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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter deals with a review of some related literature and

studies relevant to the study. The review of studies on parental involvement,

students’ achievement and attitude in science have opened an avenue of

understanding that would lead to the solution of the problems set in the study.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

Positive reinforcement strategies are utilized in many schools as

some way to show students to require responsibility for his or her own

behaviors. Though positive reinforcement could be a highly regarded behavior

management system, many professionals question its effectiveness. There

are professionals that state that positive reinforcement could of course have

an adverse effect on a student’s education. By giving students easy tasks and

giving them positive reinforcement on those easy tasks, students are less

likely to be willing to undertake harder tasks during which they will not receive

the identical reinforcement. Proponents believe that positive reinforcement

results in student responsibility and self-control, and helps students become

positive contributors to the classroom environment. There's an ongoing

debate about the results of positive reinforcement and the way it affects

student achievement within the classroom.

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According to Bouxsein, Roane, & Harper (2011) Positive

reinforcement has been demonstrated to be an effective method that helps

decrease destructive behaviors in the classroom, while increasing student

compliance.

One of the foremost difficult aspects of becoming an educator is

learning a way to engage your student in learning. it's also one in every of the

most important teachers to grasp, students who aren't motivated won't learn

effectively. Moreover, they can't retain information, they are doing not

participate and a few of them may become disruptive in learning. (Teach,

2018).

LOCAL LITERATURE

Education is the shaping of the special and fundamental abilities

of our minds which is also the process of giving or obtaining a general mind,

developing rational reasoning and preparing ourselves intellectually for the

purpose of life. It is also the science or art of teaching according to the

dictionary of the Random House.

According to Grace (2014) Success depends on the motivation

of the youth in the study. It is important to know the factors that influence

student motivation. However, each student's motivation depends on many

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aspects based on their personality, history, preferences, where they are best

or where they are most comfortable, such as parents, dreams and their

personal future.

Also, parents of the students have a big impact to them. They

might motivate them in supporting to their prefer track, appreciating their

grades, giving financial

assistance to support their primary needs (tuition fee, projects, expenses,

etc.) but also, they can hinder their child/children to perform well. They might

be the reason why a student has lack of excitement in going to school and do

paper works. Students' motivational level increase and become stronger when

their teachers and parents notice or appreciate them (Afforte, 2012).

FOREIGN STUDIES

According to National Technical University of Ukraine the study

achievements and students’ behavior is affected by the teachers who provide

different opportunities in classrooms. Thus, encouragement and motivation of

students is an essential part of the successful learning process that is

suggested to be performed by the consideration of B. F. Skinner’s

reinforcement theory. Using motivation in teaching is able to increase

student’s involvement in learning.

The research conducted in Pakistan showed that approximately

80% teachers agree or strongly agree that motivation is the only way to
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success and only 20% disagree or strongly disagree with the idea. The

majority of the disagreed teachers said that too much use of reinforcement

might distract attention and concentration in course of the teaching and

learning process.

The encouragement used by teachers is called reinforcement

and considering the definition we can say that it is an impact on the students’

behavior. Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary defines the

reinforcement as making something stronger or more effective or becoming

stronger or more effective. There are two types of reinforcement: positive one

that is praise or appreciation and negative which means punishment.

Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary gives such definition of positive

reinforcement as the offer of desirable effects or consequences for some

particular behavior with the aim of increasing the future likelihood of the

repetition of such behavior. Catania considers the positive reinforcement to be

a technique eliciting and strengthening another behavior by adding rewards

and incentives instead of eliminating benefits. When teachers apply positive

reinforcement, they encourage desired behavior eliminate negative one.

This study will be helpful in this research because this study

proves to be important, scalable and feasible. Use classroom strategies to

improve teacher-student relationships and to create a good environment for

good learning.
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LOCAL STUDIES

A study on high school students of the Ateneo De Manila High

School Department, it turns out that most students from 1994-1995 often

became lazy and kept getting lower grades. In other words, they have to do it

the way they can and this problem never grows. They realized that their

teaching strategy was not effective. As many teachers are inevitably blamed

for this situation, and information gathered, some of the effective solutions to

addressing this problem should be to strengthen the student-teacher

relationship, as students also practice based on whether they are effective in

their studies or not.

This study is helpful in this research because such studies prove

that strengthening teacher-student relationships in the classroom can help

students to become more engaged and interested in learning.

In a study done at Ateneo De Manila University, Loyola Heights

Quezon City was about the responsibility of a teacher and a student. It states

that each teacher is responsible for teaching correct behavior according to his

or her behavior to his or her students. The teacher is also responsible for

identifying the problems that each student faces and helping them in the most

effective way. It also stated that students should still be subject to their
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teachers. Do the work as a student and be an honest student. In this way,

conflict between teacher and student can also be avoided.

This study is helpful in this research because the researcher and

its readers can understand the responsibility that should be performed by the

teacher and the student in the classroom. In this way, there will be good

relationships with students and students because they know their role as

learners.

SYNTHESIS

Collectively, the literature and studies reveal that positive

reinforcement is on of the great contributors to academic performance of a

student and it is a technique use by the teacher to improve their academic

standing. Researchers believe that the related literature and studies

presented in the research has great similarities with the present study.

Motivation is defined as a process within which the individual ‘s

attention and interest are aroused and directed toward definite goals.

Motivation is one among the keys to keep them go. It is the students ‘drive to

continue what they're doing. Motivation has a crucial part in achieving

academic success. It involves different factors that give perseverance and

energy in every student to attain and attain his goals. In other words,
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"Motivation is what gets you going, keeps you going, and determines where

you're trying to travel." Motivation may be get from family, friends,

environment and goals. It depends upon the student on how he/she will apply

motivation in numerous aspects. Motivation can affect a student ‘s academic

performance, and achievement of goals. additionally, it also revealed that

external motivation such as tokens or rewards are very effective for those who

don't have any or enough drive to reach their goals.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals the research design, the participants of the

studying, sampling technique, the research instruments, the data gathering

procedure and statistical analysis.

Research Design.

The technique will be utilized by researchers is qualitative data

gathering. This study is qualitative research that aims to gather and know how

positive reinforcement help to improve the academic performance of the

respondents. The researchers will use simple random sampling technique to

find the answers to specific questions. This method aims to collect the

information of what the respondent’s answers to the specific research

question of their knowledge and awareness on how positive reinforcement

affect their academic performance of selected grade 10 students and

teachers. Furthermore, this method serves the researchers to find more

information that helps to the study.

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Research Sample and Sampling Technique

The researchers will choose 10 Grade 10 student’s and 5 Grade

10 teachers’ in Manila Central University. The researcher’s will interview those

students to know the impact of positive reinforcement in their academic

performances and the teacher’s, to know the impact of positive reinforcement

in their teaching technique.

For the researchers to gather data about the topic “Inquiry of

Positive Reinforcement in Grade10 students in Manila Central University” the

sampling technique that the researchers decided to used is simple random

sampling.

Data-Gathering Procedure

The researchers collected the data through the process of one-

to-one interview with a written questionnaire. The written questionnaire was

created using suitable questions modified from related research and individual

questions formed by the researchers. The written questionnaire was

comprised of 10 questions separately in two types of respondents which are

grade 10 students and teachers, which were related to the respondent’s

perception regarding to impact of positive reinforcement in academic standing

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of grade 10 students. In one-to-one interview the researchers let the

interviewee know the reason for the interview or why he or she was selected

to be interviewed. The interview has an open-ended question in which the

respondents has the freedom to provide responses they are comfortable with.

To ensure the data collected is rich in content, the interviewer ensure there

follow up questions where the respondent gives more information (for

qualitative research) For quantitative use close ended type of questionnaire.

Respondents of the Study

The researchers will choose 10 Grade 10 student’s and 5 Grade

10 teachers’ in Manila Central University. The researcher’s will interview those

students to know the impact of positive reinforcement in their academic

performances and the teacher’s, to know the impact of positive reinforcement

in their teaching technique. They are the ones who have enough knowledge

to answer the problems posed in the study. The researchers set the outline for

the topics covered and the respondents were asked ten (10) questions

regarding the topic of this study.

Demographic Profile of the Student Respondents

Age Gender

Respondent 1
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Respondent 2

Respondent 3

Respondent 4

Respondent 5

Respondent 6

Respondent 7

Respondent 8

Respondent 9

Respondent 10

Demographic Profile of the Teacher Respondents

Age Gender

Respondent 1

Respondent 2

Respondent 3

Respondent 4

Respondent 5
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Research Locale

The researchers conducted the study inside the campus of

Manila Central University.

Research Instrument

The research instrument is one of the necessary components of

research design. It is the tool used in gathering research data and information

from the respondents.

To measure the variables of this study, the researchers design

an one to one interview with a written questionnaire as one of the data

collection instrument in this study. The interview question is aimed at eliciting

relevant information domain data-gathering concerning “The Inquiry of

Positive in Academic Standing of Grade 10 Students of Manila Central

University”. A questionnaire and a voice recorder have been used as a design

by the researchers. The content of the instrument will be based on the

findings of interview that will go to conduct with the selected grade 10

students and teachers as well on the information from the literature reviewed.

For scientific research, if there is no involvement of human as respondents,

then you present here observation checklist or a monitoring form you will
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develop or adopt from resources. Other than these instruments, you will need

to also state the devices that you will be using in the test of your sample such

as pH meter for water and other substances. For soil sample testing you need

to elaborate how will be tested. State, if you need to get and bring the sample

another institution or agency because of its availability.

Data Analysis

The researchers gathered and analyzed the data information

from the conducted interview to the respondents who came from the Grade 10

students and the Grade 10 teachers regarding the impact of Positive

Reinforcement in their academic performance as well as their teaching

technique at Manila Central University. Through the gathered data and

information, the researchers will now analyze and study the data to come up

with their conclusion.

Present here what the researcher needs to do with the data being gathered

(via the instruments they will be using). Moreover, provide also how are these

data be analyzed with the use of the appropriate statistical tool such as

person r, t test, chi square etc.

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References