DEVELOPMENT OF VERTICAL AXIS WATER TURBINE

WITH EXTENDABLE TYPE BLADES

A Project Study

Presented to the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

College of Engineering

Technological University of the Philippines - Visayas

Capt. Sabi St., Talisay City, Negros Occidental

by

BADAJOS, FLORIAN

BRITO, JUSTIN SHANE

CAPALAR, PERRY ALBERT

DESPOJO, SEAN ANDRE

PETINGCO, JEMIMAH GRACE

TREYES, CHRISTIAN DAVE K.

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science Major in Mechanical Engineering

November 2023
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Electricity plays a vital role in human lives as advancements to improve living

situations are being made daily and most of these innovations utilize some form of

energy. Electricity is one of the most important facilitating modern activities and

country’s development (Nikomborirak & Manachotpong, 2007). Filipinos depend on

electricity to power their houses, vehicles, and devices. However, Filipinos that live in

rural areas have very little to no access to electric energy. The Philippines is home to 2.7

million households with no access to electricity, mostly living in rural regions

(Laput, 2019, as cited in Lozano and Taboada, 2021), this data shows there is still a large

portion of Filipinos that has limited or no electricity access hindering them to innovations

that can benefit their daily lives. Without access to electricity, rural communities often

lack access to basic services such as healthcare, education, and communication (Haigh,

2023).

According to International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) cited in

Quirapas-Franco and Taeihagh (2021), one of the solutions to provide sustainable energy

to these energy-poor areas is through renewable energy technologies (RETs) deployment

which enables clean energy access, drives economic growth and local employment, and

improves the health of the population (IRENA, 2019). Developing countries like the

Philippines try to address the lack of energy access and security by implementing policies

that encourage renewable energy technologies (RETs) in both on-grid and off-grid areas
(Quirapas-Franco & Taeihagh, 2021). By following this trend of introducing renewable

energy to provide more options to access electricity, hydroelectric technology is one of

the main contenders for renewable and clean methods in catering the gap in the scarcity

of electrical energy. Water is one of the most abundant resources present in our planet

that also has the potential energy to be utilized in harnessing energy for electricity. From

ocean waves, water current in river streams, and shear force from water falls, the

application of water in the field of energy is vast and still left with untapped potential.

Hydroelectricity presents several advantages over most other sources of electrical power,

including a high level of reliability, proven technology, high efficiency

(about 90% efficiency, water to wire), very low operating and maintenance costs,

flexibility and large storage capacity (Casini, 2015).

Water turbines or hydroelectric turbines is a device capable of transforming the

kinetic energy of water into mechanical energy. It is made up of a stationary part called a

distributor or stator, and a wheel or impeller (Hydroelectric Turbines, n.d.). The Savonius

Water Turbine is one of the most discussed turbines because of the ability of this turbine

to work at low fluid flow rates in rivers and waterways. But the weakness of the savonius

turbine is that it has low efficiency (Handoko et. al., 2021). These constraints however

can be limited by introducing improvements to the turbine's parts and mechanism

(e.g. impeller diameter, number of blades, blade height, deflector height, etc.), also by

utilizing principles and concepts that can further improve the turbine’s performance.
1.2 Objectives of the Study

This study generally aims to design a vertical axis water turbine with extendable type

blades that can efficiently harness renewable energy from water streams to generate

electricity that can be distributed to people that live in rural areas.

Specifically, this study aims to:

1. To design and fabricate a vertical axis water turbine with extendable type blades.

2. To determine the significant difference in the power performance by the designed

water turbine in different set ups:

a. Base height

b. Elevated (extended) height

3. To investigate the potential of this system for electricity generation in various

water stream conditions.

1.3 Scope and Limitations of the Study

The scope of the study focused on the amount of harnessed renewable energy

from Perennial River using a vertical axis water turbine with extendable types of blades,

making it a sustainable and environmentally friendly source of electricity. The concept of

extendable blades is based on the Archimedes Principle of Buoyancy since it helps to

ensure the balance of forces and stability while optimizing energy generation in variable

flow conditions (Sappington & Taylor, 2023). The researchers used the savonius water

turbine blades since this design can efficiently generate power from low speeds, making

them suitable for low-velocity water sources (Kumar, 2021). This technology can provide
power in off-grid and remote areas, benefiting communities without access to traditional

power sources. However, the system's efficiency is highly dependent on the consistency

and strength of water flow in the stream (Fritz, 2020). Seasonal changes, droughts, or

alterations to the watercourse can affect energy generation (Boulder, 2023). Also, the

suitability of this technology is site-specific and may not be applicable in areas with low

or inconsistent water flow. The extendable blade mechanism must be also reliable and

withstand wear and tear over time, requiring robust engineering and materials.
 Chapter 2

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the articles, journals, and studies that are used to reinforce

the conceptualization or framework of the study. This supports the foundations and

processes that will be involved in the research. It also provides the necessary information

for the selection of materials and components that will be used in the development of the

prototype. Lastly, this includes the discussion of the conceptual model that was used in

the research and the operational/ functional definition of terms.

2.1 Savonius Turbine

In the study of Handoko et. al. (2020) in the Parameters of Savonius Type

Hydrokinetic Turbine to Enhance Efficiency, hydrokinetic savonius turbine is the most

studied turbine because of the ability of this turbine to work at low fluid flow rates in

rivers and waterways. As a simple turbine, Savonius turbine works because of the

difference in force applied to each blade where the concave part of the turbine will catch

water flow and force the blades to rotate on its axis while the convex portion will bend

the water flow sideways away from the shaft. Several studies have been carried out to

improve the performance of Savonius turbines by modifying aspect ratio, addition of end

plates, overlap ratio, gap ratio, number of blades, blade stage, blade shape, and others. To

form an energy source in an effort to increase electricity generation, hydrokinetic

savonius turbines can be regulated in various ways.

 Figure 2.1. Schematic Savonius Vertical Axis Turbine.
Source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2009.06.005

According to research of Al-Bahadly (2009) in Energy for Sustainable

Development, states that Savonius turbines produce mechanical power due to different

drag forces acting on the concave and convex sides. The drag force produced by the

water flow will induce turbine rotation. Savonius turbines have simple construction, low

maintenance costs, and low noise. Savonius turbines have the ability to receive fluids

from all directions with torque at a good initial rotation. Savonius hydrokinetic turbine

(SHT) models have been tested experimentally and numerically by researchers for

different design configurations and by using different augmentation techniques to

achieve increased performance efficiency.

2.2 Height Aspect

According to the data by Hartman (2023) of the Office of Energy Efficiency &

Renewable Energy, the increase in height and rotor diameter of the wind turbines resulted

in capturing more energy since wind generally increases as the altitude increases. This

relates to the aspect of potential energy of water where water level increases during wet

seasons, where the longer the blade of the turbine the more potential and kinetic energy it

can convert.

2.3 Number of Blades

In the study of Hamzah et. al. (2018) in the effects of blade number in the

performance of the Savonius water turbine, their data concluded with having three (3)

turbine blades having the highest coefficient of performance tested by various flow rates,

generating the highest coefficient of performance of 0.23 on tip speed ratio of 1.7

compared to turbines with the number of other blades.

Figure 2.2. The Graph of Flow Rate Effect on Power Input

Source: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5024105
 The power generated by fluid constantly increased, corresponding to the flow rate

increase. The power on the debit of 2.94 x 10-3 m3 /s was 40.246 Watt. The power

increased to 81.535 Watt on the debit of 5.751 x 10-3 m3 /s. The debit of 8.166 x 10-3

m3 /s generated much higher power which amounted to 135.722 Watt, and increased

more on the debit of 11.38 x 10-3 m3 /s, amounting to 233.435 Watt.

The power generated by the 3-blade turbine was higher than the 2-blade turbine

then started to decline on the 4-blade turbine until the 6-blade turbine.

Figure 2.3. The Graph of Flow Rate Effect on Power Electrical

Source: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5024105

Tip speed ratio (TSR) is defined as the comparison between the turbine tip speed

and the fluid speed passing through the turbine. The TSR value ranges from 0 to 4 [3].

Meanwhile, the coefficient of power (Cp) is defined as the comparison between fluid
energy which is able to be obtained by a turbine with the overall energy found in the

fluid. The values of mechanical TSR and Cp in each turbine on each debit variation.

Figure 2.4. Tip Speed Ratio

Source: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5024105

2.4 Opting for Deflector blades

In a study by Salleh et. al. (2020) they have incorporated deflectors to

conventional savonius water turbines to increase its power performance, where they have

discovered that the increase in height of the deflectors increase the power performance of

the turbine by 100 percent. This is due to the turbine having more water flow coming

back to it increasing its efficiency in energy conversion

 Figure 2.5. Performance Comparison between Deflector Heights
Source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113584

According to Salleh et. al. (2020) in the study of The Effects of Deflector

Longitudinal Position and Height on the Power Performance of a Conventional Savonius

Turbine states the effects of deflector angle on the performance of a Savonius water

turbine. Turbine performance evaluated at various deflector angles ranging from 30◦ to

90◦ relative to the incoming flow direction exhibited the highest power performance

improvement of 24% at a 90◦ deflector angle. The deflector acts as a wall that shields the

returning blade from being impinged by the incoming free stream, hence reducing the

drag force on that blade.

Figure 2.6. Deflector Positions

Source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113584
The optimal longitudinal positions of the deflectors were achieved at P7 i.e. XA/R = −

0.500 and XR/R = − 1.204 which led to the best power performance. Similarly, a flat

deflector configured at 90◦ upstream of an in-plane axis Savonius HKT led to an 80%

improvement the performance relative to the case without the deflector. The optimization

of the deflector configuration was numerically studied in an optimized deflector

configuration, the performance of the two-bladed and three-blade Savonius turbines were

improved by 27.3% and 27.5%, respectively.

2.5 Archimedes Principle

According to Libretext (2022), Archimedes’ principle refers to the force of

buoyancy that results when a body is submerged in a fluid, whether partially or wholly.

The force that provides the pressure of a fluid acts on a body perpendicular to the surface

of the body. In other words, the force due to the pressure at the bottom is pointed up,

while at the top, the force due to the pressure is pointed down; the forces due to the

pressures at the sides are pointing into the body. The average density of an object is what

ultimately determines whether it floats. If an object’s average density is less than that of

the surrounding fluid, it will float. The reason is that the fluid, having a higher density,

contains more mass and hence more weight in the same volume. The buoyant force,

which equals the weight of the fluid displaced, is thus greater than the weight of the

object. Likewise, an object denser than the fluid will sink. With the use of this principle

the blades of the turbine in the study’s design can automatically increase its height

together with the water level given that the material used for the extendable part of the

blade has low density, or its weight is less or equal to weight of the water surrounding it.
2.6 Perennial River Flow Rate

A perennial river in the Philippines has the potential to generate varying amounts

of power. The Alo River can generate 192.55 KW, the Bionga River can generate 136.45

KW, the Batulayar River can generate 408.67 KW, the Marisa River can generate 147.44

KW, and the Talumelito River can generate 81.22 KW (Salim, 2021).

Additionally, the Mindanao River Basin (MRB) in the Philippines has a

theoretical potential hydropower capacity of 15,266.22 MW, which is approximately

equivalent to the Philippines' total available power capacity in 2017

(Guiamel & Lee, 2020). These findings suggest that hydropower development could be a

viable option for meeting the energy needs of the community and improving the energy

situation.

2.7 Light Alloy

Light alloys and light metals have low density and high strength-to-weight ratios.

They are generally characterized by low toxicity in comparison to heavy metals, although

beryllium is an exception. Light weight metals include aluminum, magnesium, titanium,

and beryllium alloys.

Aluminum and aluminum alloys are lightweight, non-ferrous metals with good

corrosion resistance, ductility, and strength. Aluminum is relatively easy to fabricate by

forming, machining, or welding. This metal is a good electrical and thermal conductor.

Aluminum is also useful as an alloying element in steel and titanium alloys. Aluminum
alloys are versatile metals with applications in almost every industrial and commercial

segment (Light Alloys and Metals Information, n.d.).

2.8 End Plates

In the study of Mishra et. al. (2020) in the experimental investigation on a ducted

savonius vertical axis wind turbine and its performance comparison with and without

end-plates, the experimental results obtained show around 15% increase in the tangential

blade velocity in a single-stage rotor when endplates are used.

Figure 2.7. Variation in Velocity of Blades with Wind Speed for single-stage rotor with
and without endplates
Source: https://doi.org/10.22044/rera.2019.8533.1005

Figure 2.8. Variation in TSR vs. Wind Speed for single-stage rotor with and without end-
plates.
Source: https://doi.org/10.22044/rera.2019.8533.1005
 It can be seen in figures 2.7 and 2.8 that the turbines with end-plates have

performed better. A higher velocity of blades and TSR (Tip Speed Ratio) is obtained in

cases with rotors with end-plates. This happens as the end-plates arrest the movement of

air outside the rotor area, and the wind energy incident on the blades is completely used

by the turbine.

Innovative design and development of vertical axis wind turbine with duct, and

end-plates for a given power output was accomplished. The results of the study prove that

power coefficient increases with the addition of a converging ducted structure with the

Savonius wind turbine, and also with the use of end-plates.

Conceptual Model of the Study

`
Input Process Output
• Water Volume • Harnessing
Flowrate energy from
• Blades’ • Renewable
water (perennial
Design energy
river)
• Deflector • Converting
• Alternator kinetic energy to
• Battery electrical energy

Figure 2.9. IPO Model

In order for the protype to function, this input need to be present such as the water

volume flowrate which is a crucial factor in determining the power output of the water

turbine. It is the volume of water that flows into the testing section. The kinetic energy

from the flowing water is what causes the turbine to rotate, which then converts its
rotational energy to electrical energy through the alternator. The blades’ design is

essential for optimizing energy conversion. It is the main component that drives the

whole process. The deflectors increase the turbine’s efficiency by guiding the flow of

water to the turbine. The alternator is responsible for converting the rotational energy of

the turbine into alternating current (AC). And lastly, the battery stores excess energy

(electrical) produced by the turbine that can be used in instances where the turbine cannot

produce required output due to low water flow speed.

Water must be moving in order to generate power. This kinetic energy turns the

blades of a water turbine, converting it to mechanical energy. A shaft transfers rotational

energy by acting as a vital link between the revolving turbine blades and the bearings.

Bearings are frequently used along shafts to minimize friction and allow for smooth

rotation. The rotational motion and torque from the turbine are transmitted to the

alternator through chain and sprocket. The alternator is the primary component in a water

turbine system that converts the rotational energy or DC generated by the turbine into

electrical energy or AC. The rectifier then converts the electrical or AC to DC for

efficient battery storage. For the outcome, the researcher will use the stored energy in the

turbine's battery.

The water turbine produces renewable energy which is a highly sought energy

type since it helps reduced the used of energy sources that can affect Earth’s green

houses. Due to the Philippines’ geographic composition, hydrokinetic energy can be an

abundant source of renewable energy.

Operational Definition of Terms

This section includes some of the important terms that can be found in this study.

This section aims to give the readers a background and some technical knowledge on the

topic.

• Alternator – consists of rotor (directly connected to the shaft) and stator

(containing coils of wire), that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy

through electromagnetic induction.

• Angular Deflection – measure how much water changes its direction as it interacts

with the turbine blades.

• Buoyancy – applied in extendable blades to stay afloat and maintain stability even

as the water level changes.

• Blade’s Curvature – the shape of the turbine as they interact with the flowing

water. The design of the blade curvature is crucial for optimizing the efficiency

and performance of the turbine.

• Chain and Sprocket – used to transmit power from the rotating shaft of the water

turbine to another component, often an electrical generator.

• Deflectors – component designed to control the direction of water flow,

influencing how it interacts with the turbine blades. It plays a crucial role in

managing water flow and optimizing the performance of water turbines,

contributing to their efficiency and adaptability in varying operating conditions.

• End plates – designed to be adjustable to adapt to changing flow conditions. This

adaptability allows for optimizing of the turbine’s performance based on

variations in water flow rates.

• Extendable blades – blades equipped with a mechanism that allows the height to

be adjusted in order to adapt to different water flowrates.

• Guide box – provides structural support and houses the essential components of

water turbine system.

• Head – the potential energy available in flowing water due to its elevation or

pressure. The head is often expressed in units of height, such as meters or feet,

and it represents the vertical distance between the water source (reservoir or river)

and the turbine.

• Hydroelectric Energy – electricity generated by harnessing the energy of flowing

water.

• Rectifier – an electrical component that converts alternating current (AC) to direct

current (DC).

• Renewable energy – energy generated from river streams with the help of water

turbine.

• Savonius Turbine – vertical axis turbine axis turbine which is well suited for low-

speed channels and rivers.

• Shaft – responsible for transmitting the mechanical energy generated by the

turbine to an electrical generator. Designed to handle the torque generated by the

turbine runner and the stresses induced during operation.

• Testing Section – where the turbine is installed, a controlled area where water

flows.

• Torsional stress – the stress that occurs due to the twisting or torsion of the

turbine shaft during operation.

• Torque – crucial parameter representing the rotational force applied to the turbine

shaft.

• Volume flowrate – the amount of water that passes through the turbine per unit of

time.

• Water Level – an important parameter that affects the performance and efficiency

of the turbine. The water level is closely related to the concept of “head”, which

represent the potential energy available in flowing water due to tis elevation or

pressure.
 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

The design, computations, and procedural steps utilized in doing are presented in

this chapter. The research materials and the choice of supplies will be covered in this

chapter as well.

Project Design

The researchers designed a vertical axis water turbine with extendable blades with

the objective of introducing a design that can capitalize on the water level of the

perennial rivers located here in the province. The turbine blades rise together with the 3-

D printed top end plate, which utilizes the Archimedes principle to automatically elevate

the turbine together with the water level. The kinetic energy gathered by the turbine from

the flow of water is then transmitted to the shaft that connects to a series of chain and

sprocket sets that then connects and transfer the rotational energy of the turbine to the

alternator converting it into electrical energy and storing some of it in the battery placed

near the alternator.

Figure 3.0. Schematic Diagram of Water Turbine

Conceptual Framework

Figure 3.1 presents the process flow chart of the study. It includes the detailed

method written in chronological order to ensure the proper implementation.

Figure 3.1. Process Flow Chart

Project Development

Phase 1. Preparation

Preparation encapsulates the foundation of the study as this will become the basis

of the design and computation of the product.

Step 1. Conceptualization of the Study

This step refers to the process of defining and clarifying key aspects of the

project. This is where the researchers identify the problem, and creates a theoretical

solution that are tested through the objectives given in the study.

Step 2. Identification of Materials

The identification of materials is essential in designing, as this will be a factor in

the calculations to be made, as well as the functionality of the design as a whole.

Cement is known for its durability and strength; with this it can withstand the

current of the river. This material will be used for the platform that will serve as a stable

base for the guide box, where the turbine is attached when it is installed in the testing

location.

Figure 3.2. Cement

Source: https://tinyurl.com/3bet5xd4
PVC Pipes

The pipes will serve as the pillars that will support the structure that holds that

turbine in place. It will be then filled with cement to reinforce its structure, making it

sturdier and more durable. This material will be used in the creation of the guide box.

Figure 3.3. Sanitary Pipe

Source: https://tinyurl.com/2s3c73np

Corrugated Round Bars (Reinforcing Bar)

The round bars will be inserted in the PVC pipes for additional reinforcement and

support for the overall structure. This material will be mainly used in the creation of the

guide box.

Figure 3.4. Reinforcing Bars

Source: https://tinyurl.com/3thvy27h
Acrylic

Acrylic has a lightweight nature, yet still durable and has a high tensile strength. It

can withstand considerable force or pressure without breaking. This material will be

mainly used in the upper platform for the guide box, and the bottom end platform of the

turbine.

Figure 3.5. Acrylic Sheet

Source: https://tinyurl.com/5d3s43hf

Plain Metal Sheet (Aluminum)

Aluminum is light and ductile; therefore, it can be worked into new shapes. It is

also resistant to corrosion and can be recycled without losing any of its fundamental

properties. This material will be mainly used to create the turbine blades.

Figure 3.6. Plain Metal Sheet

Source: https://tinyurl.com/5n9yh4zf
Stainless Steel

Stainless steel is highly resistant to corrosion due to its unique composition,

which includes chromium. The chromium in stainless steel forms a passive oxide layer on

the surface, providing a protective barrier against corrosion. This material will be mainly

used in fabricating the shaft of the turbine, and the blade connectors.

Figure 3.7. Stainless Steel Bars

Source: https://tinyurl.com/ty5e4c2s

Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG)

PETG is known for its good chemical resistance, which includes resistance to

corrosion. It exhibits resilience against a variety of chemicals, making it suitable for

applications where resistance to corrosion is important. PETG is less prone to

degradation in the presence of moisture. This material will be mainly used in making the
top end platform of the turbine.

Figure 3.8. PETG 3D Printing Filaments

Source: https://tinyurl.com/2s484bas

ABS Resin

ABS resins have a well-balanced set of properties for molding tight

dimensional control articles with outstanding surface finishing, good impact

resistance, and metal plating characteristics. It belong to a versatile family

of thermoplastic polymers. ABS is produced by combining three monomers:

acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene.

Figure 3.9. ABS Resin

Source: https://tinyurl.com/2s484bas
Step 3. Identification of Testing Location

The identification of the testing location is essential as this area will be the main

setting for the data gathering of from test to be conducted for the study.

Perennial River

Perennial rivers maintain a consistent flow throughout the year making testing for

water turbines suitable. The researchers decided to conduct the testing in Bagtik, Silay

City where a perennial river is located.

Figure 3.10. Perennial River

Phase 2. Design

Developing a design before starting the fabrication process prevents errors caused

by anticipated circumstances. A fitting design maximizes the efficiency of each

component without sacrificing safety, quality, or cost-effectiveness.

Step 4. Conceptualization of the Turbine Component.

Prior to incorporating each component into the design, it is essential to go through

a conceptualization phase to become acquainted with its function, application,

capabilities, and constraints.

Guide Box

The turbine is installed in the guide box which keeps it in place during testing, it

also holds the turbines structure as well as the current deflectors. The bottom end

platform of the guide box has the dimensions of 0.5 meters in length, 0.8 meters in width,

and thickness of 0.0016 meters. The bottom end platform has a 0.01905-meter diameter

whole in the center where the lower roller bearing of the shaft is located. It is made out of

cement material. The upper end platform of the guide box is made out of acrylic material

with the dimensions of 0.5 meters in length, 0.8 meters in width, and 0.0004 meters in

thickness. The upper end platform has a 0.01905-meter diameter whole in the centers

where the shaft goes through, it is also where the upper roller bearing of the shaft is

located with the same size parameter. The guide box is then supported by four pillars

made out of PVC pipes that are reinforced with corrugated round bars and cement inside.

The diameter of the pipes used is 0.01905-meter, with a length of 0.8 meters.
 Figure 3.11. Guide Box

Shaft

The shaft’s primary function is to transmit the rotational energy from the turbine

to an alternator, where it is converted into electrical energy. Essentially, the shaft

facilitates the transfer of power generated by the water turbine to generate electricity. The

shaft has a diameter of 0.01905-meter (3/4 inches) and a length of 0.8 meters.
 Figure 3.12. Shaft

Bearing

Bearings in water turbine provide essential support, reduce friction, maintain

alignment, and absorb vibrations to ensure the efficient and reliable operation of the

turbine. The researchers chose a flange bearing with a diameter of 0.01905-meter

(3/4 inches) that compliments the shaft’s diameter.

Figure 3.13. Flange Bearing

Source: https://tinyurl.com/3cncc47f
Chain and Sprocket

The chain and sprocket in a water turbine facilitates the efficient transmission of

power, speed adjustment, torque modification, and directional changes to enable the

effective operation of the connected electrical generation components. In this study the

researchers chose driver sprocket with 68 teeth and 0.275meter diameter, and a driven

sprocket with 25 teeth and 0.101meter diameter. The number of teeth for the driven

sprocket were chosen based on the standard teeth used for high-speed operations,

according to Faires, page 465, (Chain Roller Drives). The chain and sprocket is set up in

a four stage set to the alternator.

Figure 3.15. Chain and Sprocket

Source: https://tinyurl.com/yc43b2yn

Alternator

The alternator plays a key role in converting the mechanical energy into electrical

energy, generating alternating current, regulating voltage, and enabling control over the

power output. The researchers chose the alternator with the 2400 rpm minimum

requirement as this is the average rpm output of locally available alternators.

 Figure 3.16. Car Alternator
Source: https://tinyurl.com/yyny3csa

Rectifier

The rectifier is a device that converts alternating current (AC) into direct current

(DC). It allows current to flow in one direction, smoothing out the pulsating nature of

AC.

Figure 3.17. Bridge Rectifier

Source: https://tinyurl.com/vcjtpthp

Battery

The battery can store excess electrical energy generated by the water turbine

during the periods of high production. This stored energy can be used during times when
the turbine output is lower or when there is an increase demand for electricity. The

researchers chose a battery with the following specifications:

Figure 3.18. Car Battery

Source: https://tinyurl.com/bdhnrrsu

Step 5. Blade Design

The researcher determines the number of turbine of blades to the performance of

Savonius water turbine and selected 3-blade savonius turbine. It was found that 3-blade

Savonius turbine performed better and higher tip speed ratio (TSR) than the 2-blade

Savonius turbine or the 4-blade Savonius turbine. This shows that the number of blades

on Savonius turbine greatly influences the turbine performance. Payambarpour and

Najafi (2010) conducted research on the development of savonius turbines applied to

water pipes. Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that Savonius

turbine has big potential for water turbine application. On the other hand, Sarma, et al.

(2008) has also conducted research on conventional Savonius wind turbines that are

driven by low water flow at speeds from 0.3 m / s to 0.9 m / s in open waterways.

The Savonius turbines have the ability to receive fluids from all directions with

torque at a good initial rotation. Savonius hydrokinetic turbine (SHT) models have been
tested experimentally and numerically by researchers for different design configurations

and by using different augmentation techniques to achieve increased performance

efficiency.

The turbine for the experiment was designed to have an aspect ratio of 0.401 and

end plate with the diameter of 0.361 meters. The blade curvature angle was 70ᵒ, while the

main blade thickness is 0.006 meters, main blade height is 0.132 meters, main blade

connector diameter is 0.036mm, and main blade connector thickness is 0.005 meters. The

researcher also set a measurement data for extendable blades with the thickness of 0.002

meters, extendable blade height is 0.132 meters, extendable blade arc length 0.158

meters, and extendable blade bolt diameter is 0.0048 meters. The researcher also set a

main blade gap for extension slide of 0.0048 meters. The main blade gap plays a crucial

role in how smoothly and easily the blade can be extended. A well-designed gap allows

for quick and reliable deployment, ensuring that the tool is readily available for use when

needed.

The main and extendable blades are made of light alloys metals specifically,

stainless steel sheets. Aluminum and aluminum alloys are lightweight, non-ferrous metals

with good corrosion resistance, ductility, and strength. Aluminum is relatively easy to

fabricate by forming, machining, or welding. This metal is a good electrical and thermal

conductor. Aluminum is also useful as an alloying element in steel and titanium alloys.

Aluminum alloys are versatile metals with applications in almost every industrial and

commercial segment (Light Alloys and Metals Information, n.d.).

 Figure 3.19. Turbine Blade Fully Extended

Figure 3.20. Main Blade Top View Figure 3.21. Extendable Blade Top View

Figure 3.22. Main Blade Front View Figure 3.23. Extendable Blade Front View
Step 6. Deflector Placement and Design

A significant power improvement from 20% to more than 150% can be achieved

by using augmentation techniques such as the flat deflector, V-shape deflector, curtain,

nozzle, guide box and guide vane (Manganhar, 2019). The main purpose of these

techniques is to deflect the incoming flow away from the returning blade and guide the

flow towards the advancing blade so that more kinetic energy is made available for

generating useful power (Gronman, 2019).

Turbine performance evaluated at various deflector angles ranging from 30◦ to

90◦ relative to the incoming flow direction exhibited the highest power performance

improvement of 24% at a 90◦ deflector angle. The deflector acts as a wall that shields the

returning blade from being impinged by the incoming free stream, hence reducing the

drag force on that blade (Salleh, 2020).

The turbine for the experiment was designed to have a main and extendable

deflector height of 0.132 meters, main deflector thickness is 0.006 meters, and extendable

deflector thickness is 0.002 meters. Designing a water turbine deflector involves

optimizing the advancing differential distance and returning differential distance which

are -0.08225 meters and -0.198058 meters, respectively (Salleh, 2020). The orientation of

advancing deflector's angle of 30° and returning deflector's angle of 90°to efficiently

direct the flow of water into the turbine blades, enhancing overall performance and

energy conversion.
 Deflector for water turbine is made of stainless-steel sheets. Stainless steels offer

excellent corrosion resistance in many media, coupled with good strength, ductility and

toughness (Frankland, 1999).

Figure 3.24. Deflector Side View Fully Extended

Figure 3.25. Deflector Top View

Step 7. Top-End Plate Design

The endplate in a water turbine is a critical component that affects the turbine's

efficiency, stability, and overall performance. Designing it with careful consideration of

fluid dynamics, structural integrity, and environmental factors is essential for maximizing

the turbine's energy conversion capabilities while ensuring long-term reliability

Proper design ensures that water flows efficiently over the blades, maximizing the

conversion of kinetic energy into mechanical energy. The researcher specified the plate

measurements with the height of 0.06 meters and diameter of 0.361 meters, with its inner

wall having the thickness of 0.005 meters, and the top and bottom platform’s thickness of

0.01 meter. The Top-End Plate is made out of PETG filament, being 3-D printed by the

given specifications. With the proper measurements and design of end plates it will

provides structural support to the turbine blades and helps maintain the proper alignment

of the rotor. It contributes to the overall stability and integrity of the turbine structure. It

is also designed to be less dense and with a volume buoyant enough to pull the

extendable blades upwards whenever the water level rises, this is where the Archimedes

Effect takes place, as it serves as the automatic component of the blade’s extension

feature.
 Figure 3.27. Top End Plate

Step 8. Design Calculation and Consideration

To establish the best project design that balances economy and functionality

without jeopardizing safety, calculation is essential.

Table 3.1.

Geometrical Parameters of Savonious Water Turbine

Description Dimensions

Thickness of Bottom End Plate 10 mm

Height of Upper End Plate 60 mm

Bottom End Plate of Turbine Diameter 361 mm

Upper End Plate of Turbine Diameter 361 mm

Main Blade Thickness 6 mm

Main Blade Height 132 mm

Main Blade Arc Length 157.097 mm

Main Blade Gap for Extension Slide 4.7625 mm

Main Blade Connector Diameter 36 mm

Main Blade Connector Thickness 5 mm

Shaft Connector Thickness 2 mm

Shaft Connector Length 122 mm

Shaft Length 800 mm

Shaft Diameter 19.05 mm

Extendable Blade Thickness 2 mm

Extendable Blade Height 132 mm

Extendable Blade Arc Length 151.7554 mm

Extendable Blade Bolt Diameter 4.7625 mm

Turbine Diameter (Blade) 329 mm

Aspect Ratio 0.401

Gap Ratio (Overlap Ratio) 36 mm

Height of Deflector (Main) 132 mm

Thickness of Deflector (Main) 6 mm

Height of Deflector (Extendable) 132 mm

Thickness of Deflector (Extendable) 2 mm

Width of Deflector (Main) 183 mm

Width of Deflector (Extendable) 179 mm

Angle of Curvature of Blades 70 °

Advancing Deflector Angle 210 °

Returning Deflector Angle 90 °

Advancing Deflector Distance − 82.25 𝑚𝑚 (from R of Turbine)

Returning Deflector Distance − 198.058 𝑚𝑚 (from R of Turbine)

I. Blades Calculation (Based Height)

1. Torque

From the Equation,

P
T=ω

Where;

P = Power (W)

ω = Angular Velocity (rad/s)

Given Data:

g = 9.81 m/s 2 (gravitational constant)

H = 0.3 m (head of turbine)

h = 0.132 m (height of turbine blade, base height)

D = 0.329 m (diameter of turbine blades)

r = 0.1645 m (radius of turbine)

a. Solving for Velocity of Fluid (V)

𝑉 = √2𝑔𝐻

𝑉 = √2(9.81𝑚/𝑠 2 )(0.3𝑚)

𝑚
𝑉 = 2.426
𝑠

b. Solving for Flow Rate (Q)

𝑄 = 𝐴 ∗ 𝑉 = (ℎ ∗ 𝐷) 𝑉

𝑚
𝑄 = [(0.132 𝑚 ∗ 0.329 𝑚)(0.8)](2.426 )
𝑠

𝑚3
𝑄 = 0.0842
𝑠

c. Solving for Power (P)

P= γ∗Q∗H

kg m 𝑚3
P = (1000 ∗ 9.81 ) 0.0842 ∗ 0.3 m
𝑚3 𝑠2 𝑠

P = 247.80 W

d. Solving for Angular Velocity (𝝎)

𝑉
ω= 𝑟
 𝑚
2.426 𝑠
ω= 0.1645 𝑚

rad
ω = 14.748
s

e. Solving for Rotational Speed (N)

ω
N= (60 𝑠)
2𝜋

rad
14.748 s
N= (60 𝑠)
2𝜋

𝑟𝑒𝑣
N = 141
𝑚𝑖𝑛

f. Solving for Torque (T)

P
T=ω

247.80 W
T= rad
14.748 s

T = 16.825 N . m

2. Shafts Subjected to Torsional Stress

From the Equation,

16 𝑇
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜋 𝐷3

Where;

T = Torque of Shaft (N . m)
D = diameter of shaft

Given Data:

T = 16.825 N . m (torque of Shaft)

D = 0.01905 m (diameter of shaft)

a. Solving for Shafts Torsional Stress (𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 )

16 𝑇
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜋 𝐷3

16 (16.825 𝑁 .𝑚)
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜋 (0.01905 𝑚)3

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 12.395 𝑀𝑃𝑎

3. Angular Deflection (ϴ)

From the Equation,

𝑇𝐿
ϴ=
𝐽𝐺

Where;

ϴ = Angular Deflection (degrees, °)

T = Torque of Shaft (N . m)

L = Length of Shaft (m)

J = Round Solid Shaft, Polar Moment of Inertia

G = Modulus of Rigidity (GPa)

Given Data:

T = 16.825 N . m (torque of shaft)

L = 0.8 m (Length of Shaft)

G = 77.97 GPa (Modulus of Rigidity, based from table)

a. Solving for Angular Deflection (degrees, °)

16.825 𝑁 . 𝑚 (0.8 𝑚)
ϴ=
𝜋 (0.01905 𝑚)4
[ 32 ] (77.97 𝑥109 )

ϴ = 0.013 °

II. Blades Calculation (Extended Height)

1. Torque

From the Equation,

P
T=
ω

Where;

P = Power (W)

ω = Angular Velocity (rad/s)

Given Data:

g = 9.81 m/s 2 (gravitational constant)

H = 0.44 m (head of turbine)

h = 0.38524 m (height of turbine blades, fully extended)

D = 0.329 m (diameter of turbine blades)

r = 0.1645 m (radius of turbine)

a. Solving for Velocity of Fluid (V)

𝑉 = √2𝑔𝐻

𝑉 = √2(9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 )(0.44 𝑚)

𝑚
𝑉 = 2.94
𝑠

b. Solving for Flow Rate (Q)

𝑄 = 𝐴 ∗ 𝑉 = (ℎ ∗ 𝐷) 𝑉

𝑚
𝑄 = (0.38524 𝑚 ∗ 0.329 𝑚)(2.94 )
𝑠

𝑚3
𝑄 = 0.3726
𝑠

c. Solving for Power (P)

P= γ∗Q∗H

kg m 𝑚3
P = (1000 3 ∗ 9.81 2 ) ∗ 0.3726 ∗ 0.44 m
𝑚 𝑠 𝑠

P = 1608.29 W

d. Solving for Angular Velocity (𝝎)

 𝑉
ω=
𝑟

𝑚
2.94 𝑠
ω= 0.1645 𝑚

rad
ω = 17.87
s

e. Solving for Rotational Speed (N)

ω
N= (60 𝑠)
2𝜋

rad
17.87 s
N= (60 𝑠)
2𝜋

𝑟𝑒𝑣
N = 171
𝑚𝑖𝑛

f. Solving for Torque (T)

P
T=ω

1608.29 W
T= rad
17.87
s

T = 90 N . m

2. Shafts Subjected to Torsional Stress

From the Equation,

16 𝑇
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜋 𝐷3
Where;

T = Torque of Shaft (N . m)

D = diameter of shaft

Given Data:

T = 90 N . m (torque of Shaft)

D = 0.01905 m (diameter of shaft)

a. Solving for Shafts Torsional Stress (𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 )

16 𝑇
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜋 𝐷3

16 (90 𝑁 .𝑚)
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜋 (0.01905 𝑚)3

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 66.30 𝑀𝑃𝑎

3. Angular Deflection (ϴ)

From the Equation,

𝑇𝐿
ϴ=
𝐽𝐺

Where;

ϴ = Angular Deflection (degrees, °)

T = Torque of Shaft (N . m)

L = Length of Shaft (m)

J = Round Solid Shaft, Polar Moment of Inertia

G = Modulus of Rigidity (GPa)

Given Data:

T = 90 N . m (torque of shaft)

L = 0.8 m (Length of Shaft)

G = 77.97 GPa (Modulus of Rigidity, based from table)

a. Solving for Angular Deflection (degrees, °)

90 𝑁 . 𝑚 (0.8 𝑚)
ϴ=
𝜋 (0.01905 𝑚)4
[ 32 ] (77.97 𝑥109 )

ϴ = 0.071 °

III. Top End Platform Buoyancy

Given Data:

WAl = 58.69 kg (weight of aluminum)

ACblade = 0.152 m (blade arc length)

hblade = 0.132 m (height of blades)

hinitial = 0.05 m (initial set height)

AAl = 2.972 m2 (area of aluminum plate)

Ablade = 0.02 m2 (area of blade)

% Ablade = 0.00673 (% of area of blades)

#blade = 3 (number of blades)

a. Solving for Weight of Blade (Wblade)

Wblade = WAl (% Ablade)

Wblade = 58.69 kg (0.00673)

Wblade = 0.395 kg

b. Solving for Total Weight of Blades (Wtotal blades)

Wtotal blades = Wblade (#blade)

Wtotal blades = 0.395 kg (3)

Wtotal blades = 1.85 kg

c. Solving for Volume of Plate (VP)

VP = 𝜋 r2 hinitial

VP = 𝜋 (0.1805 m)2 (0.05 m)

VP = 0.00512 𝑚3

d. Solving for Buoyancy (B)

B = ρ g VP

kg m
B = (1000 ∗ 9.81 2 ) (0.00512 𝑚3)
𝑚3 𝑠

B = 50.2272 N
 e. Solving for Weight of Load (WL)

WL = Wtotal blades g

m
WL = (1.85 kg) (9.81 𝑠2)

WL = 11.625 N

f. Solving for Volume of Sub Load (Vsub load)

𝑊𝐿
Vsub load =
𝜌𝑔

11.625 𝑁
Vsub load = kg m
(1000 ∗ 9.81 2 )
𝑚3 𝑠

Vsub load = 0.00119 m3

g. Solving for Total Plate’s Volume (Vtotal plate)

Vtotal plate = Vsub load + Vplate

Vtotal plate = 0.00119 m3 + 0.00512 m3

Vtotal plate = 0.00631 m3

h. Solving for New Height (hfinal)

Vtotal plate = 𝜋 r2 hfinal

0.00631 m3 = 𝜋 (0.1805 m)2 hfinal

hfinal = 0.0599 m ≈ 0.06 m

 IV. Deflector Floaters

Given Data:

WAl = 58.69 kg (weight of aluminum)

wdeflector = 0.179 m (width of deflector)

hdeflector = 0.132 m (height of deflector)

Adeflector = 0.024 m2 (area of deflector)

AAl = 2.972 m2 (area of aluminum plate)

% Adeflector = 0.008075 (% of area of deflector)

a. Solving for Weight of Deflector (Wdeflector)

Wdeflector = WAl (% Adeflector)

Wdeflector = 58.69 kg (0.008075)

Wdeflector = 0.474 kg

b. Solving for Volume of Floater (Vfloater)

Vfloater = l * w * h

Vfloater = 0.01 m * 0.187 m * 0.06 m

Vfloater = 0.0001122 m3

c. Solving for Buoyancy (B)

B = ρ g Vfloater
 kg m
B = (1000 ∗ 9.81 ) 0.0001122 m3
𝑚3 𝑠2

B = 1.1 N

d. Solving for Weight of Load (WL)\

WL = Wdeflector * g

m
WL = 4.74 kg * 9.81 𝑠2

WL = 4.65 N

e. Solving for Volume of Sub Load (Vsub load)

𝑊𝐿
Vsub load =
𝜌𝑔

4.65 𝑁
Vsub load = kg m
(1000 ∗ 9.81 )
𝑚3 𝑠2

Vsub load = 0.000474 m3

f. Solving for Total Floater’s Volume (Vtotal floater)

Vtotal floater = Vsub load + Vfloater

Vtotal floater = 0.000474 m3 + 0.0001122 m3

Vtotal floater = 0.0005862 m3

g. Solving for New Deflector Height (hfinal)

Vtotal floater = 𝑤 l hfinal

0.0005862 m3 = 0.04 𝑚 * 0.179 m * hfinal

hfinal = 0.0794 m ≈ 0.08 m

V. Sprocket

Given Data:

T1 = T3 = T5 = 68 Teeth

T2 = T4 = T6 = 25 Teeth (standard for high speed, Faires page 465, chain roller drives)

a. Solving for Rotational Speed (N2, N4, N6)

𝑇1 (𝑁1 )
N2 =
𝑇2

68 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ (141 𝑟𝑝𝑚)

N2 =
25 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ

N2 = 383 rpm

𝑇3 (𝑁2 )
N4 =
𝑇4

68 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ (383 𝑟𝑝𝑚)

N4 =
25 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ

N4 = 1042 rpm

𝑇5 (𝑁4 )
N6 =
𝑇6

68 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ (1042 𝑟𝑝𝑚)

N6 =
25 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ

N6 = 2834 rpm
 b. Solving for Sprocket Diameter (D)

Given Data:

The researchers used Chain # 40, Pitch = 0.5 inch or 0.0127 m;

P = 0.0127 m

T1 = 68 Teeth

T2 =25 Teeth

a. Solving for Larger Sprocket Diameter (D1)

𝑃
D1 =
sin(180
𝑇
)
1

0.0127
D1 =
sin(68180
𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ
)

D1 = 0.275 m

b. Solving for Smaller Sprocket Diameter (D2)

𝑃
D2 = 180
sin( 𝑇 )
2

0.0127 𝑚
D2 =
sin(25180
𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ
)

D2 = 0.101 m
 VI. Chain Length

In accordance with the PSME code, page 25, center distance (C), between sprockets

1
should not be less than 1 2 times the diameter of the larger sprocket and not less than 30

times the pitch.

Design: C = 0.5 m

0.5 m is > (1.5) (D1)

0.5 m is > (1.5) (0.275 m)

0.5 m is > 0.4125 m, accepted

0.5 m > 30 (P)

0.5 m > 30 (0.0127 m)

0.5 m > 0.381 m, accepted

Given Data:

P = 0.0127 m

T1 = 68 Teeth

T2 =25 Teeth

C = 0.5 m

a. Solving for Length of Chain (LP)

𝑃
C= (2 Lp – T2 – T1 + √(2𝐿 − 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )3 − 0.810 ( 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )2 )
8
 0.0127
0.5 = (2 Lp – 25 – 68 + √(2𝐿 − 25 − 68)3 − 0.810 ( 25 − 68)2 )
8

Lp = 67.53 pitches

Step 9. CAD Design Generation

Computer Aided Design is necessary in order to have an over-all view of the

project to fabrication. It will help in visualize complex concepts and design problems like

placement and installation.

 Figure 3.28. Assembled Design

Phase 3: Fabrication

Fabricating a water turbine involves the construction and assembly of its various

components to harness the kinetic energy of flowing water and convert it into mechanical

or electrical power. The extendable savonious water turbine will be fabricated for

evaluation of the design.

Step 10: Material Selection and Procurement

Selecting suitable materials for a water turbine is crucial for ensuring the turbine's

durability, efficiency, and performance in a water environment. This includes corrosion

resistance, strength and durability, weight consideration, abrasion resistance,

hydrodynamic efficiency, fatigue resistance, environmental exposure, and compatibility

of the fluid. Material selection for water turbines involves a holistic evaluation of
mechanical, environmental, and economic factors to ensure the reliability and efficiency

of the turbine over its operational life.

Step 11: Fabrication and Production of Individual Components

Fabricating and producing individual components for a water turbine

involves a systematic process, each component contributing to the overall efficiency and

reliability of the turbine. The prototype shaft, pinion, blades, and deflector will be

fabricated for evaluation of the design.

Step 12: Turbines Components Assembly and Functionality Testing

The assembly of water turbine components and subsequent functionality testing

are critical steps in ensuring the turbine operates efficiently and reliably. Fabricated and

acquired components was assembled and was subjected for functionality testing.

Phase 4: Testing and Evaluation

The prototype assembly was tested and evaluated, with the quality of the resulting

data being evaluated in various height of the blade.

Step 13. Installation of Turbine to the Testing Location

The installation of turbine at the perennial river at Bagtik, Silay City involves a

systematic approach to ensure proper setup and functionality. The researcher will be

placing the base platform in the riverbed to ensure the placement and prevent changing

water current to damage the turbine blades by the oscillating pressure (Hjorthol, 2015).

The process includes preparing the turbine, transporting components, installing the

foundation, making electrical and mechanical connections, and setting up instrumentation

for testing.

Step 14: Operational Testing

The water turbine will be positioned in baseline measurement which is 80% of the

blades. This baseline measurements serve as a reference point for evaluation the turbine’s

performance and efficiency throughout the testing process. Water current rotates the rotor

blades, which convert kinetic energy into rotational energy.

Turbine Alternator Rectifier Battery

Figure 3.29. Operational Testing Flow

Hydroelectric power comes from water at work. To generate electricity, water

must be in motion. This kinetic energy turns the blades of a water turbine, which changes

the kinetic energy to mechanical energy. The rotational energy is transferred by a shaft

that serve as the essential link between the rotating turbine blades and the bearings.

Bearings are often installed along the shaft to reduce friction and allow smooth rotation.

With the use of chain and sprocket, the rotational motion and torque from the turbine is

being transmit to the alternator. Alternator in a water turbine system serves as the key

component responsible for converting the rotational energy or DC generated by the

turbine into electrical energy or AC. The electrical or AC is then converted to DC by the

rectifier for efficient battery storage. The researcher will be using the stored energy in the

battery generated by the turbine for the result.

Step 15: Prototype Testing

Operating and Testing Procedure

The guide box with the turbine is installed in the center of the test section wall,

where the main turbine blade is submerged in the water by approximately 80 percent,

which is approximately 0.30 meters. After placing the guide box and turbine record the

primary data from the base height of the turbine, this will serve as the basis for

comparison to the data gathered when the difference in height occurs. Record data per

hour, for 5 hours, two consecutive days (every weekend), for 3 weeks.

1. Water Level

Water streams like perennial rivers does not have a constant water level as it rises

or falls base of the water flowing from the mountains due to rainfall or in some places

melting of snow. Water levels in rivers typically follow rainfall patterns, the rising

and falling are related to periods during wet weather and drought

(USF Water Institute, School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, 2023). To

accurately determine the water level of the river for testing, the researchers will be

using a crest gage. A crest gage is a type of water level measurement device used to

monitor the water level at specific points along a river or stream, especially during

flood events. Modern crest stage gages may be equipped with electronic sensors or

telemetry systems to automatically record and transmit water level data. This

enhances the efficiency of data collection and dissemination.

 2. Power Output

As water level rises and falls the power output of the turbine changes since the

swept area of the turbine increases together with the water level, letting the turbine

pull more mechanical energy from the river (TutorChase, 2023). During testing the

data will show whether there is significant difference in the power output of the

turbine if the water level increases. The researchers will be solving for the power

output of the turbine based on this formula:

P= γ∗Q∗H

And by creating a performance curve by varying the flowrate and recording

corresponding power outputs this curve will provide insights into the turbine’s

efficiency under different operating conditions.

3. Water Current (Water Flow Speed)

The amount of electricity generated by a turbine is mostly determined by

water speed. Because stronger water allows the blades to rotate faster, higher

water speeds provide more power. Faster rotation translates to more mechanical

power and electrical power from the generator

(Water Power - Energy Education, n.d.). The researchers will be using a Flow-meter

in order to accurately determine the rate of flow for quantity of a moving fluid.

Step 16: Result Comparison and Overall Evaluation

The result of the testing will be tabulated, analyzed, and compared. The individual

performance and functionality of the turbine assembly operated at different height of

blade based on the energy produce.

Evaluation Procedure

Important parameters were considered in designing the system; these

includes the water level of the water source to which the testing will take place, the

power output of the turbine and the water current or the water flow speed.

Phenomenon that could affect the performance or power output of the

prototype such as the rising of water level due to some seasonal changes were also

considered in the design.

In this study, the guide box with the turbine is installed in the center of the test

section wall, where the main turbine blade is submerged in the water by approximately 80

percent, which is approximately 0.29 meters. The primary data from the base height of

the turbine will be recorded, this will serve as the basis for comparison to the data

gathered when the difference in height occurs. The researchers will record the data per

hour, for 5 hours, two consecutive days, for 3 weeks.

 REFERENCES:

Al‐Bahadly, I. (2009). Building a wind turbine for rural home. Energy for Sustainable
Development, 13(3), 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2009.06.005
Boulder, G. D., (2023). The Water Cycle and Climate Change | Center for Science Education.
UCAR. Education, U. C. F. S.
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