Data analysis & interpretation

• Data analysis and interpretation refers to the process of inspecting

cleaning ,transforming and modelling data in order to extract
meaning full insights and draw conclusion.
• It is a crucial component of data science and play a significant role in
decision making ,problem solving and understanding complex
phenomena
Data Analysis and implementation
• Data analysis involves various technique and methodology to explain and
examine the dataset. here are some key step typically involved in data analysis
and interpretation.
• Data collection- relevant data from survey, database ,sensor online platform
• Data cleaning-preprocess data/remove error, remove duplicate, data set available
for analysis
• Data exploration: Preliminary investigation, characteristic ,pattern, relationship
between variable
• Data modelling: need to apply ML algo or statistical algo. we can build descriptive
and predictive data .we can trained.
• Data interpretation: Meaningful conclusion, prediction,insight to decision making
• Data visualization :graph tree,chart,flow chart(data should be reprentable)
• Reporting and communication: after completion
How to select an Appropriate statistical test
• Descriptive analysis
• Correlation analysis
• Regression analysis
• Graphical analysis
• Reliability analysis
How to select an Appropriate statistical test
• As a research scholar ,you must aware about a list of following question o
easily select an appropriate statistical test for data analysis.
• Is you research base on quantitative, qualitative or mixed research
methods?
• Is your model of study base on simple or multiple linear regression model
or have no model?
• What are types of variable and scale of variables, you are using in
hypothesis testing?
• It is important tip that is in many studies, descriptive analysis ,correlation
analysis, frequency and percentage analysis, graphical analysis ,regression
analysis ,reliability analysis and diagnostic tests are used ,repeatedly.in
addition regression analysis are based on two tests such as F-test for
ANOVA regarding model fit and t-test for hypothesis testing
Hypothesis testing
• Hypothesis testing is a statistical method used in research to acess
the validity of a hypothesis or claim about a population parameter or
the relationship between variables.
• It involves collecting and analysing data to determine whether the
observed results provide sufficient evidence to support or reject the
null hypothesis in Favor of an alternative hypothesis.
• Hypothesis testing is an essential too in scientific research ,allowing
researcher to draw conclusion, make inferences, and contribute to
the advancement of knowledge in various fields
Characteristic of hypotheses testing
• Clear formulation of hypotheses: hypothesis should be clearly stated
and specific, indicating the expected relationship or difference
between variables. The null hypothesis represent the default
assumption, while the alternative hypothesis express the claim or
effect the researcher want to support
Research Report
• A Report is tangible output of a research
• A written Document
• That communicate the research finding.
• The general purpose of the research report is to communicate
research finding in the organization
• Last stage of research process
• Description of what has been done during the period of study or
research
According to American marketing society
• “The purpose of research reort is to interested persons the entire
result of survey in sufficient detail and to arrange as to enable each
reader to comprehend the data and to determine himself the validity
of the conclusion”
Purpose of research report
• Disseminate Information
• Facilitate decision making
• Validate the generalization
• Guidance to future result
Characteristic of a good report
• Attractiveness
• Balance language
• No repetition of fact
• Accuracy of data
• Current applicability/Practicability
• Description of difficulties and shortcoming
Format /Layout of Research Report
• Preliminary /introductory pages: title page, acknowledgements,
forward,preface,table of content,Executive summary
(page number in roman number I,ii,iii)
• Main text: Introduction, research methodology, Analysis of data,
• End matter: Appendices(Appendix):questionnairs,interview schedule
extra document, Bibliographies, Glossary(short dictionary)
Types of research report
• The result of a research investigation can be presented in a number of
ways
• Business firm report
• Bank report
• Mathematician report
• Ph.D student thesis
• Technical report
• Full written of study
• Main emphasis is on
• the methods employed
• assumption made in the course of the study
• the detailed presentation of the finding including their limitation and supporting data
• Technical Report
• General outline

• Summary of result
• Nature of the study
• Methods employed
• Data
• Analysis of data and presentation of finding
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• appendices
Types of Research Report
• Popular report
• Used if the research result have policy implication
• Emphasis on simplicity and attractiveness.
• Attractive layout along with large print, many subheading, even an occasional
cartoon.

General outline
The finding and their implication
Practical interest and on the implication of these finding
Recommendation for action
Objective of the study
Research Paper, Review article
• A research paper is a piece of academic writing based on an author's
research. The purpose of writing a research paper is to prove your
understanding of a topic or to present new findings based on the
research completed. Information is gathered from previously-
completed research by academic scholars. The author will gather
research that supports or opposes the thesis and present it in the
research paper.
• A review article can also be called a literature review, or a review of
literature. It is a survey of previously published research on a topic.
It should give an overview of current thinking on the topic. And,
unlike an original research article, it will not present new
experimental results.
Short Communications
• Short Communications are limited to 1000 words and are not subdivided.
The paper should contain an abstract, main body and references, and
contain no more than 6 figures or tables, combined. The abstract is
limited to 100 words. They aim to report new ideas, recent advances in
modelling and software.
• Outlines of Short Communication
• Title
• Authors’ full names and affiliations, corresponding author marked
• Name of corresponding author along with phone E-mail information ABSTRACT
• Key words
• Short Communication
• Acknowledgments
• References
Short Communications
• Abstract: The Abstract should start on a new page, the aim of the abstract is to concisely
describe the content of the paper. It should clearly and accurately summarize the main
focus of the study. The word count should be under 250 words. The Abstract should be
written as a single paragraph without headers. Do not include any citations in the
Abstract.
• Key-words: The keywords will highlight the beneficial area, mechanism(s) of action, key
compounds and so on. Provide four to eight appropriate key words after abstract which
should be separated by semi colon.
• Short Communication: Short communications do not cover in detail background
information about the problems treated or the applications, rather they provide key
pointers to the reader. Authors must include a statement about the word count in their
submission
• References: Any reference taken from other sources should be cited in the reference list
in the order in which they appear, first through the text, then through the table and
figure legends. References are listed at the end of the manuscript in the text, cite the
reference number in square brackets in all the above content of manuscript
Citation

Session Objectives:
• What is a reference or citation?
• Examples of citations
• What is a citation or reference style?
• Avoiding plagiarism
• Where to get more information about citing and
referencing
What is a reference or citation?

• A way of giving credit for someone's thinking, writing

or research
• You mark the material when you use it (a citation) and
give the full identification at the end (a reference)
• In academic writing you are obliged to attribute every
piece of material you use to its author
Why cite or reference?
• Credit sources of information & ideas

• Reader can locate for further information if required

• Validate arguments
• Increase and spread knowledge
• Show depth, breadth & quality of your reading!
When to cite?
Direct quotes
Statistics/Studies
Theories
Facts
Interpretations
Paraphrases
• Presentation on theme: "Citation Styles: MLA, APA, CMS"— Presentation transcript:
• Citation Styles: MLA, APA, CMS

• 2 MLA Modern Language Association Used in humanities courses

Emphasis on authorship: Author’s name appears in physical text Author’s name appears first in Works Cited page entries

• 3 APA American Psychological Association Used in social science courses

Emphasis on date created: Date of work appears in physical text Place immediately after author’s name on “References” page

• 4 CMS Chicago Manual of Style Two systems for citation:

Notes and bibliography (NB) system Author-date (AD) system NB used in history courses; emphasis on source origins Numbers assigned to particular facts that link to footnote
or endnote that provides bibliographic information

• 5 Footnote vs. Endnote Footnote: Endnote: Located at foot of page

Easy to find; easy to gain information Affects the layout of the page Endnote: Located at end of chapter, volume, or entire work Reader must move back and forth between
main text and footnotes Does not affect layout of page

• 6 MLA: All sources Author name.

Title of source. (longer works italicized, “shorter works placed in quotation marks”) Title of container, (larger publication, website name) Other contributors, (Edited by,
Translated by, Directed by, etc.) Version, (Edition; Volume = vol.) Number, (Issue = no.) Publisher, Publication date, Location. (URL or page numbers) Accessed date (day month
year; time sensitive material)

• 7 APA: Books Author name. (Publication year). Title of source.

Location of publication: Publisher. Retrieved from URL (if online)

• 8 APA: Periodicals Author name. (Publication year).

Title of article (first word and proper nouns capitalized). Title of periodical (italicized), Volume number, Page number(s).

• 9 APA: Online sources Author name.

(Publication date); [n.d.] if not given. Title of article or page title. Larger Publication title, volume or issue number. Retrieved from URL or DOI (serial number)

• 10 CMS: Books Author name. Title of source. Location of publication:

Publisher, Publication date.

• 11 CMS: Periodicals Author name. “Article title.” Publication title.

Issue information: Page numbers. Publication date. URL (if accessed online).

• 12 CMS: Online sources Author (and/or owner, sponsor) name.

Title of document. URL or DOI. Accessed on date (if information is time sensitive).
Example citation in text –summary
The prologue to Peter Stevens’ (2003) “The Voyage of
the Catalpa” has a strong Irish flavour yet it is clearly
set on the eastern seaboard of the United States of
America.

A study by O'Connor of the CIBA foundation found

that 52 scientific journals had used 33 different
reference styles (cited by Garfield 1986, p. 3)
Example of citation in text –
paraphrase
The beautifully refitted and well equipped ship
carried supplies for two years at sea whaling in the
Atlantic (Stevens, 2003).

We all perceive the world around us in ways that are

often unique to us through a series of personal filters
and we 'construct' our own versions of reality (Kelly
1955).
Example of citation in text –
quotation
The conspiratorial tone of the prologue is no better
expressed than in the final line, “Not a man but
ourselves had the least suspicion of her true mission,
and she is well on her way now.” (Stevens, 2003, p. 2).
Another example quote
A recent study (Oshagbemi, 2004) also suggests that older managers
can bring balance to a management team, as older managers,
compared to younger, consult more widely and favour more
participation, which tends to be well-received by other staff.
Oshagbemi asserts that: "older workers tend to have a maturity and
wisdom that enables them to anticipate problems and to respond to
them calmly and with confidence" (p.2).
How? Citation or reference style
• A citation style or reference system is a standardised
system for referring to materials used in your writing
• There are several different citation styles developed
independently by professional organisations
• University Departments generally stipulate which
style to use for your subject
The Harvard Referencing style
• The most commonly used system in College
• Also known as the “author date system”
• There are very specific rules for textual citations
• There are very specific rules for listing your references
at the end of your essay
Refernces or Bibliography
• “Bibliography” and “References”
• The conventions of your subject will determine which
term you use
• In the Harvard system, references are listed
alphabetically
• There is a double space between references
Citation listed in ‘References’
Book:
Stevens, P. (2003) The Voyage of the Catalpa: A
Perilous Journey and Six Irish Rebels’ Escape to
Freedom. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Harvard
Citation listed in a ‘References’
Journal article
Stevens, P. (2003) ‘The Voyage of the Catalpa: A
Perilous Journey and Six Irish Rebels’ Escape to
Freedom’. Irish Journal of Social History 50 (2) 34-42.

• The “Irish Journal of Social History” is fictitious and for this

example only
Avoiding plagiarism
• The availability of text in digital form increases the possibility of
accidentally using someone else's material without acknowledgement
• Make sure you record all the details of the material you make notes
on at the time so that you know who’s it is later
• By all means use quotes and paraphrased material but cite it properly