SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY 7 1) Define matter. Write the general characteristics of matter ‘Ans: Anything thot occupies space av! har mass is called matter. ‘Their general charaetesitlegg are: ‘)_ Solids have definite volume and definite shape. " b) Liquids have definite volume but no definite shape ‘¢) Gases have neither definite volume nor definite shape: 2) What is a homogeneous mixture? Give example. Ans: Mixture of two or more pure substances forming a single phase and having uniform ‘composition throughout is called a homogeneous mixture. Example: Sugar solution in water. 3) What is a heterogeneous mixture? Give an example Ans: Mixture of two or more substances forming many phases and does not have a uniform ‘composition throughout is called a heterogeneous mixture. Example: A mixture of salt and sugar. 4) Give any two differences between mixture and compound. a ¥ [PROPERTY — MIXTURE COMPOUND a Composition Variable composition | Defiiite composition Properties Each component in the | The compound has. 7 mixture retains its properties different from Properties its components, Example Air, Sea water, soil etc, | Water, COs, NaClete 5) Define mass of a substance. a Ans: It is the amount of matter present in it, i weight. a a i Be se ie aby evi on an object ,4g) sate the law of definite proportions cans: Agiven compound always contains exactly the same propo Jo) State the law of multiple p "Anse If two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that eombines with a fixed mass of the other element, are in the ratio of small whole numbers portion 11) State Gay Lussac’s law of combining volumes. ‘ans; When gases combine or are produced in a chemical reaction, they do so in a simple ratio by Yolume provided all gases are at same temperature and pressure. 12) State Avogadro's law ‘Ans: Equal volumes of all. gases at the same number of molecules. -mperature and pressure should contain equal 13) Write the postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory Ans: a) Matter consists of indivisible atoms, b) All atoms of a given clement have identical properties including identical mass, 6) Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in a fixed ratio 4) Chemical reactions involve reorganization of atoms. These are neither ereated. nor destroyed in a chemical reaction 14)Define one atomic mass unit : ‘Ans: It is defined as a mass exactly equal to one-twelfth the mass ofone carbon-12 atom 15) Calculate the molecular mass of Methane. 4 Bett oiecular mass of CH = ( 12.011 u)+4( 1,008 u)= 16.0430 16) Define one mole. ; tis the amount of a substance that contains as many particles or entities there are atoms in exactly 12 g of Carbon -12 isotope: 1) Define Eee emo: ofa substance in grams is called its molar mass, soranumber of moles of all components in solution. 21) A compound contains 4.07% hydrogen, 24.27% carbon and 71.65% chlorine. It's Molar mass is 98.96 g. what is its empirical and molecular formula? (Solved example in textbook) 22) Convert 55°C to Ans: °F = 9/5 (°C) +32 °F =131 23) Express 0.00016 in the form of scientific notation. Ans:1.6«10* 24) Express 232.508 in the form of scientific notation Ans:2.32508%10? 25) How many significant figures are present in 2 Ans: 5 26) A solution is prepared by adding 2g of a stbstance A to 18g of water. Calculate the mass percent of solute. Ans: Mass percent = mass of solute/mess of solution*100 ‘Mass percent = (2/20)*100=10% 27) Calculate the molarity of NaOH in the solation prepared by dissolving its 4g in enough water 1o form 500 ml ofthe solution? No. of moles of the solute = 4/40 = 0.1 ‘Volume of solution = 250ml = 250L ‘Molarity of solution = 0.1/0.250 = 0.4M_STRUCTURE OF ATOM “Explain Thomson's model of an atom {L1-Thomson proposed that an atom possesses aspherical shapein which the positive is uniformly distributed. ‘The electrons are embedded into it in such a manner as to ™ give the most stable electrostatic arrangement. This model is also known as plum pudding raisin pudding model or watermelon model Rutherford’s model of an atom ‘Ans: According to Rutherford’s model J, Anatom consist ofa tiny positively charged nucleus at the center 2.The entire mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus. 3Blectrons revolve round the nucleus with high velocity so that the centrifugal force is Balanced by the electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and electrons 3) What are isotopes? Give examples @ Ans: Atoms of the same element having same atomic number but different mass numbers eg: 1iNa, Na” 4) What are isobars? Give examples UAns:Atoms of the differem elements having same atomic number bet different mass numbers “eg: 1iNa™, 1 2Mg"* 5) Caleulate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in Na? ‘Number of protons =Z~11 mber of electrons = Z = 11 of neutrons = A -Z= 23-11 =12 Bats (4) Weve mimbcr and (b) Frequency of yellow rediton ba Vite avelags8) Give the postulates of Bohr’s atom model * Ans: The main postulates of Bohr's atom model are 1, Blectrons revolve round the nucleus in fixed circular paths called orbits, > As long as an electron revolves in particular orbit, it neither loses nor gains energy. 3. An electron can lose or gain energy only in the form of packets called quanta, When an lociron loses a quanta, it falls to the next inner orbit and when an electron gains a quanta, it jumps to the next higher orbit 4, The angular momentum of electrons are quantized. That means the angular momentum of = lectrons in different orbits should be integer multiples of mm Angular momentum, myr =" where n is an integer 9) ‘State Heisenberg’ uncertainty principle. Give its mathematical expression. Ans: It is impossible to measure both the position and momentum of a moving particle like electron, exactly and simultaneously ax ap > 4 Where ax is the uncertainty in position and Ap is the uncertainty in momentum. 10) State and illustrate Hund’s rule with an example Ans: Pairing of electrons in the degenerate orbitals of a subshell cannot occur until all the orbitals of the given subshell are singly occupied Take the case of oxygen atom Its electronic configuration is 8 In accordance with Hund’s rule, electronic configuration is 1s? 2s? 2 2p! Dp! 11) State and explain Pauli’s exclusion principle with an example Ans: No two electrons in an atom can have the same set all the four quantum numbers ‘Take the case of the two electrons in He atom, Let them be el and e2 ‘The four quantum numbers for el and e2 can be written as | Forel n=l,13) What is meant by absorption spectrum? {Ans: Absorption spectrum is obtained when white light i passed through substance and : : fa transmitted light is analyzed in the spectroscope. It consists of discontinuous dark lines 14) Write the electronic configuration of Cr(Z=24) and Cu(Z=29). Give reason for the ‘anomalous electronic ‘configuration. tans: Cr: Z=2413? 2s? 2p® 3s? 3p°as! 34° Cu: Z=291s? 2s? 2p® 38° 3p% 4s! 3d! The anomalous configuration is because of the extra stability of exactly half filled and fully filled atomic orbital espectively | 15) What are the different vantum numbers and write their sig ‘Ans: i) Principal quantum number: This quantum number describes the main energy level Which can have any whole number value equal or greater than 1. It determines the size and to, | large extent energy of the orbital GD Azimuthal quantur; number: This quantum number describes the orbital shapes: Iteant Be ave any whole number value from 0 to one less than the prineipal quantum number) The. typical orbitals are s(1=0), p(I=1), d(l-2) and fU3), ber: Magnetic quantum number deseribes the orbital orientation __ii)Magnetic quantum num! " and can have values from -| to +1 through 0. +: This quantum number describes the spin of eleciron It ean have ‘iy)Spin quantum number! ‘ Values +1/2 or -1/2 for clockwise and anticlockwise |8x10%ms'. Calculate the de} ) The velocity of the electron in Bohr's first orbits 2.1 length associated with it?OF ELEMENTS AND PERIO CLASSIFICATION Reoreeres 1) State Mendeleev's periodic las ‘Ans: Properties ofthe elements are periodic funetions of their atomic weights. 2)State modem periodic law, ‘Ans: Properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers, 3) Write the general electronic configuration of a) s- block elements, Ans: [Noble gas] ns! 5 ) p- block elements Ans: [Noble gas) ns? np! ©) d- block elements. Ans: [Noble gas] (n-1) d!-10 ns? 4) £ block elements. ‘Ans: [Noble gas] ( (n-2) fI-'4 (n—1) dns? 4) Size of the cation is smaller than the parent atom. Give reason Ans: It has fewer electrons and nuclear charge remains same. 5) Size of the anion is larger than the parent atom. Give reason. ‘Ans: It has more number of electrons than the number of protons and effective nuclear ch decreases. 6) Define electron gain enthalpy. ‘Ans: Its the enthalpy change that occurs when an electron is added to a neutral gase 7) Define electronegativity. ~ Ans: It is the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract the shared ele: one merit and one drawback of Mendeleev's periodic table, v / predicted the existence of few elements. doMETALS NON-METALS {Have high melting point 1. Have low melting point 7 Good conductor of heat and 2. Bad conductor of heat and electricity electricity a 3. Not malleable and ductile 10) What are metalloids? Give an example ‘Ans: Elements that show properties similar to both metals and non-metals. Eg: Silicon, Germanium Fi) How does atomic radius! atomic size vary along a period and downa group in the periodic table? ' Ans: © Ii decreases along a period. © It increases down a group. 12) What are isoelectronic species? Give example. ‘Ans: These are the atoms or ions containing same number of electrons. Eg : Ne, Na’, Mg”* 3) Define ionization enthalpy. Give its SI unit. This the energy required to remove an electron from an isolated gaseous atom in its ground mol! Be ion enthalpy vary along a period and down a group? Give¢ Inboron the electron is removed from 2p orbital which is far away from nucleus and is also shielded by 2s electrons. 16) Why is ionization enthalpy of oxygen less than that of nitrogen? (Give an analogy with respect to Fluorine and Chlorine.) Ans: ‘© Innitrogen the three 2p electrons are in different atomic orbitals i # Inoxygen, two of the four 2p electrons occupy the same 2p orbital resulting in electron-clectron repulsion. 17) How does electron gain enthalpy vary down the group and across the period? Explain, Ans: * It decreases down the group. Size of the atom increases and effective nuclear charge decreases, * It increases along the period. Effective nucl 18) How does electronegativity vary along 2 period? Give reason, Ans: a It increases along a period (the attraction between the outer electrons and the nucleus increases as the atomic radius decreases in a period). © It decreases down a group (the attraction between the outer electrons and the nucleus decreases (or screening effect decreases) as the atomic radius increases down the group. 19) Write the electronic configuration of Cr and Cu. Ans: Atomic number of Cu is 29 It§ electronic configuration is 1s? 2s* 2p* 332 3p® 3d" 4s! Atomic number of Cr is 24 Its electronic configuration is 1s? 2s? 2p° 332 3p 34° 4s! 20) Mention any two characteristic properties of s-block, p-block and d-bl Ans: s black: All elements are metals with low ionization energies, They ee ‘outermost glectron(s), _ p block: The outermost electron in p bk. lock elements resides in p orbital. This blHow does non-metallic character vary alony a period! Aas: Non-metallic character increases 18 8 Period’? Give reason, ‘long a period due to gradual decrease in size of elements, ppysiate Dobereiner’s law of Triad dans: This law states that elements arranged into has Th : 5 groups of 3(triad) based on sinilarites in physical and chemical properties, The middle element in aa triad ibe omic weight about half way between the atomic weights of the other wo, a be 24) State Newlands law of octaves ‘Ans: The law of octaves states that elements " a an be arranged in increasing order of atomic ‘weights with every 8" element having properties similar to 1* element. 25) Give the IUPAC name of the clement whose atomic number is 109. ‘Ans: Unnilennium 96) Write the atomic number of the element ununseptium, Ans: 117 27) What are representative elements? Ans: sand p block elements are together known as representative elements. . 28)Explain why atomic size decreases along a period and increases down a group? Ais: Along a period electrons are getting added up-o the same shell. As number of protons are fis increasing, nuclear charge increases and hence atomic size decreases. Down a group electrons are added to new shells. So nuclear charge decreases and hence ‘size increases. Among F and Cl which has higher electron gain enthaloy? Give el lectron gain enthalpy is higher for Cl than F. This is because OU ion in F due to its small size.. Write any three postulates of VSEPR CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR SRUC Define bond order? a ‘Ans. Bond order is half of the difference between the number of electrons in th ‘molecular orbitals (Nb) and the number of electrons in the antibonding mole orbitals(Na). Bond order= '4 [Nb-Na] What is hydrogen bond? Explain the types. ‘Ans. The attractive force which binds hydrogen atom of one molecule withthe electronegative atom (F,O or N) of another molecule. a: Intermolecular hydrogen bond: intermolecular hydrogen bond is formed b different molecules of the same or different compounds. Eg: HE Intramolecular hydrogen bond: intramolecular hydrogen bond is formed when hydrogen atom is in between the two highly electronegative (F,O or N) atoms ph within the same molecul O-nitropheno! Define lattice enthalpy Ans. Lattice enthalpy of an ionic com energy required 10: completely separate one mole of a solid ionic con > gascous constittent OR Define dipole moment. What is its unit Ans. Dipole moment is defined as the'product of the ma distance between the centres of positive and ne; Mathematically , itude of the charge and tive ch Dipole momeni() =charge(Q) X distance of separation(e), The unit of dipole moment is Debye. theory, Ans. a The shape of a molecule depends updn the number of val b lence shell el : ieaasoted ‘or non bonded) around entral atom, . Pairs of electrons in the valence shell another Sea repel one since their{f When wo or more structures can represent a molecule, the V: ode i applicable to any such structure, ¢ VSEPR model is i fg Therelative order of repulsion between electon pairs is as follows: Ip4p-Ip- Pbp- bp p> bp- 6, Give four differences between sigma and pi bond. Ans. vag ] ‘Pibond nal 1, |The bond is formed by the axial_—_| The bond is formed by the sidewise overlap of the atomic orbitals overlap of the atomic orbitals —— 2 |Sigmabondisstrong 7 bond is comparatively weak 3, | Sigma bond is formed alone | Pi bond is formed along with sigma E bond “4, | sorbitals take part in sigma bond __| s- orbitals don’t take part in pi bond formation formation 7. Explain sp hybridisation in BeCl: molecule ’Ans. |. Intermixing of one ‘s’ and one ‘p’ orbitals of almost equal energy’ to give two identical and degenerate hybrid orbitals is called *sp’ hybridisation. 2, These sp-hybrid orbitals are arranged linearly and bond angle between them is 180°. 3. They possess 50% ‘s’ and 50% ‘p’character. acoso ey2, These three sp?-hybrid orbitals are oriented in trigonal planar symmetry and bond angle between them is 120° 3. They possess 33.3% 's! and 66.6% ‘p’character 1s 2 Boron (gs) (&) GEE Boron vs) GE Boron (oy PTO 9. Explain sp’ hybridisation in CH: molecule: Ans.1_ Intermixing of one ‘s’ and three ‘p’ orbitals of almost equal energy to give four identical and degenerate hybrid orbitals is called ‘sp”” hybridisation. ) 2. These four sp’-hybrid orbitals are oriented in tetrahedral symmetry and bond angle between them is 109° 28” 3. They possess 25% ‘s’ and 75% ‘p’character 2s 2p carbon (gs) Gi GI exons) © EE H ia HSH S. Carbon (ryt) (FTE) os As oy x Boo HoH H 10. Predict the shape of ammonia molecule on the basis of VSEPR theory. Ans, type of NH) is ABLE, iesBe pars 1s reduced to 107° From 109.$and the shape of Amfionl Ala olecule is pyramidal {1 Predict the shape of water molecule on the b | ‘Ans. The molecule type of HO is ABE», Number of bond pairs :2 | Number of lone pairs:2 | Total number of electron pairs=bp+lp=242=4 "sis of VSEPR theory 1:0 should have tetrahedral shape due to presence of 4 electron pairs, The presence of ‘wo lone pair on oxygen causes ater repulsion to the bond pairs and the angle between bond pairs is reduced to 104.5° from 109.5° and the shape of water molecule is Bent. 12. For 0; molecule, i) write the electronic configuration | ii) mention its bond order iii) state its magnetic property Bs asi) _ (515)? (0°15)? (6 2s)? (@°2s)? (62P,)* e (m2p? = n2p2 ) (w'2py = W2p}) KK (0 2s)? (0°23) (02pz)? (nap? = 2p?) (w'2p; = W'2P))] ii)Bond order = Y4[Nb-Na] = '4[10-6] = 2 ii) Paramagnetic 13, For H. molecule, i) write the electronic ¢ ji) Mention its bond order ity State its magnetic Property configuration Ans.i)(ols) a aan ii) Bond order = 4(NO-Na] = 1412-0) =! iii) Diamagnetic: 5ic property iii) State its magi ans. i) (o1s)(a*Is)(o2s) ii) Bond onder = 4[Nb-Na} = 414-2] = | ') Diamagnetic 16, For C> molecule, i) write the electronic configuration ii) Mention its bond order iit) State its magnetic property Ans. i) (ols)*(6"1s)?(o2s)"(o"2s)*(x2px°= #2p)") ii) Bond order = Y4[Nb-Na] = [8-4] = 2 ) Diamagnetic 17. Out of NF) and NHb, which has higher dipole moment and why? Ans. Dipole moment of NHs is greater than NF d This is explained on the basis of the difference in the directions of the dipole momenls In NHb, the dipole moments of the three N-H are in the same direction as that of the a electron pair. But in NF3, the dipole moments of the three N-F are in the direction ‘opposite to that ofthe lone pair. 18) Write the limitations of octet rue. ‘Ans: This rule could not explain ‘the stability of compounds like BC; which has incomplete octet, ii)existence of odd electron molecules like NO, iii)stability of molecules like SF« with expanded octet 19) The dipole moment of BeF >is zero. Give reason, Ans: In BeF, the two equal bond di effect of cach other. ipoles point in opposite directions and cancel 20) The dipole moment of BF is zero. Give reason,CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS J, Define System. Describe the types of system with one example enc sthe pica ofthe universe in which observations ae made {A system is said to be open if both matter and. energy 6 i stem i alter andl energy can be exchy Garoundings. Example: Water kept in an open beaker: Yn [agystem is said to be closed if it exchanges only eneruy with the surroundings, Example Water kept in a closed container (gysiem is said to be isolated if it neither exchanges matter nor energy. Ex of taken in a thermos flask. nor seh 5 What is an extensive property? Give example Baas Extensive properties of a systert ate the propertiés which depend upon the quantity of Ghematier present in the systcm. Example: Volume, internal energy, Enthalpy, heat capacity ac. 3. What is an imtensive prop Give example. which do not depend upon the IAns: Intensive properties of a system are the propert (quantity of the matter present in the system. Example: pressure, tempera hheat, surface tension etc. ture, déasity, specific expression to represent I law. B State I law of Thermodynamics. Write mathematical ‘Ans: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, itcan be transformed from one form to another. Or Freenergy of an isolated system isa constant AU =q+w, where ‘AU=change in internal energy ‘q=heat supplied . ‘= work done on the system : je with examples. Pein sunt ee ‘asthe change in enthalpy when mole of a substance undergoes rc + 2014)? COnp + 24200 5 Ache =- #9033 4 mol jth oxygen under standardWhat is Gibbs free energy’? Give the mathematical form of Gibbs-Helmholtz equa What isthe significance of AG? Ans: Gibbs free envergzy(Gi) is the amount of energy available to do useful work. Gibbs-Helmholtz equation: G = H = TS, G = free energy 1 = Bnthalpy S = Entropy ‘T= Temperature on Kelvin scale Significance of AG: IfA G <0 or -ve, process is spontaneous IFA G = 0, process is in equilibrium IFA G> 0 or 4ve, process is non-spontancous State Hess’s law of constant heat summation Ans: Hess’s law states that the total enthalpy change of a reaction remains the same whether ™ the reaction occurs in a single step or in several steps. ‘What is lattice enthalpy? How do you calculate the lattice enthalpy of an ionie solid byt using Bom Haber cycle? Ans: The lattice enthalpy of an ionic compound is the enthalpy change which occurs Whe! ‘one mole of an ionic compound dissociates into its ions in gaseous state. Bom - Haber Cycle MG) + 1/72 Xq(@ —SHE > MX) | [assis eS) Latice Energy (U) ‘nui on | [Pete asin &) M®@ + X@ Alp = AHjyb + IE + AHdss +EA+UD sinilany, at constant volume V, we This value is equal to the change int We know that for one mole (n=1) 0 gH=AU+d (Pv) = AU + ART) = AU + RAT Therefore, AH AU + R AT Substituting the values of AH a GAT = CyAT + RA OrCp=Cy +R OrCr—Cy=R OCyAT «AH have qy » nGyaT Wernal energy, that i ideal gas, : Be ind. AU from above in the former equation, Pi Wite the relation between 4H and AU for the system, containing gases Ans; AH=AU+An,RT 12. The standard heat of combustion for H20, itis -286 k3/mol. Calculate Ans: Required equation: 6C Ces + (15/2)02 Reverse equation I 6C0n +320 Data: The three combustion equations 6C0: of benzene is -3271 ki/mol, for CO2 itis 394 KIImnGl aaah the standard heat of formation of benzene. (5) + 3Ha(e) > CoH are {31h AH=-3271 KI mol a ‘AH =-394 kJ mol! ‘AH = -286 ki mol! A= #5271 kJ motAns: Required equation: CHiy) + 2 Ory) 9 CO) +2 H>Oqy Given Data’ C(s) + Hayy > CHa): AH = -74.89 kJ mot! ay May + Yi Oxy) > HO. | AH = -286.18 kd mol.......(2) Cheopie) + Orig) > COnyy AHI a0nK)= -393.51 KS mol, .....3) In onder to get the value for CHiiy) + 2 Ory) 9 COx + 2 HO we have to Rever e the equation (1), CHaigaphie) > Cy) + 2Hae) 74.89 KI mol es sscs AA) Take the equation (3) as it is,Cignpin) + On) > Cn) - AH = -393.51 kJ mot... and multiply equation (2) by 2 2X (Haw) +% Ore) > 20m); AH =2 X -286.18 kJ mol! (5) Add the three equations (4+3+5) Z- Therefore CHayy) + 2 Ong) > CO24,) + 2 HO, AH =890.98 kJmol* Heat of combustion 890, 98 kImol 14. Deseribe the experiment to determine the intemal energy neat labelled diagram. change by bomb calorimeter with | Ans: Intemal energy change (AU) is the energy change at constant volume. Bomb calorimeter is generally used for the measurement of intern; energy change. In this technique, a steel vessel {commonly called bomb) is immersed ina water" — bath in order to ensure that no heat is lost to the Surrounding. A combustible substance is bumt in ‘oxygen gas supplied in the bomb, Heat evolved ig absorbed by the water around the bomb and the change in temperature(AT) is measured, Energy associated with the reaction are measured ‘teonstant volume as volume doesn't change in theyy Ans: 2) Ans: 3) Ans: 4 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Give any three general characteristics of equilibrum in physical processes (i) Equilibrium is possible only in a closed system at a given temperature. (Gi) Both the opposing processes occur at the same rate and there is a dynamic but stable condition x (iii) All measurable properties of the system remain constant. What is meant by the state of dynamic chemical equilibrium? At equilibrium, the concentration of reactants and products remains constant, but rates Of forward and backward reactions are equal. This equilibrium is dynamic in nature as it product(s) and reverse reaction consists of a forward reaction in which the reactants giv in which product(s) gives the original reactants. State the Law of C “The ratio of product of concentration of products to the product of concentration of mical Equilibrium reactants when all the concentration terms are raised to their respective stoichiometric €0- efficient in the balanced chemical equation is a constant at given temperature” Write any four characteristics of equilibrium constants Ke or Kp i) The value of equilibrium constant is independent of intial concentrations of reactants and products rium constant depends on temperature. Its constant for a given reaction at ii) Equilit ‘constant temperature. “The equilibrium constant forthe reverse reacton is equal to inverse of equilibrium constant for the forward reaction iv) Equilibrium constant is applicable only ‘when concentrations of reactants3) Ans: A change in any of the factors thatdetermine the equilibrium conditions of asystem will 6) Ans: a) Effect of pressure: An increase in pressure increases th For a reaction, if Qe>Ke, the reaction will proceed in the direction of the rea (reverse reaction) If Qc 243, Calculate the pH of 0.001M HCL = log (H"}‘Ans: For the above reaction, n=nP ~ni KP = Ke(RT)*” Ke =Ky(RT)*" = 41/(0.0831x400)? KC =41x(0.0831x400)= 4530.8 298K. Find its solubility 16) The solubility product of silver bromide is 5.0 x 10 ‘Ans: Ksp=5x10” AgBr DAg'+ Br Br eS §=05 x 10" = 0.7071 x 10*moVLREDOX REACTION Define oxidation and reduction reactions in terms of electron transfer. Give example, ‘Ans: The half reaction that involves loss of electrons is called oxidation reaction. Eg: Na >Na’ +e ‘The half reaction that involves gain of electrons is called reduction reaction Eg: Ch + 2e2Ch Define redox reaction in terms of electrons transfer. Give example. Ans: A reaction duiritig Which 1088 of electrons by one substance and gain of electrons by other substance takes place simulteneously is called redox react Eg: 2Na+Cl>2NaCl Here Na loses 2 el trons and Cl gains one electron. Calculate the oxidation number of S,C,Cr and Mn in the following compounds. H:80s,COs*,KoCr207 and MnOs Ans: H:S0; 2(1)+Xe4(-2)-0 x=6 CO X+3{-2)-2 : Xe4 KiCrOy 2(1)+2X+7(-2)=0 X-6 ‘i MnOx X+4{-2}=1 Xe7 |. What are displacement redox reactions? Give an example for metal displacement reaction. Ans: The redox reaction n which an atom presentn the chemical compound get replaced by atom of another element.. Balance the following FR: Ch+20H9C1OsCI+H0 Fedox reaction by oxidation numb dation number meth y4S0s"> Cr 480.440 ” Cr acid medium Ans: Skeleton equation is 04503" CP" 4502440 Assign oxidation number for the atoms undergoing oxidation and reduction. Gre"0724S"405?-> Cr45'60.24H20 i Grundergoes reduction and undergoes oxidation, Equalise the change in ON for both the atoms by multiplying with suitable integers and balance the number of atoms other than O and H. (120743503? 2Cr°* +350.24H,0 ‘Add H’ and H20 to balance oxygen and hydrogen ‘atoms in acidic medium. j r2072+3S03+8H"-> 2CP" +350,?+4H20 Balance the following redox reaction by half reaction method Fe® + Cr20;>Fe™ + Cr" acid medium ‘Ans: For the given skeleton equation, assign oxidation numbers to the atoms in the ‘equation and find out which atoms are undergoing oxidation and reduction. Fe + Cr2"°07? Fe? + Cr* Separate the equation to half reactions ‘Oxidation half: Fe" >Fe™ Reduction half: Cre07> Cr First balance atoms other than & Hand then O & H by adding H* and H:0. Fel +0)? +14 H'->Fe + 26047 H:0 electrons to both half reactions to balance the charge Dre +eassign oxidation numbers to the atoms ‘Ans: For the given skeleton equation, ; idation and reduction. equation and find out which atoms are undergoing ox Mn‘70, + Mn") +h? Separate the equation to half reactions Oxidation half: > h Reduction half: MnOy Mn02 ’ First balance atoms other than O & H and then O & H by adding OH ard H20 molecules MnO. + F + 2H20Mn0; + 1, + 40H Add electrons to both half reactions to balance the charge hee MnOy + 2H:0 +3e-9Mn0> + 40H Equalise the number of electrons in both half reactions and add the 2 reactions 2MnOz +6 I + 4H20->2Mn0O; + 312 + 80H Permanganate ion reacts with bromide ion in basic medium to give manganese dioxide and bromate ion. Write the balanced ionic equation for the reaction. Ans: The skeleton equation is MnOs+Br >Mn02+Bro> Assign ONs for the atoms and find out the increase and decrease in ON Mn"70¢+Br->Mn*402+Br'503 Make the increase and decrease in ON equal 6Mn"70s+38r->6Mn"‘0;+3Br'°03 Simplify 2Mn‘70«+8r->2Mn"¥02+Br°503 As the reaction occurs in basic medium ,and the ionic charges are not equal on both sides, add 20H ions on the RHS 2MnO¢+B8r->2Mn0,+Br03+20H" Count the H atoms and add appropriate number of H2O on the LHS. 2MinOs+Br+H20-2MnO2+BrOs+20H"ORGANIC CHEMISTRY- SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES 1) Explain chain isomerism with example The isomers which differ in the carbon chain present in their molecules are called chain isomers and the phenomenon is called chain isomerism. 2) Explain position isomerism with ex nple, When two or more compounds differ in the position of substituent atom orf ictional group ‘on the carbon skeleton, they are called position isomers and this phenomenon is termed as position isomerism. 3) Explain functional isomerism with exampte Two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different functional groups are called functional isomers and this phenomenon is termed as funetional group isomerism. — at are electrophiles? Give ample, pair) Bg: CHG", CI’, BFs jive example. i 5) What are paclesinles Gie ear les. (A reagent that bringan electron pair ies iets7) Write a note on Electromeric effect. “The complete transfer of pi electrons of a multiple bond to one of the bonded atoms i presence of an attacking reagent is known as electromeri effect It isa temPorty eff “4B effect: The pi electrons are transferred towards the attacking reagent molarity of the acid : ae (V-Vi/2) > volume of sulphuric acid which reacted with ammonia m-> the mass of organic compound takenHYDROCARBONS What is Bayer’s reagent? Ans; Dilute alkaline potassium permanganate solution. 2. What is Lindlar’s catalyst? Ans: Pd supported over barium sulphate or caleium car! quinoline or sulphur. ‘bonate poisoned with What is decarboxylation? Name a decarboxylating agent, Ans: The elimination of carbon dioxide from a carboxylic acid is zalled as decarboxylation. Soda lime ( NaOH + CaO) is a decarboxylating agent 4. Explain Wurtz reaction with an example, Ans: Higher alkanes are prepared by heating alkyl halides with sodiurh metal in dry ether CH,Br+2Na+BrCH,-22 "CH, CH, +2NaBr Bromomethane Ethane 5. Deseribe the preparation of alkanes by Kolbe’s slectrolytic method Ans: Alkanés are prepared by the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous solution of sodium or pptassium t of sa rated monocarboxylic acids. 2CH,COO Na’s 2H,0 Sodium acetate {Electroiysts CH, -CH, + 2CO, +H, 1 2NaOH 6. Boiling point of isomeric alkanes increases with in = ji ee Se ins ay icrease in atomic mass. Why?Ans: Markovnikov's rule states that, negative part of the addendum (adding molecule)gets attached to that carbon atom involved in the double bond which possesses least number of hydrogen atoms 10. Explain the mechanism involved in the chlorination of methane. Ans:Chlorination of methane proceeds vin a free radieal chain mechanism. The whole reaction takes place in the given three steps. © Chain initiation: The ch: molecule into free radicals. n is initiated (started) by UV light breaking a chlorine Ch >> 2ch © Chain propagation reactions: These are the reactions which keep the chain going, CH, + Ch33¢Hy + HC! CHy +Cb33¢1 ck © Chain ter n reactions: These are reactions which remove free radicals from the system without replacing them by new ones. 2Ck39ch CHs + Ck 39 CHCl CHy + CHy 99CH:CHy i metrical isomerism in alkenes. ‘atoms gives rise to different geometries of such compounds. The stereoisomers of this metrical isomers, “ r Sao pons eae ‘bond is called eis isomer and the other isomer in which identical atoms or groups lie ton the opposite sides of the double bond is called trans isomer.> CI, =CH, +2 Be CH, Br. CU, Br Zn— cial scale? 13. How is acetylene prepared on commer reaction of calcium carbide with ‘Ans: On commercial scale, acetylene is prepared by water. CaC) + HO D Ca(OH): + CoH 14. How is benzene prepared from ethyne? ‘Ans:Bthyne on passing through red hot iron tut polymerization. Three molecules polymes be at 873K undergoes cyclic rise to form benzene. 1 Wate chemical reactions forthe convetson of Phenol to benzene sns:Phenol is reduced to benzene by passing it’s vapour over heated zine dust. 16, How is cyclohexane obtained fi “ bi from benzene? Ans:Benzene in the presence of nickel catal gets converted to cyclohexane, lyst under high temperature and pressure sepsis:18. Explain Friedel Crafts acylation with an example, Ans: Benzene reacts with acy! halide or acid chloride in the presence of anhydrous Aluminium chloride to to give acyl benzene cocn, (G) rencoer se" O-« necvehone cctophenane 19. Explain the Mechanism of nitration of benzene. Ans: Step 1:The formation of thi HNO; + 2480, ——> NOF + 2HS04 + Hit clectrophile