COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

INTRODUCTION
INFECTION – implantation and successful  Check the schedule of change of
dressing
replication of an organism in the tissue of the
host resulting in signs and symptoms as well  Sterile gauze – every 2 days
as immunologic response.  Sterile transparent, semi permeable
dressing – 7 days
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE – it is an illness
caused by an infectious agent it its toxic  Admin sets/needless components –
96hrs
products that are transmitted directly or
indirectly to a well person through an agency,  Blood products – every bag change
and a vector or an inanimate object.  IV bag/IV bottle – 24hrs
 COD as needed for diaphoretic patients
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
LOCAL – specific parts of the body where the TYPES OF NASOCOMIAL INFECTION
microorganisms remain. ENDOGENOUS – comes from the patient
SYSTEMIC – microorganisms spread and
→ eg. resistance to antibiotic
damage different parts of the body.
EXOGENOUS – comes from the environment
→ most common
ACUTE – appears suddenly or lasts a short time.
 < 6 months
LEVEL OF DISEASE OCCURENCE
CHRONIC – occur slowly, over a long period and SPORADIC – disease that occurs infrequently
may last months or years and irregularly
 > 7 months ENDEMIC – constant presence and/or usual
prevalence of a disease or infectious agents
TYPES OF HEALTHCARE ASSOCIATED in a population within a geographic area
INFECTION → constant in a particular place and in a
NASOCOMIAL – hospital acquired / facility particular time
acquired / facility-based EPIDEMIC – “outbreak”
→ can either develop during a client’s stay in → increase often sudden in the number of cases
facility or manifest after discharge of a disease above what is normally
expected in that population in that area
→ 48hrs after admission and 48hrs after PANDEMIC - epidemic that has spread over
discharge several countries or continents, usually
IATROGENIC – procedure-based affecting a large number of people
→ direct result of diagnostic or therapeutic → 2 or more countries
procedures
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD
 Central Line-associated Bloodstream Host
Infection (CLABSI)
 Catheter-associated Urinary Tract
Infection (CAUTI)
 Surgical Site Infection (SSI)
 Ventilator-associated Pneumonia (VAP)

Agent Environment

ICEBERG
gn PRINCIPLE
AVOID CLABSI

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→ shows the disease situation where the problem → makes an infection a communicable disease
is subclinical, unreported or hidden. Only the
“TIP OF THE ICEBERG” is known.
Three Modes of Transmission:
 Direct – immediate transfer from one
DIAGNOSED DISEASE person to another
 Indirect – vehicle (thru fomites)
→ vector (thru animals and insects)
UNDIAGNOSED / MISDIAGNOSED  Airborne – thru droplet nuclei that can
DISEASE remain suspended on air for long periods
of time

RISK FACTORS
DROPLET AIRBORNE
→ can occur only if → can occur
FREE OF RISK the source and the regardless how close
FACTORS host are within 1m or how far the
(3ft) to each other distances between
→ more than 60 hosts and agents
CHAIN OF INFECTION grams → less than 60 grams
 Conditions that must be met in order for a
microbe or infectious disease to be spread PORTAL OF ENTRY – the way the causative
from person to person agent enters the host

SUSCIPTIBLE HOST – any person who is at risk

for infection

DETERMINANTS OF HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY

Poor Poor Poor Tertiary
Primary Secondary Defenses
Defenses Defenses
- impaired - low levels - immature (young)
CAUSATIVE AGENT – pathogens / germs / skin of antibody immune system
microorganisms that infect and cause a integrity - deteriorating (old)
- poor immune system
disease skin -immunosuppression
moisture
Types of causative agent:
 Bacteria – most common BREAKING THE CHAIN
 Virus – most microscopic
 Fungi – least common Cleaning - visibly without dirt
 Parasites – protozoans, helmiths, flukes
- kills all microbes except
Disinfection
SPORES
RESERVOIR – sources of microorganisms
→ can be biological (living) or inanimate (non- Sterilization - kills all microbes
living)
PORTAL OF EXIT – the way the causative agent
leaves the reservoir
MODE OF TRANSMISSION – the method where Disinfecting Agents:
the causative agent is able to spread from  Antiseptic – usually used for skin
one person to another person
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  Disinfectants – usually used on surfaces Personal Protective Equipment
Gloves – mostly used, could be clean or
sterile
Gown – used to protect the uniform from
possible contamination
Methods of Sterilization: Mask – used as part of respiratory hygiene
 Autoclave – use of moist heat higher Goggles – used when there is possibility of
212°F splashing oon the face
 Radiation – alpha, beta, gamma, UV rays
 Gas – ethylene oxide Donning (GowMaGogGlov)
 Dry heat – use of dry heat at 150-170°C → GOWN then MASK then GOGGLES then
GLOVES
Doffing (GlovGogGowMa)
Antimicrobial Therapy: → GLOVES then GOGGLES then GOWN
 Antibiotic then MASK
 Antiviral
 Antifungal
 Antiparasitic
Safe Injection Practices:
NEVER
Bacteriostatic – inhibits growth of bacteria  Recap the needle
→ ex. Sulfonamides, tetracyclines, macrolides  Bend/break the needle
Bactericidal – kills and destroys bacteria  Reuse/share contaminated needle
→ ex. Quinolones, aminoglycosides  Throw used needles in a puncture
resistant container
STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
→ also known as universal precautions
→ used in the care of ALL hospitalized individuals Coughing/sneezing etiquette
regardless of their diagnosis or possible  Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue
infection status. when you cough or sneeze
 Put your used tissue in a waste basket
ELEMENTS OF STANDARD PRECAUTIONS  If you don’t have a tissue, cough or sneeze
 Hand hygiene into your upper sleeve, not your hands
 Wearing personal protective equipment
 Safe injection practices
 Safe handling of contaminated materials Lines of Defenses
 Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette PRIMARY – skin and mucous membranes
SECONDARY - inflammatory response
TERTIARY – immune system
Hand Hygiene
- most effective and most practical method of
controlling the spread of microorganisms CATEGORIES OF HEALTHCARE WASTES
BLACK – non-infectious dry waste
Amount of soap: at least 4mL if liquid GREEN – non-infectious wet waste
Focus/most important element: friction YELLOW – infectious/pathological waste
Minimum time: at least 20 seconds if not ORANGE – radioactive
visibly soiled RED – sharps

RA 10152
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MANDATORY BASIC IMMUNIZATION LAW
(IPV) (blood)

ABSOLUTE CONTRAINDICATIONS Pneumococc Pneumonia Liquid, clear

 Any serious condition that needs al Conjugate Meningitis
hospitilization Vaccine
 Immunocompromised
 High fever (38.6 and up)

NOT CONTRAINDICATIONS
 Fever up to 38.5
 Mild acute respiratory infection
 Simple diarrhea
 Malnutrition

Vaccine Disease/s Components

Bacillus Tuberculosis Live

Calmette attenuated RA 11332
Guerin (BCG) bacteria; MANDATORY REPORTING OF NOTIFIABLE
freeze-dried DISEASES AND HEALTH EVENTS OF
with special PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN
diluent
CATEGORY 1:
Hepatitis B Hepatitis B Plasma
vaccine derivative or  Acute flaccid paralysis
(Monovalent) RNA  Adverse event following immunization
recombinant,  Anthrax
cloudy, liquid  COVID-19
 Hand and foot and mouth disease
Pentavalent Diphtheria D–
(DPT – Pertussis weakened  Human avian influenza
HepB- Tetanus toxins  Measles
Hemophilus Hepatitis B P – killed  Meningococcal disease
Influenza) Pneumonia bacteria  Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
Meningitis T–  Neonatal Tetanus
weakened
toxins, liquid  Paralytic shellfish
clear  Rabies; and
 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Oral Polio Poliomyelitis Live (SARS)
Vaccine attenuated
(OPV) virus
CATEGORY 2:
Measles Measles Live  Acute bloody diarrhea
Mumps Mumps attenuated  Acute encephalitis syndrome
Rubella Rubella virus dried  Acute hemorrhagic fever syndrome
Varicella Chicken pox freeze with  Acute viral hepatitis
(MMRV) special  Bacterial meningitis
Quad diluent
Vaccine  Cholera
 Dengue
Inactivated Poliomyelitis Liquid clear  Diphtheria
Polio for serum  Influenza-like illness
Vacccine immunity  Leptospirosis
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 Malaria 3. INTENSIFIED – Inpatient / in RHU
 Non-neonatal tetanus
 Pertussis; and SPUTUM SPECIMEN
 Typhoid and paratyphoid fever 1. DAY 1 – spot specimen → case finding
2. DAY 2 – early morning specimen at home →
IMMUNOLOGY bring to RHU
3. DAY 3 – at RHU
TUBERCULOSIS
Other names:
CONFIRMATORY TEST
 Koch’s disease
XPERT MTB/RIF – Primary test
 Consumption disease DIRECT SPUTUM SMEAR MICROSCOPY –
 Phtisis alternative test
 Great White Plague
SCREENING AND DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
MYCOBACTERIUM SP.
CHEST X-RAY
 tubercle (most common in asia)
Purpose: secondary test only since there is no
 africanum (most common in africa) specific appearance for TB patients’ lungs
 bovis (derived from cattles)
 canetti (derived from farm animals) Disclaimer: done only if patient has hemoptysis
which is a contraindication to DSSM
 avium (opportunistic type)
 kansasii (opportunistic type) Method: non-invasive use of low levels of
radiation to visualize parenchymal lesions
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: AIRBORNE
 sneezing PREVENTION
 coughing PRIMARY LEVEL
 talking  Vaccination of BCG
Given at birth and school entry
INCUBATION PERIOD: 4-6 WEEKS Route: intradermal
Dose: 0.05mL
Site: upper arm
MANIFESTATIONS Side effect: may cause permanent scarring
 Airborne precaution
Classic/most Cough for 2 weeks (starts dry
salient then becomes bloody) → place patient in negative pressure room
→ perform 6-12 air changes per day
Other signs Low grade fever → keep door closed at all times
and Anorexia → limit patient’s movement
symptoms Fatigue
Weight loss SECONDARY LEVEL
Night sweats
 Case finding and reporting
Late Hemoptysis  Screening of healthcare providers
Chest pain

CASE FINDING
 ACTIVE – RN → Community → find S/Sx of
CD
 PASSIVE – Client → RHU → report S/Sx
of CD ● DOWNLOAD the template you want to use
NTCP (SIXTH ED) CASE FINDING ● and UPLOAD it in your OWN DRIVE so you
1. ACTIVE – group conference can edit and type your transes.
2. ENHANCED – RN → house to house ● No need for request edit access.
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● DO NOT DIRECTLY TYPE on the docs.
● Thank you! Padayon 💜

Topic Outline:
● Topic I
● Topic II

INTRODUCTION
TOPIC
SUB-TOPIC

● DOWNLOAD the template you want to use

and UPLOAD it in your OWN DRIVE so you
can edit and type your transes.
● No need for request edit access.
● DO NOT DIRECTLY TYPE on the docs.
● Thank you! Padayon 💜

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