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Stat Sem4 Unit1

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16 views

Stat Sem4 Unit1

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narasaiahp888777
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ONTTE Sampling Theor y 7 Lp . Tritroduélion _—_— Group of. tadiwiduals ©, cthiogs (EY Hens jis. Called population. | af he Population 1S Large (taftarte) and the comple te. equmevalion of Pope lation 6: act Prac ticable ow possible, Then We Conside>| o-finile subgroup Some pat of “the population called Samp and basect on the Sformation Chavactevislics of the population This process Se Known TAS. t For x Le fi ehouse Coe: MOSUN tests the o Keck producls to tind, ik the ave properly COoKed Son BineL ihe Proper Guaktlp Of zat. “Bpulalion 7 4 oe o Ary ‘Sel of objects anienate. (oJ IN Ontengte : uncle Stutlied ta any K?nol Of StalisticaL ‘investigation 1s Caltech Population (ov] Teve rSE Lint verSe Cor) Group af individuals (OM objects TIRES OF fpopulation “theve’ ave tour types : 194 le 2 |. finite Population - _2. To-freite Populate, ey “Real Population Ly Hypothetical ' . . ‘Population, | cpotle Peplaton. \ ~A\ny Populotion Consists of tinite Nurnbes of objects (Or) Ttems ts Known ag finite population, Ege Vonlo of Students 19, a college Q. No of Workers in a College. Q. In ficite Population _— ' . Avy population Consists af Sinfiaite no Of dbjects (oy Stems tS | | Known oS ingatle population €&- No af Stars in a'Sky Real no's blo 13 te IS. 3. Real population = A\ Populolion consists af he ‘items which ave all present [Physically 1S Caled o Real population €4 No of books ‘in a bag: | fi “Hypathetiica | Population ¢- | the Population consists of the meswts of vepeated tyoils 7S, Known as Hypétheti cal population / | Te ‘Tossing aC COIN ! throwing ade . — > ee | —A sample a2 oe portion() pal ey) fraction of a population | tinile Set of ghsexvalian Axa from Re population %5 Known . AS “ Sample" : £4! Guality of « bag of ~vice. Sample Sige . No of obsesvations tn te Sample is Called Sample Size. te 1S dencteck by the letter n Favameter ag | Population Constadls ase Called Parameters means i Vorriances Standasol dleutatioas af The Populatiy, Ore CSuclley Prefers as! Population Constants” te pavers 2 | | {og a ~A Constant tahohis NEASUse from Population . Sitio €9°- Average marks tra Subject of Tec Pp oti Clo Urivert8i ty Stolistte PoUAking a, oy . 1ONr bys a London of Sample ObSextations Various me aASuseS \ige “OS Voxiances, Standasd ckuiation ee ec... Of the Sorple ave Weate os + Statistic. ' oo . ; | fox} A Constant tohich tS pacasuved from | Sample. rf © &. Average marks in o Sei fa ie Porlicalay privet : Selected ein the 5 eSanaphpuntt 5 “The Care trtiteste dba erbopildtion chave the Mdividusls TO be ths | Sampled bron the Population = 4, be fi vAhey Sub divided to" the Purpa y- Se Of Sampl pitng at ‘atime Ss Called - Samm len ante. For Example te Know the ave income Dev farily “the Ihead of the emily iS @ Sampling unk. | Sorin {rome tov fF any t tb Eaters) | 2) Sample Enumeration. Co Omplete Enum ewation::,-- | 2 When Each Unit, 7 the, pep ~ulalion tS Examine | byti-foy a havact —enislics under S ny is Calleck C omplete Enumeration (on Complete Census Sirvey ‘ae The F Proess dipplted fov Meilioral Populeilion Gensus 1S Comple te Enu Sample Enumeration e | tuohen only a poat of Te ion {5 Known as Sam Je Enue —meaation and tt ts Sele cteck from the Population . | Samplag cleshebation:- - q TThe aqareaile of Wasious Uolue Alatistic unde Considenation So Obtain one.from Each Sample wage “Grouped tnlo frequency dist bution which, fs) Known as Sampling Ashi biti Af we daaw o Sample of Se(n) fron a oven finite population Of Size (N) then the total ro. of possible Samples ove Men / ; the Sam pling ssi Litton of ae Statistic Sosy le Mean Can oe NePresenled below ” l nj X, { 2 oe ll - 3 n % Le : 2 | WG on | : f | i “| pt K 4 2 K % SHardovel Error f- “the Stardard Rewttton of the SG pli aq distikution of a Sta kisi: ‘ 'S Known as Standosd scar. TE ts “censted byS, Standard £sax02 = SP at Stadltstic S.No Statislic Ss.e © | Sample mean(X) os a : Sample Veet o? Nap | | \ Sample sp(8)~/van | Sample Prope Vy | ¥ vaneiple Steps i Sampling Survey : gee Hato Seps involved in “the planning G Execution of a Sample Sunvey are G&S follow — Objectives of Sawer 1- The first Step 15 5 define in Clean and Con cnele teams the Ovgan Sterns ol the Suey Shoulda take Cane toobletin the Effictent & putt full Ne sulle of the Steve y with the avaliable MNeSduvces in terms of money Time , Regu Taemenls and Man- Powe. > Refining the population “to be Sarnpled: The Populettion om which Sample is Chooser Should be Clean - Fev exampk , | an an ag s6Cullural experimen; Clear Cut Dlesulls, must be frame to define asda Unit Seaqardirg Shape , Size EFC, which Give the “Clean thea about bostlen line Cases, i ez Oamp lng Lait & Savapling frame 2The - “Fap” must, bel Capalle pt division into Whet are Calleck Samplieg units for Pores - Of Sample Sclecton. { fon ErXample Tn Socio- Economie s, a a7 Vey ov Selecl ing People | ind Lorton : _ dlapioness units might be an indie, ~ Person Fereily household on @ ble, In Qlocek Th- Bcd +e Cover the. popula dect Ae poo’ thet Should be Some. list ©) tap, Lohich 1S Called the {rome Wohic bh Serves AS & qide “The Pople mic) be Covesied . > Roly To be collected + The data ‘Shoubd be Collected Keeping 7 iA Vie us therokjectives of The Susveu which would help t in é lintnetng The Collection ol. ourelevant, | information & EnSune “that no Essealial dala ovity > Qlesleycate (Oy Schedule 5 A Queslionneaie (o) ‘Scheclule 4S well ucshons seqaaclin Sakceposedd ist bof g | qes| Q.The Enguine of he ‘Seavey The Guest h. onnasie 1s fillet by me spondence Conch a Schedule 1S Hlled fy Interviews sr ON K investigation. “The consiwction ob | Questionnanie ©) Schectule on) @ Equality y SKIL Spectal technique ned porniltest — dohich Subject unden Study. _ 2? Hetfods of Collection Trfornettion c_ o “Theve ave tio melheds to Collect “the ‘info {vorn the Sample . Kes teauté wo HEthed j- Gn this methocl the Tne sttgation ‘intenviews “the NeSpondenls peso investigator asks the Questions one by Oneand tills UP the Schedule on Ahe bass of informakion Supplied by The Semple * Hail- Queslionneate Nethool 2- Tr this method he: Que skonmasic 5 Send ‘to the siespondests and They ane back To Se@uise ct to $llup and Stelu Putin oA fo #illup the Agenigation . Hail Quectionnovie Helhod ts k. | Costly, but thene is much Scope fy NOM. Nesponese whene aS wWleavieu metho Costs more but mone Ethie, Than mailect Queslionnasi e metho. > Non Respondence i) . Tf tre AeSpondenls may ne Lay, Viable (OP tray peal esp refuse to provide The Tohormettion J then this Kind of FAG. / Mpleteness 75 Called Hon- Ne sponse f “those Fndividuals ane Called Non- “eSponde rts D> Selection of. Propes Soinpling Design: | SA TO. of designs One awolia le fe “the Selection of Sample And by Estate he Population Posamel ens LWoith tune. Attainity Amost Suttalble Sampling dese iS to be Selected to 1NCHease the Perce ptton involving with the Costand an nen © SS ton We COYYSIC le Nr Wave) > OP'geinigalion o} tick Work + The te Sutt oh the Sumve 4 dep ad of how best and acaucte the in Lexwreatn C 1S Collected . The information tyore the Sesponcerts Obslatned. best by agank “SINg The field LOOK Propet: ae Su ~-Ccess | the Suwey depen 5 On NEE “Ole Viable field Looak, +4e nce 't 15 €55- - Exvtttell +to have, an oclequeate ‘Supewis Sto, Stay, ‘To: ‘Ins viene the \ield Loonk, , |F Summary iS Of dota.” | ie cl of ‘lata rmeuy be Cldsce tied into plowing heads, $ Suit a latin of Rate : “The Editing It Gade Questiornastes toelh help in arnending Mlegeacting EMOISTA Elemi nokongaals Trat cxe Obiviously Edrnoneous ancl Consistanc e. E \ Tabulation of adil - We must de cice about th. Procedune fer tony Ai af the chet whic h, one: tn Complete cue tO Non _ | Stespon se To Cestotn 4temS I Ae - speck Question; Questionnarte anck cestat ade ele teted to eatibg Procss . * Statistiat anlifs's 7 —f\fter the Sate: have been por -ly Sbubinlsed , Edited aad tabuleted av Careful iatictical cinalysis 5 o a Hert Wethods O52 Esti. ~atlio rn be. available. the Same. deta. a . i . *K Repoiting anck Interpretation ;- Ta alhis Sk : alzpiled State ment Of The dikbenent slagés of the Sw Mey Skoulct lie Prepared a gnjowetion Getinech tor futon Seavey 2 try Completect Stsvey cS help tl ih Piovin a note (ailion daking desson | diom it tov designing qchioe Sun pace Oaganisess vi the Busey ¢ (an be learnt 5 lhe quids liress fe i 7m Beco ising and ae ck yi the mistakes, a tai ct Je the | Comat te | Suav ly medicos VensuS Sarmple Suse = ) | ease Hethod :- od Wet je sort € qn, Census meth lation and the | /. inspection of the pope TEnumesatle £ach And EVO unit 7 Population \ The ‘Census melhed Seems +0 Provide moe > sulle accusate aud fkact Tr om ation as Compancel to Sample Collected from gach and Eveay Ul of Populeition prone, Overt ‘it he prone exttenstue & detaiilecl AoVey - For Example : The Poputation Consug | (Conducted by the qotesihrecest of it e Eves lo 'YyeosS collect FO fOvMaig | Not only ahout the population but alg, Obed lnesh!-chens, reciting to Qge, Hasty : ; Stollas,, occupalion, Aeligion / Income th: Osauwbacks 7- -O Bue be Complete propeilion © i Population egudacs @lot of tie MOnpowe s orc adkwanstraelan - (ENG Sich sties npelhodk Can be adopt | Only by the (Gpxeainmecst eure: by OR ~ Sation who héve:: Vast -nesousces et Theis -cisposals (2) Dp the: populiion is “Supficierttly | Jose then it 1S Possible that the. | Re i the € and C Processing and the analysteg of “the dala might take Sp pnuch time ter Vral. when {he sesulls ane avalide they ache Not of much use because ol. hen | Corcitions. Sa ler Sustoy Method &- “In Somple Suey ‘InSent Only & Selected Pees Ond Oheg uate hactovs (Linatec) of The Population % after toc dred Conclusions | about: thee basa ctetstic Ss of populo- ton. Advantages a Sheaple Suave —the Semple Sinihod ee an of distinct aduqolages ven the GnsusS Pop RA tishent Suns OP the adur tech nigue S oactey method, We, ) lation “lages of ampling + Speed & Acadenny Oo And Labous Since ha Sus Survey tS Mor t | Of The Population # A doptakili * S Clertific Complete Cemrruu "l Cw ok Qe €numevates unt Each te Every *K It ive 5 mone On€e, @CC uate andl exact Trnfosmertion Kd £ takes mene tim, all the units of the Populatiag haste bel Exaniaeal Dry KTStat cast 4 Sr. * Hore Aesource s ae Megs del * as Census Appreach ; K At Enume vag, Only a Poot of th Population : t * Sample Suabvey five s the CEpp ion. —Ma te Fnfovmertion or ae Save stine oF Lobous Since only & Part ot the popula has 40 be Examined. Kt Aolal cost of Sample Suovey tS less! Compariegl te Complete . Limited AleSources, ae Aequiaed . Types of Sampling The methect of selecting % Sample epends on “the ha he pie s type of Enputay “reve ave 3 types a, C Sampling which ane Listed below . K Sublcctive ov purposive ©) judgement * pretabil Saagg Bog | K mined Sampting . ¥ Subjective ov Purpostve Oo judge Somplicg ® | Th this mnetho otiithe Sample ts s (Fhe bagel on lis cretion OD Comve- tight @) Joolgement Sampling tg A NOM | Probability Sampling This Sanip ing Siffer from the chrawback bf favert isn and Cepenclivy On belies and prejudice of the “Tnvesti ton, this leaols judgemerd Scampling may not give repre sentalive Sample of the population. SS | a €v¥ample (the Suavey Srl ; i lising Standlasds of ace invesla, . May Select QUAL the inolividuals ( a nich loa : homhts Convieng t, : Thrs Sam ple oes not “epresent “te Middle, low Tncome Tour of people , a. Probability, Sompling ; “This ig @& Screslific metho ot Sélee K 9 the Samples aceorcling TO Sore las Of Probability Of the populailon. The Lifferertt | Kind of probabstity Sampling etl | 1. Fach unit hes Foual Chance of being | Selecleck.- { MW Sampling units have it her eat | he a Probabilities of being Selecteck . - ll, Probab? i; I election of a linet ts 3) Proportional, to “the Sample Si ige : ZB Mixed Samplin | Th this Sarmplin method, The Samples Ove: Selected partl Ky aera to ae Probabili laws and portly ccosieting to ak finecl Sampling oule (ho Assignment 4 fies These Samples axe KNOWN as Mined coal -pks and the tec brtgue oF Select ‘ng the ! Samples TS Known AS Mixed Sav ling . / UEsi0US types Sampling Lechrigues | below . x Simple Aandom ‘Sampling at Stated u u ) stemaltC ib muttistaye \ L No Simple clustes ¥ Mututt stage cluster 1 Mi. Avea Sam lin > Ut, Quota Sampling ml yy 6 7h, Quast pardon Na Somg, 4 Sarmpling Evror 37 “The, Evrers involved — “ting He rejecting the popriction eaSeq i \ \ - . ( On the Sary le obsexvalios iS KOOP g ( in the Alen) : Sampling enor, i Compling bases are primacy followin, Measons 7 L. Sout ty Selection of The Sample . » Somene the bast of In rhedag b lel Sve Sanu ‘ , 0g The useé of eee! e Sa P n4 tec hnrgue for the Selection of a Sample ThES bias GA he Overcome by Strictly ache xt tS a Sample stanclom slae'to th ing a Sample at Cotian which af such nal Sam le Ow. by Select Slandaonm Subject ty vest im on the ACCURACY ave that Thay Ad rol Triflodluce bias tn The Nesullg,.; Q, Subst tution e. : : : Th clif{hiculbic s Quse m Enumercting oO Paxticular Somplieg unit © \ Jd included fr The 2anclom Sample, lhe investi tors usually a Conventent Member \ ¢f the population | : 1 3. $a clemarcetion of Sampling tunis ° Bras due to Acpective cl Ty, of Sgrpli “J unils 7 S aaa asks Jal -(ant in ANE Sut Such as G al pape mend un é ticle! (oy) A Cott ng: Suave y etc / | , O- boydea line Cases. ‘Y Remarks £- crease. tin the Sample Se Usually results in the clecrease tn the | Sampling Earren: i foc’ many | Sitlucttion. @ i This clecawasSe in Sampling fax0gr tS). (nUeas Sely Proper tional lo Ta SGUAIt Foot of “the Samp le Sie fn G Exaoy sampling SiZe Non- Sampling Emaors ¢- Alon Sampling Eason Can CHusat Ever Stage df the plerniy | OY Execution of Cengus (CY) Sample esVey the nen Sampling Fon ATK bron Plowing Functions . |, Faulty Planning on defini fon 2. Planar of Suave Consisls Tn Explictty Starling “the absesvatio? Of | the: Susvey - | * Lele Speci cahion being inacleprel And 7M conststent with NeSpect te eT the objectives Of the Swwey / th ee ee | gle + Ever due to location of the Inthe and actual managements a The ¢ hare -ctesistic saxon, In- recording He Measuxement £230x due ‘lo ill de pre al Queslionasie gto. #% lack of frvatnet and Grrale frcertion Tnvestigators and lack of adeguale Super visoay Stapf Q. Response Exnors+ ; arn ap cal to the pitdle on pre a Sika of person ctesuiewed Many introdyce Yet anothey hind af bias, Called prestiage bias by Virtue af tohich he rrew upgicds his education ~olellfer Guotte ate Ocgupation, Tncome cue (0) | prs - oe | Aawngrare A S age thus gesulting nm | Coseng answers. 3. Non nesponcee bias ;- In house to AcuSe Susvey NESPCr é dent fs unable To fomish the Finformaliy fuses 16 u On all the Questions @) if AC j at ei y § The Sysvey under the objectives. NSwWem Cen latin “Pe culias Chesactag 7 C CS cue ta non- respons io kK Crrov in Coverage T4 tthe object ves Of the F Susivey ave Mot pmeuse Started? tm Clean Cat besuns This May OM | in. ( (The Tncluston tr the Survey af Cesctath unite tahich axcnot to be ) inclactesl ove the cruclustan of Cex laty Lintks tahtclh were to be tnclucect in, 55 Compiltn ERLONS 7 - Vaxiou S ope static Ng oO, doh Processtna Such as editad ard Codi of “the vesponce s tabulation and | | Summaré3i ng The oniginal Obeavecions made tn the Gave You 4 poteli Potential Souvee of EXON | [a - - eS US.) publicakoo Eanors 2- 4 Publication #1 15 t.&, The feck dusting presenlieg 7 jE ANONS commit buladion aeSul ig Ch, fi ard printing ‘op ta lt basically dune to WSAKCCS - | a) remec Fiagaee of publications he ro Fatluse of Suave Y Point out the limbtations © . Linttations of Sampling + ni “The Gduanlages of Sampling ove, ! Complete Census) as ~enume sate 4 akove, Car be clestived only ih, Nn OW oaganisat ont Statistics j is Saidpliog, Unils anc xa Scieali#c manner . ns Appopsiate Sam ping technique is used ft. Sample Size 1S Ocle puale : be Samplin Sheoai, has 6 Oven imttations anck problems which Meu i be barefty autltned, Cre 4S follows’ y ® Propes Curve Should: be taken Toh, Planning ark txecution of the Sample SVE Y 5 Othea lorSc. “the me Sulls Obl ~Mek mtaht be. in accusale anc Mis. 7 leacteng : a) *) Sampling Theor ty NequTme Ss He Sesu | C&S, of -bra@ined and Gualtf ede Person and Sophisticated Equipmert fox ‘its Plagring i Execution and anak sts “Iq the ahsen ce of these, the Sesrélls af | The Sample Survey ase’ ret dbrust Worthy. WM 53h * Howe vex, \f The Infewralion & De Guined about Each, and Every unit q the antuerse there 15 no Wowy but lo NESont to Complete Enumeration - —— Move dues ,if time Cinch money ce net tmportant factors or Tf time & money Gse not Trnpovta nt factors (cy) if | Ihe Universe CenSus may be hette than any Sampling melhod . Sampling trac lion o The Quantity ASP eI xt TS Known as font te Population Convection Mire ie flee ge fe Lange . The Quoatily aS ig Known 4S Samp ling practi ot |

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