
Falling action – the events immediately following the
climax which lead to the closure of the conflict
Resolution – the conclusion or closure of the story
Sequence
Organizers

e. Plot Diagram
Sequence Organizers

f. Timeline
– used to show how events occurred
chronologically through a long bar labeled with
dates and specific events.

> Linear timeline – shows how events happened

within one period
> Comparative timeline - shows two sets of events
that happened within the same period.
Sequence Organizers
f. Timeline
Concept Development

a. Dashboard
Concept Development

b. Story Web
c. Word Web
d. Circle Web
e. Flow Web
f. Persuasion map – used to map out
arguments and evidence that prove a
viewpoint. This map is especially useful when
processing persuasion or argumentative
texts
Concept
Development
f. Persuasion
map
Compare and Contrast

a. T-table matrix
b. Venn Diagram
- used to compare and contrast ideas and
events. It uses two overlapping circles to
show the similarities and differences of two
concepts
Compare and Contrast

a. Venn Diagram
Outline
a tool for brainstorming, also called, “idea
list” which involves listing ideas about a
particular topic. It helps to identify the main
idea, supporting details and sub-supporting
ideas (Barrot, 2016)
a tool in organizing ideas and it is used not
only as a pre-writing strategy but also as a
post reading activity
Purpose of an Outline
For organizing one’s thoughts before
writing
For checking the organization of a piece
after it has been written
For understanding a different reading
assignment
Kinds of Outline
Topic Outline
Every heading is a word or phrase, not a
complete sentence.
Suited for short papers, exposition of a
process or classification, in which logical
connections are not a problem
Sentence Outline
Every heading consists of a complete
sentence
Usually useful to long papers, such as research
paper/ for any compositions that requires the
writer to see the logical relationships of its
various parts.
Format of Outline
I. First main idea
A. Subheading – supports first main idea
a. Detail – support subheading A
b. Detail – support subheading A
B. Subheading – supports first main idea
II. Second main idea
A. Subheading – supports first main idea
a. Detail – support subheading A
b. Detail – support subheading A
B. Subheading – supports first main idea
Things to remember
Use roman numerals for the main idea
Use capital letters for subheading
Use Arabic numerals for supporting details
Place a period after the numerals and letters
that introduce the points in the outline.
Indent each level of the outline
Things to remember
If there is an A, there must also be a B. If there is 1,
there must also be a 2
Begin every point in the outline with a capital
letter.
In a topic outline, state each point as a word or a
phrase, not as a complete sentence
Do not place periods after any of the points in a
topic outline.
In a topic, state the points of each division in
parallel form. Use the same kind of words or
phrase within each division.
Four Principles of Outline
Coordination – requires ideas of the same
relevance to be labeled in the same way
Subordination – shows that minor details have to
be placed under their respective major details
Division – requires that no cluster should contain
only one item; thus, if you have a subheading 1,
there should be subheading 2
Parallel construction – requires all entries in each
cluster to use the same structure and format.
Example: the use of present tense or positive tone
throughout the outline
Example
Parallel Not Parallel

I. Identical
I. Identical Skyscrapers
Skyscrapers II. Some are stained-
II.Stained-glass made glass made
III.Fifty-five floor high III.Others are fifty-five
floor high
PATTERN OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT
• HELPS FOLLOW IDEAS EASILY AND UNDERSTAND A TEXT BETTER.
• HELP DISTINGUISH MAJOR DETAILS FROM MINOR ONES AND PREDICT IDEAS
• TYPES:
1. Chronological 3. Logical Pattern b. Persuasion
 Narration a. Definition c. Comparison and contrast
 Process Analysis  Exemplification d. Cause and effect
2. Descriptive  Listing/|Enumeration e. Problem solution
 Spatial Pattern  Classification
 Sensory Pattern  Division
1. CHRONOLOGICAL
•
•
•
•
•
• DIRECTIONAL PROCESS PARAGRAPH EXPLAINS THE DIRECTIONS TO PERFORM A TASK
1. CHRONOLOGICAL
• INFORMATIONAL PROCESS PARAGRAPH EXPLAINS HOW SOMETHING WORKS OR HOW SOMETHING WORKED IN THE
PAST

•
1. CHRONOLOGICAL
•
About During Meanwhile Then
After Eventually Next Till
Afterwards Finally Next week Today
As soon as First Presently Tomorrow
At Immediately Prior to Until
At this/that point In the meantime Second When
Before Later Soon Yesterday
2. DESCRIPTION
•
•
•
•
•
•
2. DESCRIPTION
•
Above Back of Farther On top of
Across Behind Here Onto
Adjacent to Below In Opposite to
Against Beneath In front of Outside
Along Beside Inside Over
Alongside Between Into Throughout
Amidst Beyond Near To the right
Around By Off Under
Away from Down On
3. LOGICAL PATTERN
A. DEFINITION
•
•
•
•
•
•
3. LOGICAL PATTERN
A. DEFINITION
3. LOGICAL PATTERN
B. PERSUASION
•
•

•
3. LOGICAL PATTERN
B. PERSUASION
•
3. LOGICAL PATTERN
B. PERSUASION
•
3. LOGICAL PATTERN
C. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
•

•
•
•
•

•
3. LOGICAL PATTERN
D. CAUSE AND EFFECT
•

•
•
•
3. LOGICAL PATTERN
D. CAUSE AND EFFECT
3. LOGICAL PATTERN
D. PROBLEM SOLUTION
•
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Knowing the process of
writing and the different
paragraph development is
not enough. You also need
to be familiar with the

Properties of a well-written
text
 Properties of a Well-written Paragraph
Organization Unity
Also known as achieved when a
arrangement
composition is
Achieved when ideas are focusedon one idea. In
logically and accurately
arranged with focus on a unified text, all
the arrangement of supportingideas are
ideas, incidence, relevant to the main
evidence, or details in a thought.Without unity,
definite order in a text will be confusing.
paragraph, essay, or
speech
 Properties of a Well-written Paragraph
Mechanics(with Language Use
Proofreading) one of the clearest
Focuses on the technicalities indicators of a well written
of the structure text. It enables writers to
Determines errors on subject- effectively communicate
verb agreement, ideas withoutconfusing
prepositions, tenses, the the reader.
grammar, spelling,
capitalization, abbreviations An effective language is:
and acronyms, the use of Specific, Concise,
numbers as part of the Familiar, Correct, and
statement and punctuation
marks Appropriate
 Levels of Language Use
Informal/ Personal
- slang, local expressions, text messaging

Hey Bes Yow Sup Pet (friend)

Nigga OTW GNyt Dude BRB
SML KUTGW
 Levels of Language Use
 Standard/Academic
- widely accepted words and phrases found in books,
magazines, andnewspapers
Note to a professor:
I missed last night’s class and will e-mail my paper later.
The problem was on garbage management as it greatly
affects the students who are occupying the SJH Blg.3.
 Business/Technical
- scientific terms, jargons, and special expressionsPsychiatrist’s
report:
“Dissociative rage order is not indicated by the ER assessment.
 Properties of a Well-written Paragraph
Coherence Cohesion
Refers to the overall immediately affects the
sense of unity in a tone of your writing.
passage, including It does not mean just
both the main point of “grammatically correct”
sentences; cohesive
sentences ad the main writing refers to the
point of each connection of your ideas
paragraph both at the sentence
level and at the
paragraph level.
 Check these examples:
Coherent
My favorite color is blue. I’m calm and relaxed.
but not
In the summer I lie on the grass and look up
cohesive
My favorite color is blue. Blue sports cars go very
fast. Driving in this way is dangerous and can
Cohesive
cause many car crashes, I had a car accident
but not
once and boke my leg. I was very sad because I
coherent
had to miss a holiday in Europe because of the
injury
 Check these examples:

My favorite color is blue. I like it because it is

calming and it relaxes me. I often go
Coherent and outside in the summer and lie on the grass
cohesive and look into the clear sky when I am
stressed. For this reason, I’d have to say my
favorite color is blue.
 TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE PARAGRAPH
COHESION
TRANSITIONS
- USE A CONJUNCTION OR CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB TO LINK
SENTENCES WITH PARTICULAR LOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS

(refer to the handouts about Transitional words, provided in google drive)

GENERAL PRINCIPLES
•Always use standard English
•Avoid contraction (shouldn’t, gonna)
•Avoid exclamation marks unless part of a quotation
•Mention full name in first mention. Thereafter, use
abbreviations
•Citations are used in academic and formal texts but
sparingly used in business texts
Critique paper
Sample article: Duterte’s Language game
Step one: Brainstorming and Creating Graphic
organizer
Step one: Brainstorming and Creating Graphic
organizer
 Step two: Use details of Graphic organizer in
formulating the outline
I. Uniqueness of Duterte’s Speech
A. Content is unpredictable
1. Audience don’t know what to expect
2. He discards prepared speech
3. He refuse to abide with speech conventions
B. Language Games (Words are deeds)
1. Perform activity rather than convey thoughts
2. Give orders, ask, thank, greet, intimidate, or curse (Wittgenstein
approach to language)
 Step two: Use details of Graphic organizer in
formulating the outline
II. Meaning of Duterte’s Message
A. Game 1: I am your last card (based on presidential message)
1. The country run out of options
2. He is the only one who can overturn dysfunctional social order
B. Game 2: Cut me some slack
1. Relentless
2. Sustained
3. Consistent with mandate
 Step three: Now answer the guide questions
based on the outline (the outline presents your
basic understanding towards the text)

1. What is the main thought of the article?

 Duterte used language games in his speech. The article discussed the real
meaning of Duterte’s message
2. What are the major points discussed in the article?
 Summarize the details of the article using the outline as guide.
3. What is/are the pattern/s of development used in the article? Justify your
answer by citing examples taken from the article
 The paragraphs within the article may have different patterns of development.
Identify them and explain why they are considered as such based on the
definition of the pattern of development
 Performance Task:
Write 3-page article analysis based on the two
articles, “The Most Important Question of Your Life”
by Mark Manson (ask your class beadle for the
copy).
Focus on the following questions:
1. What is the main thought of the article?
2. What are the major points discussed in the article?
3. What is/are the pattern/s of development used in
the article? Justify your answer by citing examples
taken from the article
 Performance Task:
Format of the short paper:
Font: Times New Roman, 11pt size
Short bond paper
Print on one side only
Double space
All paragraph must be in justified format
Margin: 1 inch in all sides (bottom, top, left and
right)
First page – upper left corner: Name, section, class
schedule
Next pages – upper right corner: Family name,
Name initial, page number