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BHAVESH SANDBHOR
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An Internet Book on Fluid Dynamics Continuity equation in other coordinate systems We recall that in a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system the general continuity equation is A(ou) , Apr) , A(pw) (Beet) ar + ay + de or in tensor notation Py Oe ip, Apuy , = Bee?) att dn; (Bee2) or in vector notation a f+ Vou) =0 (Bees) If the flow is planar, the velocity and the derivatives in one direction (say the 2 and the continuity equation reduces to lirection) become zero Op , Apu) | Ape) at ae tay =? (Bee4) and if the flow is incompressible this is further reduced to Ou Ss (Bees) a form that is repeatedly used in this text. Ina planar flow such as this it is sometimes convenient to use a polar coordinate system (r,0). Then the continuity equation becomes Ap, 1A(prue) | 1A(ows) ot r Or r 00 where up, ug are the velocities in the 7 and 0 directions. If the fluid is incompressible this further reduces to (Bees) Arun), Buy _ > (Bee?) and, in the very simple circumstances in which the flow is purely radial so that tp = 0, it follows that rus) _ 9 (Bees) and therefore u, = C/r where Cis a constant or only a function of time. This is the flow field for a simple line source or sink” at r = 0 which is perpendicular to the plane of r and 8. We will discuss these flows elsewhere in this book. Another simple planar flow that is valuable to identify is one in which the vortical flow in which w, is everywhere zero and the flow proceeds in a circular path. Then the continuity equation for incompressible flow becomes (Bee9) and therefore ug is a function only of r and t. There are several specific types of vortical motion that are discussed elsewhere in this book. Reverting to the more general three-dimensional flow, the continnity equation in cylindrical coordinates (v.02) is Ap , 1A(oree) , 19(pu0) ar Or oo where uy, ug, uz are the velocities in the r, @ and 2 directions of the cylindrical coordinate particular subset of such flows is axisymmetric flow in which the derivatives in the @ direction are zero so that the continuity equation becomes a 1 A(pru, O(pus. 2p , LAprur) , ous) Ot ror dz where u,,ug,u, are the velocities in the r, @ and 2 directions of the cylindrical coordinate system. For incompressible axisymmetric flow it follows that the continuity equation becomes =0 (Bell) 0 (Bee12) Oz Another subset is vortical flow about the 2 axis (with no flow in the z direction) in which ease the continuity ‘equation becomes Bp, LA(pru) , 1 A(pue) > Beel: ay Orr aD (Beis) Turning now to spherical coordinates (r,0,@) the continuity equation becomes Op , 1 A(pruy) 1 Apus) . at? ow th rsind 06 (Beel4) and in some particular flows in which this simplifies further. In purely radial flow such as that due to a point source or a sink (as opposed to the line source or sink described above) it becomes 0 (Bee15) For incompressible flow this reduces to (Beel6) and therefore u, = C/r? where C is only a function of time. Clearly this can be arrived at by arguing that for an incompressible fluid the spherical surface area times the radial velocity must be the same at all rad

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