MOTOR 2.

SHUNT MOTOR
- its field windings are connected in parallel
- A machine that converts electrical energy to
with both the armature and the line.
mechanical energy.
- When an electric motor is in operation, it Speed Characteristic: adjustable and nearly
develops torque which in turn can produce constant speed
mechanical rotation.
Torque Characteristic: medium starting torque
- Before a motor can develop torque, it is first
necessary that a force be created. This is done Application: blower, pump, fan, compressor
by placing conductors in magnetic fields and
then sending electric currents in the proper To reverse its rotation,
directions through the conductors. a. Interchange the brushes.
- In the actual motor, many coils of copper wire are b. Reverse the connection of the field windings.
placed in the slots of a cylindrical laminated steel
core. 3. COMPOUND MOTOR
PRINCIPLE OF MOTOR ACTION REQUIRES - two fields in two different connections, one is
short shunt and the other is long shunt.
1. The presence of magnetic lines of force.
2. Current through conductors lying in the magnetic Speed Characteristic: adjustable and variable speed
field. Torque Characteristic: high starting torque
3. Before torque is produced.
Application: escalators, elevators, gear drives
COMPARISON OF GENERATOR AND MOTOR
To reverse its rotation,
GENERATOR
a. Interchange the brushes.
- Driven by mechanical machine (prime mover) b. Reverse the connection of the field windings.
- Loads of generator consist of electrical devices
(such as appliances)
- Voltages changes as the load changes
COUNTER ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
- Voltage can be varied by changing the strength
of magnetic field and the speed of rotation. - Is the voltage developed in the armature of
✓ Pag tinaasan supply, tataas yung the motor.
field/flux. - It opposes the direction of the applied
- It can be operated in parallel. voltage.
- Always started without electrical load.
𝑍𝑃∅𝑁
MOTOR 𝐸𝑐 = 𝐸𝑏 = × 10−8
60𝑎
- driven by electric current from electric supply 𝑉𝐿 > 𝐸𝑏
(supplied voltage)
- loads of motors consist of those that tend to
oppose rotation (fan, gear, belt)
- speed of rotation changes as the load changes TERMINAL VOLTAGE EQUATION OF MOTOR
- speed of rotation can be changed by changing
the strength of the magnetic field and the 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑬𝒃 + 𝑰𝒂 𝑹𝒂 + 𝑽𝑩𝑫
applied/impressed voltage.
- Operated as a single unit.
- Can be started with or without load. TORQUE

GENERAL TYPES OF DC MOTORS - Rotational energy/force

- Motor tendency to rotate.
1. SERIES MOTOR - A force acting at a right angle at a radial
- its field winding is connected in series with distance from center of rotation.
both the armature and the line. - it is developed when the current interacts
with the magnetic field produced by the field
Speed Characteristics: variable speed
and the armature.
Torque Characteristic: high starting torque
𝑃𝑑
Application: hoist, conveyor, elevator, escalator, 𝑇𝑑 = 9.55
𝑁
gear drives
𝑇 =𝐹×𝑟
To reverse its rotation,
𝑇 = 𝐵𝐼𝐿 × 𝑟
a. Interchange the brushes.
b. Reverse the connection of the field winding.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS FOR MOTOR 4. A dc shunt motor is rotating at 2550rpm and
developing 42.2 lb-ft of torque. What horsepower
1. A conductor is 8 in. long and carries a current of 140A when
placed perpendicularly to a magnetic field the intensity of is developed?
which is 58,000 lines/in2. Calculate the force exerted by the
conductor.

2. The armature of a dc motor has 648 conductors, 65% of

which are directly under the poles where the flux density is
48,000 lines/in2. If the core diameter is 7in. and its length is
4in. and the current in each conductor is 20A, calculate:
a) The total force tending to rotate the armature.
b) The torque exerted by the armature in lb-ft.

5. A dc shunt motor is rotating at 267.0 rad/sec and

developing 57.2 N-m of torque. How many
kilowatts of mechanical power are developed?

3. A dc motor has an armature containing 192 conductors 70% 6. A simplex lap wound armature has 580
of which lie directly under the pole faces at any given
instant. If the flux density under the poles is 52,000 lines per conductors and carries a current of 125 A per
square in. and the armature diameter and length are 12in. armature current path. If the flux per pole is
and 4.5in respectively, calculate the current in each 20mWb. Calculate the electromagnetic torque
armature conductors for a torque of 120 lb-ft. developed by the armature.
7. A dc motor takes an armature current of 110A at 9. A 250V shunt motor runs at 1000rpm at no-load
480V. The armature circuit resistance is 0.2Ω. and takes 8A. The total armature and shunt field
The machine has six poles, and the armature is resistances are respectively 0.2Ω and 250Ω.
lap connected with 864 conductors. The flux per Calculate the speed when loaded and taking
pole is 0.05Wb. Calculate the torque developed 50A. Assume the flux to be constant.
by the armature.

8. A four pole, 240V, wave connected shunt motor

gives 119kW when running at 1000rpm and
drawing armature and field currents of 50A and
1.0A respectively. It has 540 conductors. Its
resistance is 0.1Ω. Assuming a drop of 1V per
brush, find a) total torque; b) flux per pole.
10. A dc series motor operates at 800rpm with a line
current of 100A from 230V mains. Its armature
circuit resistance is 0.15Ω and its field resistance
is 0.1Ω. Find the speed at which the motor runs
at a line current of 25A, assuming that the flux at
this current is 45 percent of the flux at 100A.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A 120V shunt motor delivers 40hp on full load speed
3. A 240V dc shunt motor runs at a speed of
of 850rpm and has an efficiency of 88%. The
armature and field resistance are 0.2Ω and 110Ω 600rpm while drawing a line current of 25A. Its
respectively. Determine the starting resistance such armature and field resistance are 0.4Ω and 130Ω
that the starting armature current does not exceed 1.5 respectively. Determine the resistance that must
times the full load current. be placed in series with the armature in order to
reduce the speed to 400rpm. Assume no
changes in armature and field current.

2. A 1000V shunt motor running at speed of 800rpm

takes an armature current of 87A. The armature
resistance is 0.6Ω. Calculate the resistance that must
be placed in series with the armature to reduce the
speed to 540rpm while maintaining the same torque.
4. A 600V dc motor drives a 60kW load at a speed
of 900rpm. The shunt field resistance is
100Ωand the armature resistance is 0.16Ω. If the
motor efficiency is 85%, determine the speed at
no-load and speed regulation if the back emf at
no-load is 590V.
POWER LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY OF DC SAMPLE PROBLEMS
MOTOR
1. A 200V shunt motor has armature and field
- The losses taking place in the motor are the resistance of 0.10Ω and 240Ω respectively and
same as in generators. These are copper rotational losses of 236 watts. At full load the line
losses, magnetic losses and mechanical current is 9.8A with the motor running at speed
losses. (Rotational losses and Electrical of 1450rpm. Determine the full load power
losses) output.
- The condition for maximum efficiency is that
the armature copper losses are equal to
constant losses (rotational losses).

𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒕 = 𝑽𝑳 𝑰𝒂𝑵𝑳 − (𝑰𝒂𝑵𝑳 )𝟐 𝑹𝒂

POWER STAGES

ELECTRICAL EFFICIENCY

𝐵
𝜂= × 100
𝐴

MECHANINCAL EFFICIENCY 2. A 4-pole, 240V, wave connected shunt motor

gives 11.19kW when running at 1000rpm and
𝐶 drawing armature and field currents of 50A and
𝜂= × 100 1.0A respectively. It has 540 conductors. Its
𝐵
resistance is 0.1Ω. Assuming a drop of 1V per
brush, find a) total torque developed; b) useful
OVERALL EFFICIENCY
flux per pole; c) rotational losses; and d)
𝐶 efficiency.
𝜂= × 100
𝐴

WHERE:

𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝐵 − 𝐶 = 𝐼𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
3. A 200V, dc shunt motor takes 4A at no-load when
running at 700rpm. The field resistance is 100Ω.
The resistance of armature gives a drop of 6V
across armature terminal when 10A were passed
through it. Calculate a) speed on load; b) torque
in N-m; c) PL; d) efficiency. The normal input of
the motor is 8kW. (Assume the flux remains
constant).

4. A 110V shunt motor is developing 8hp while

operating at an over-all efficiency of 88%.
Determine the SPL if the armature and shunt
field resistance are 0.08Ω and 60Ω respectively.

5. Calculate the efficiency at full load of a 40hp,

500V shunt motor which draws a line current of
4A at no load. The shunt field resistance is 250Ω
and the armature resistance is 0.20Ω. The brush
drop at full load is 2V. At full load the motor draws
a line current of 80A.
TRANSFORMER core and its winding from its container,
suitable busing (porcelain/oil filled/capacitor
- a device that transfers electrical energy from
type) for insulating and bringing out the
one electric circuit to another.
terminal of winding from the tank.
- It does so without a change in frequency.
- The core is constructed of transformer sheet
- It does so by the principle of electromagnetic
steel laminations assembled to provide a
induction.
continuous magnetic path with a minimum
- It has electric circuits that are linked by a
air-gap included,
common magnetic circuit.
- The steel used is of high silicon content,
- It is a static (or stationary) piece of apparatus
sometimes heat treated to produce a high
by which means of which electric power in
permeability and a low hysteresis loss at the
one circuit is transformed into electric power
usual operating flux densities.
of the same frequency in another circuit.
- The eddy current loss is minimized by
- It can raise of lower the voltage in a circuit
laminating the core. The lamination is being
but with a corresponding decrease or
insulated from each other by a light coat of
increase in current.
core-plate burnish or by an oxide layer on the
- Physical basis is mutual induction between
surface.
two circuit linked by a common magnetic flux.
1. CORE-TYPE
- It consists of two inductive coils which are
- the primary
electrically separated but magnetically linked
and secondary
through a path of low reluctance.
coils are
- If one coil is connected tro a source of
wrapped
alternating voltage, an alternating flux is set
around the
up in the laminated core, which is linked with
core sides with
the other coil in which it produced mutually-
the low voltage
induced emf.
coils leads at
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION the bottom and the high voltage leads at the
top.
- the induced emf in any closed circuit is equal
to the time rate of change of flux through the
circuit. 2. SHELL TYPE
THEORY OF OPERATION - the primary and
secondary
- Energy can be transferred by magnetic windings are
induction from one set of coils to another by wound on a
means of varying magnetic flux. central
- The magnetic flux is produced by an AC laminated core
source. which divides
- The coil of a transformer that is energized after passing
from an AC source is called the primary through the coils and forms what maybe
winding. thought of as a shell of iron around the
- The coil that delivers this AC to the load is copper.
called the secondary winding.
TWO MAIN CLASSIFICATION OF
TRANSFORMER
1. Distribution Transformer
- used in electrical power distribution and
transmission systems. It has the highest
power or V-A ratings. The power rating is
determined by the type of cooling methods
used.
Cooling Methods:
TRANSFORMATION CONSTRUCTION ✓ Oil immersed
- simple element of a transformer consists of ✓ Forced air
two coils having mutual inductance and a ✓ Forced fan
laminated steel core. 2. Power Transformer
- The two coils are insulated frome each other - it includes all transformer of large size used
and the steel core. in central generating stations and
- Other necessary parts are some suitable substations for transforming the voltage at
container for the assembled core and each end of a power transmission line.
winding, a suitable medium for insulating the
TRANFORMER VOLTAGE EQUATION EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A PRACTICAL
TRANSFORMER
𝑬𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝑵𝒇∅𝒎
𝑬𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝑵𝒇∅𝒎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖
Where:
Eave = average induced EMF in coil
N= # of turns in a coil
Øm=mutual flux
f=frequency

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF AN IDEAL

TRANSFORMER
- no winding losses.
- power on both sides are equal. Note:
At no load I2=0 and so is I1. Only the exciting current
I0 flows in R1 and X1.
At full load, I0 can be neglected and the
corresponding magnetizing branch because I2 is at
least 20 times bigger than I0.
3 TYPES OF POWER FACTOR LOAD (pf)

𝐸𝑝 = 4.44 𝑁𝑝 𝑓𝑝 ∅𝑚𝑝 × 10−8 1. Unity pf

2. Lagging pf
𝐸𝑠 = 4.44 𝑁𝑠 𝑓𝑠 ∅𝑚𝑠 × 10−8
3. Leading pf
TURNS RATIO (TR) or (a) APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT REFER
- the ratio of turns of wire in the primary TO PRIMARY
winding to the number of turns wire in the
secondary winding.

𝑁𝑝
𝑎=
𝑁𝑠

VOLTAGE RATIO (VR)

- the ratio of primary voltage to secondary
voltage. APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT REFER
TO SECONDARY
𝐸𝑝 𝑁𝑝
𝑉𝑅 = = =𝑎
𝐸𝑠 𝑁𝑠

CURRENT RATIO
- the current in the windings of a transformer is
inversely proportional to the voltage in the
windings.

𝐼𝑝 𝐸𝑝 𝑁𝑠 1
= = =
𝐼𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝑁𝑝 𝑎
Note:

In all transformer calculations V2 is always set as reference.

SECONDARY VOLTAGE PHASOR RELATIONS

SAMPLE PROBLEMS 4. A 2300/230V, 60hz, 2kVa transformer is rated at
1.257 V/turn of its winding coils. Calculate a)
1. The maximum flux density in the core of a
transformation ratio, b) total turns of the high
3000/240V, 50hz single phase distribution
voltage coil, c) total turns of the low voltage coil
transformer is 1.25 Tesla. If the voltage induced
& d) peak magnetic flux.
per turn is 8V, determine the cross-sectional area
of the core in cm2.

2. The net cross-section of a transformer is 20 in2.

The maximum flux density is 11kilogausses. The
frequency is 60hz. If there are 1000 turns in the
primary, determine the primary induced emf.

5. A 2200/220V transformer takes a current of 0.5A

at a pf of 0.3 on open circuit. Find the two
components of the no-load current.

3. A transformer having 360 turns in the primary

winding takes 150W in power and 1.4A in current
at an input voltage of 230V. Determine the power
factor.
6. A 1∅, 100kVA, 2400/240V transformer has R1 =
0.828Ω, X1 = 1Ω, R2 = 0.09Ω and X2 = 0.1Ω.
Calculate the secondary current and secondary
induced voltage at a) unity pf, b) 0.8 pf lagging,
c) 0.8 pf leading.
SUMMARY OF FORMULAS TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE EQN
General Formula
∅ 𝑬𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝑵𝒇∅𝒎
𝑬𝒂𝒗𝒆 = × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 (volt/turn) 𝑬𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝑵𝒇∅𝒎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖
𝒕

Where:
𝒆 = 𝜷𝒍𝒗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 (volts) Eave = average induced EMF in coil
N= # of turns in a coil
where: Øm=mutual flux
e= generated voltage (volt/turn) f=frequency
v= velocity of the conductor (m/s)
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙
β= flux density = 𝐸𝑝 = 4.44 𝑁𝑝 𝑓𝑝 ∅𝑚𝑝 × 10−8
𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝐸𝑠 = 4.44 𝑁𝑠 𝑓𝑠 ∅𝑚𝑠 × 10−8
𝒘𝒆𝒃𝒆𝒓
β = = 𝑻𝒆𝒔𝒍𝒂
𝒎𝟐 TURNS RATIO
𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒘𝒆𝒍𝒍 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔
β= = 𝑁𝑝
𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑎=
𝑁𝑠
𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒘𝒆𝒍𝒍
β = = 𝑮𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒔 VOLTAGE RATIO
𝒄𝒎𝟐

𝐸𝑝 𝑁𝑝
𝑬𝒈 =
𝒁𝑷∅𝑵
× 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 (volts) 𝑬𝒈 = 𝒌∅𝑵 𝑉𝑅 = = =𝑎
𝟔𝟎𝒂 𝐸𝑠 𝑁𝑠

where: CURRENT RATIO

Eg = total generated voltage (volt/turn) 𝐼𝑝 𝐸𝑝 𝑁𝑠 1
Z = total number of conductors = = =
𝐼𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝑁𝑝 𝑎
P= number of poles (even number)

Ø= flux per pole (weber) (lines) (maxwell)

N = speed of armature (rev/min)
a = number of armature paths connected in parallel
if lap winding, 𝒂 = 𝒎𝑷 where m is multiplicity
(Simplex (1), duplex (2), triplex(3), etc)
if wave winding, 𝒂 = 𝟐𝒎
MOTOR
COUNTER ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE

𝑍𝑃∅𝑁
𝐸𝑐 = 𝐸𝑏 = × 10−8
60𝑎
𝑉𝐿 > 𝐸𝑏

TERMINAL VOLTAGE EQN

APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT REFER TO
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐸𝑏 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑉𝐵𝐷
SECONDARY

TORQUE
𝑃𝑑
𝑇𝑑 = 9.55
𝑁
𝑇 =𝐹×𝑟

𝑇 = 𝐵𝐼𝐿 × 𝑟

POWER LOSSES

𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒕 = 𝑽𝑳 𝑰𝒂𝑵𝑳 − (𝑰𝒂𝑵𝑳 )𝟐 𝑹𝒂

EFFICIENCY
𝐵
𝜂= × 100 Electrical
𝐴

𝐶
𝜂= × 100 Mechanical
𝐵

𝐶 Overall
𝜂= × 100
𝐴

𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝐵 − 𝐶 = 𝐼𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠