The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLI-B8, 2016

XXIII ISPRS Congress, 12–19 July 2016, Prague, Czech Republic

Investigating Land Surface Temperature Changes Using Landsat Data in Konya, Turkey

O. Orhan a*, M. Yakara

a
Dept. of Geomatic Engineering, Selcuk University, Konya, - [email protected] / [email protected]

Commission VIII, WG VIII/3

KEY WORDS: Land Surface Temperature, NDVI, Konya, Landsat, Drought

ABSTRACT:

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate multi-temporal land surface temperature (LST) and Normalized Difference
Vegetation Index (NDVI) changes of Konya in Turkey using remotely sensed data. Konya is located in the semi-arid central
Anatolian region of Turkey and hosts many important wetland sites including Salt Lake. Six images taken by Landsat-5 TM and
Landsat 8- OLI satellites were used as the basic data source. These raw images were taken in 1984, 2011 and 2014 intended as long-
term and short-term. Firstly, those raw images was corrected radiometric and geometrically within the scope of project. Three mosaic
images were obtained by using the full-frame images of Landsat-5 TM / 8- OLI which had been already transformed comparison
each other. Then, Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) maps have been produced to
determine the dimension of the drought. The obtained results showed that surface temperature rates in the basin increased about 5°C
between 1984 and 2014 as long periods, increased about 2-3°C between 2011and 2014 as short periods. Meteorological data
supports the increase in temperature.

1. INTRODUCTION This study was conducted in Konya that located in the Central
Anatolia, Turkey. Multitemporal thermal image series were
Earth's surface energy balance, thermal properties of surface acquired by Landsat -5 TM/8-OLI. The main goals of this study
and atmospheric conditions affect the land surface temperature are;
dramatically (Srivastava et al. 2009). Global and local changes -To investigate the change of Konya LST through
continues in the Earth's climate changes since the pre-industrial multitemporal Landsat imagery collected from 1984 to
era continues. Some of the changes occurs due to natural 2011(short period) and from 2011 to 2014 (long period).
phenomena and anthropogenic activities such as; greenhouse -To examine relationship between LST, NDVI and
gas, land cover and land use change, uncontrolled use of groundwater levels.
groundwater, deforestation, rising water demands, urbanization, -To examined the accuracy of the LST with meteorological
and irrigation activities. (Yan et al., 2002; Penny and Kealhofer, station
2005; Kantarcı, 2006; Yıldırım et al., 2011; Orhan et al., 2014).
2. METHODOLOGY
Remote sensing is useful for understanding the spatiotemporal
land cover change in relation to the basic physical properties in 2.1 Study Region
terms of the surface radiance and emissivity data. Since the
1970s, satellite-derived (such as Landsat-5/8) surface Konya is located in the semi-arid Central Anatolian Plateau at
temperature data have been utilized for regional climate latitude 36.70˚–39.25˚ N and longitude 31.25˚–34.43˚ E and at
analyses on different scale (Tran et al. 2006; Carlson et al. an altitude of about 1,006 m in Turkey. The city is among the
1977).Landsat having medium- resolution satellite is the only largest cities(41001 sq kilometres) and is one of the most
source of LST in worldwide since 1972. Therefore the Landsat- populated city in the country. Neighboring provinces are
5/8 satellite images were used in this study. Many researchers Ankara to the north, Isparta, Afyonkarahisar, Eskişehir to the
showed that the surface temperature of the work confirmed from west, Mersin, Karaman and Antalya to the south and Niğde and
Landsat-5/8(Xiao ve Weng, 2007; Amiri vd., 2009; Mallick Aksaray to the east. The Salt Lake, located within Konya
vd., 2012; Guo vd., 2012; Li et al. 2016; Avdan and boundaries, is the second biggest lake in Turkey. Depth of the
Jovanovska, 2016) lake is about 1,2 meters. Its surface area gets smaller in summer
because of evaporation. The lake supplies a fair amount of
Land Surface Temperature (LST), used to determine the Turkey’s salt demand. Beysehir Lake is on the western part of
temperature distribution and the change in local or global scale, Konya near Isparta-Konya border. Beysehir lake is the 3rd
used in climate and climate change models in particular. LST, largest natural lake in Turkey and also the biggest fresh water
calculated from remote sensing data, is used in many areas of lake in Turkey. It is also one of the most important national
science; such as; hydrology, agriculture, climate change, urban parks in Turkey. Konya, shown in Figure 1, has been known
planning, forestry, oceanography etc. Obtaining surface mainly for its agricultural activities and agriculture-based
temperatures and using them in different analysis is important to industries play a role its economy.
determine the problem associated with the environment.(Orhan
et al. 2014)

* Corresponding author

This contribution has been peer-reviewed.

doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XLI-B8-285-2016 285
 The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLI-B8, 2016
XXIII ISPRS Congress, 12–19 July 2016, Prague, Czech Republic

(1)

where the Lλ is the cell value as radiance (W/(m2sr μm)), Q cal

is the quantized calibrated digital number, Q calmin is the
minimum quantized calibrated pixel value, and Q calmax is the
maximum quantized calibrated pixel value; LMINλ is the
spectral radiance scales to Q calmin , LMAXλ is the spectral
radiance scales to Q calmax.

To estimate the LST from the Landsat-8 thermal infrared band

data, DN of sensors were converted to spectral radiance using
the following equation.

(2)

where 𝑀𝐿 represents the band-specific multiplicative rescaling

factor, 𝑄 cal is the Band 10 image, 𝐴𝐿 is the band-specific
Figure 1. Study Area additive rescaling factor, and 𝑂𝑖 is the correction for Band 10
(Barsi et al. 2014).
2.2 Data and Methods
Spectral radiance was converted to brightness temperature by
In this study, Landsat-5 and Landsat-8 multispectral images assuming the earth's surface is a black body (Eq. 3) (Orhan et al.
which are listed in Table 1 were used as remote sensing data 2014; Chander et al, 2009; Coll et al, 2010):
source. A cloud-free Landsat-5/8 images (path/row= 177/033-
177/34) ,acquired about August, 1984, 2011, and 2014, were
(3)
used for generating LST maps. In the image processing step,
satellite remote sensing data were geometrically transformed to
real-world coordinates using UTM projection and WGS 84 where Tb is the brightness temperature , Lλ is the cell value as
datum. The IKONOS MS data having 4 meter spatial resolution radiance, K1 and K2 are the constants of Landsat-5 and
and base maps (1 : 25 000) were used for the ground control, Landsat-8 calibration. For obtaining the results in Celsius, the
resulting in a root mean square (RMS) accuracy of less than a brightness temperature is revised by adding the absolute zero
half pixel utilizing approximately 30 ground control points for (−273.15∘C) (Orhan et al. 2014; Avdan and Jovanovska, 2016)
each image. The nearest neighbour resampling method
(Dymond and Shepherd, 2004; Yamaguchi and Naito, 2003) The brightness temperature was converted to land surface
and a second order polynomial transformation method temperature using the following equation.
(Hellweger et al, 2004) were used to create the output images
with 30 m ground resolution for Landsat-5/8 sensors data. The
(4)
Landsat-5 Band 6 thermal data (120 m) and The Landsat-8
Band 10 thermal data (100 m) were reprojected to using UTM
projection and WGS 84 datum and converted to 30 m. Thermal
band was used to estimate brightness temperature and NIR and where λ (11.45 μm for Landsat 4,5 and 7 / 10.895 μm for
RED bands were used for calculating the NDVI. First, Landsat- Landsat 8 band 10 / 12 μm for Landsat 8 band 11) is the emitted
8 , 2014, and then other historical images(Landsat-5) were radiance wavelength. ρ (0.01438 mK) is generated from the
radiometrically corrected to be able to compare with in situ equitation ρ = h*c/b, in which h (6.626*10−34Js) is the Planck's
infrared thermometer measurements, data of meteorological constant,c (2.998*108m/s) is the velocity of light, and b
station and with each other (Orhan et al, 2014; Joshi and (1.38*10−23J/K) is the Boltzmann constant, and ελ is the
Bhatt, 2012). surface emissivity.

The land surface emissivity (LSE (𝜀)) must be known in order

177/33 177/34 to estimate LST. The determination of the ground emissivity is
26.08.1984 26.08.1984 calculated conditionally as suggested in (Sobrino et al. 2004).
21.08.2011 21.08.2011
13.08.2014* 13.08.2014* (5)
Table 1. Landsat-5/8 frames covering the Konya
where 𝜀v and 𝜀𝑠 are the vegetation and soil emissivities,
(Turkey) used in the analysis.(* acquired Landsat-8)
respectively, Cλ mean surface roughness (C = 0 for a flat
surface) .In this study, LSE (𝜀) extracted by using NDVI
considering three different condition(soil,fully vegetated and
To estimate the LST from the Landsat-5 thermal infrared band mixture of bare soil and vegetation).
data, DN of sensors were converted to spectral radiance using
the following equation (Eq. 1) (Chander and Groeneveld, A method for calculating Proportion of Vegetation (𝑃V) (Wang
2009). et. al 2015). suggests using the NDVI values for vegetation and
soil (NDVIV = 0.5 and NDVI𝑠 = 0.2) to apply in global
conditions using the following equation. (Sobrino et al. 2004).

This contribution has been peer-reviewed.

doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XLI-B8-285-2016 286
 The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLI-B8, 2016
XXIII ISPRS Congress, 12–19 July 2016, Prague, Czech Republic

asadasdasdffsdfffffffffff

Figure 2. a-) Land Surface Temperature -1984/2011/2014 b-) Multitemporal NDVI maps and LST change for Konya c-)
visualization of groundwater changes

This contribution has been peer-reviewed.

doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XLI-B8-285-2016 287
 The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLI-B8, 2016
XXIII ISPRS Congress, 12–19 July 2016, Prague, Czech Republic

temperature rise in the southern zone of the region, the the

(6) transition point of the Mediterranean climate, the host province
of Konya, and therefore, due to the effect of heat island is
The NDVI is calculated as a ratio between measured reflectivity seen.
in the red and near infrared portions of the electromagnetic
spectrum. These two spectral bands are chosen because they are When analyzed NDVI, 2014 compared to 1984 in terms of
most affected by the absorption of chlorophyll in leafy green density of plants include more agricultural areas and green
vegetation and by the density of green vegetation on the surface. fields in the region. the increase in the LST and agricultural
The NDVI transformation is computed using the following areas caused an excessive amount of water needs It can be said
equation. value of surface temperature (increased of summer drought
effect) is a continuous increase .As a source of water for
agricultural activities is only used the underground water
(7)
source, also be associated with the level seen in falling
groundwater levels. it seems that the most important problem is
the uncontrolled use of ground water resources in the region. As
a result; When the value of 10 groundwater observation wells
2.3 Calculating LSE for Landsat 5 investigated in Konya province, it was observed that values
decrease in general. It can be said to be affected The decrease in
When NDVI values is less than 0.2, it is considered that the groundwater level by climatic effects and the use of water
surface is covered with soil and 0.97 is assigned as emissivity activities.
value. Values between 0.2 and 0.5 are considered mixtures of
soil and vegetation cover and emissivity value of band 6 of This study examined the relationship between thermal infrared
Landsat-5 TM proposed by the authors in (Sobrino et al. 2004; band of the Landsat-5 for 2011 and Landsat-8 for 2014 and
Sobrino et al. 2008 ), therefore equations 8 is used to extract hourly data of meteorological station. The regression results
emissivity for mixtures of soil and vegetation cover. For NDVI showed that measured temperatures and LST were in good
values is greater than 0.5, it is considered that the surface is agreement with 𝑅 2 values over 0.90.
covered with fully vegetated, and 0.99 is assigned as emissivity
value.
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