WRIT! TASK 1 - STRUCTURE (line graph/bar graph/pie chart/table) Paragraph 1 - Introduction Paragraph 2 — Overview Paragraph 3 — Ist main feature Paragraph 4 — 2nd main feature The graph shows data about the annual earnings of three bakeries in Calgary, 2000-2010. Write at least 150 words. 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 yearly income ($) 20000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 year —@Amandine Bakery —@=Mari Bakeshop —®=Bolo Cakery The line graph gives information on the amount of income of three various bakeries, namely Amandine Bakery, Mari Bakeshop and Bolo Cakery in Calgary between 2000 and 2010. Overall, the number of annual earnings of Amandine Bakery and Bolo Cakery experienced a gradual increase, while the figure for Mari Bakeshop decreased throughout the period given In detail, the amount of money Amandine Bakery earned annually maintained the same level at about 58000 in the first 5 years, then that number rose slightly and reached its peak of over 100000 at the end of the period. The number of incomings of Bolo Cakery observed a slight fluctuation from 2000 to 2002, however, this indicator had remained stable at around 40000 before climbing to over 60000 till 2010. Although the annual earnings of Mari Bakeshop constituted the maximum number with approximately 90000 between 2000 and 2004, this number dropped considerably and hit its low of 40000 in 2008 and stayed static in the following 2 years. 164 wordsThe chart below gives information about global population percentages and distribution of wealth by region.. Write at least 150 words. Population and wealth shares by region | | L ee es 35% ‘Population Share(%) Wealth share (%6) The bar graph illustrates the proportion of people and distribution of wealth in 8 various parts of the world. Overall, the highest percentage of population is observed in China, while North America has the maximum rate of wealth share. However, the lowest rate of both population and wealth share was seen in Africa. To begin, North America possesses the largest percentage of global wealth which is about 35%, while this ratio is minimum in Africa and India, accounting for just about 2%. Europe owns just under 30% of the worldwide wealth, which constitutes approximately a quarter in Rich-Asia Pacific. China, Other Asia-Pacific and Latin America and Caribbean share a similar percentage of wealth, standing at just over 3%. Although China leads the list with the maximum number of people (around 23%), the least indicators are experienced in North America, Latin America and Caribbean and Rich Asia- Pacific with just over 5%. 15% of people live in Europe and India, while the figure for Other Asia-Pacific is 3% more, amounting to roughly 18%. Africa comprises only 10% of the total global population.The chart gives information on the percentage of women going into higher education in five countries for the years 1980 and 2015. Write at least 150 words. Female school-leavers going into higher education 60% 0% Australia South Korea France 5 3 ES 4 8 ES 3 8 Rg 2 8 R 1 g 1980 m2015 The bar graph illustrates data on the rate of female school-leavers going to higher education in five countries, namely UK, USA, Australia, South Korea and France in 1980 and 2015. Overall, the percentage of women who went to higher education in UK, USA, South Korea and France observed an upward trend, while Australia maintained its dominance throughout the period given. The rate of female school-leavers was maximum with just under 60% in 1980 and remained stable in Australia in the following 25 years. UK and USA experienced the same and gradual rising trend from about 35% to over 55% from 1980 to 2015. A half percentage of females went into higher education in France at the beginning of the period, then this indicator climbed slightly and stood at nearly 53% in 2015. The lowest rate of females went into higher education in South Korea, which made up 15% in 1980, then doubled and constituted exactly 30% in 2015. diene 158 wordsThe pie charts below compare the proportion of energy capacity in gigawatts (GW) in 2015 with the predictions for 2040. Energy capacity in 2015 and 2040 2015 2040 (6.688 Gw) (11.678 cw) 2% "Fossilfuels "Wind Nuclear «Solar # Other renewables The pie charts give data on the rate of energy power measured in gigawatts (GW) in 2015 with the projection for 2040. Overall, Fossil fuels account for the majority of the total percentage of energy capacity, while nuclear and wind experience the minimum figure: eriod given. In detail, fossil fuels dominate the list with the maximum percentage of energy power, which made up 64% at the beginning of the period, while it is predicted that this ratio will decrease and stand at 44% in 2040. Although the percentage of energy potential from Solar was the lowest with 2%, this will have grown dramatically and taken the third place till 2040. 23% of energy capacity originated from Other renewables in 2015, it is projected to decline and constitute 21% in 2040. The proportion of energy will reduce slightly from 6% to 5%, whilst the proportion of energy power from Wind will climb substantially , which was just 5% in 2015, and will amount to 12% at the end of the period.The tables below give information about sales of Fairtrade*-labelled tea and pineapples in 2010 and 2015 in five European countries. Sales of Fairtrade-labelled tea and pineapples (2010 & 2015) = 2010 2016 (millions of euros) _| (millions of euros) France 25 2 Austria 4 8 Germany 28 3 Netherlands 2 27 Norway 18 2 - 2010 2015 Pieapples (millions of euros) (millions of euros) Austria 16 48 France 2 65 Netherlands 16 5 Norway 28 2 Germany 3 19 The given tables illustrate data on the sale of Fairtrade-labelled tea and pineapples in five various parts of the world in 2010 and 2015 Overall, the maximum amount of tea was sold in France, while Austria was popular with its sale " —e of pineapple in Austria throughout the period given. S In detail, the sale of tea was only 2.5 in 2010 in France, then this surged and reached its peak of 21 in 2015. A slight upward trend was observed in the trade of tea in Germany, Netherlands and Norway, standing at 3, 2.7 and 2 at the end of the period respectively. The indicator for Austria had doubled to 8 till 2015. When it comes to the sale of pineapples, Austria had dominated the list and tripled to 48 till the end of the period, whereas the minimum indicators were seen in Netherlands (1.6) and France (2) in 2010, then grew considerably to 5 and 6.5 in 2015 accordingly. The sales of pineapples dwindled from 2.8 to 2 and from 3 to 1.9 in Norway and Germany over a 5-year period relevantly.ocabulary for Describing Trends A) Verbs and nouns for describing trends and changes: ars Mote Dens # rise (rose-risen) [to/by] © arise [of] «increase [to/by] * anincrease [of] # go (went-gone) up [to/by] + agrowth [of] + climb [tofby] + an upward trend + grow (grew-grown) [to/by] » fot. * double © atrebling in +n * treble/triple ~~ * boom 4 © surge eee © soar + rocket [to/by] «fall fell-fallen) [tofby] + afallof] + decline [tolby] © adecline [of] + decrease [tofby] * adecrease [of] + dip (dipped) [to/by] + adrop[of] * drop (dropped) [to/by] © areduction \ * 20 (went-gone) down [tofoy] © astump + plummet [to/by] . © plunge [to/by] aplipes © dive [toby] 0 deteriorate + slump [to/by] * do (did) not change + no change # remainjstay + stable/steady/static/unchanged [at] en |. -iraintain the same level * stood at/was © alevelling off [at] ‘© level (levelled) off [at] ©) applateat [st] + plateau (plateaued) [at] + reachedahigh/peak of Position | ° level levelled) out [at] © reacheda low of stabilise [at] sree pL tbf Ube + reached Constant | | * a fluctuation Chace fluctuated [around]B) Adjectives and adverbs for degree of change: pees PC ee dramatic dramatically . huge nla Very extensive change enormous enormously tremendous tremendously substantial substantially Extensive change considerable considerably significant significantly remarkable remarkably noticeable noticeably Average change marked markedly moderate moderately slight slightly Small change small nia inimal minimally C) Adjectives and adverbs for speed of change: Speed re rapid rapidly quick quickly Quick change sharp sharply swift swiftly steep steeply steady steadily Slow change gradual gradually slow slowly sudden suddenly Unexpected change unexpected unexpectedly abrupt abruptlyAPPROXIMATIONS | 6% - a small proportion 53% - more than half Roughly 23% - just under a quarter 72% - slightly less than three quarters Approximately 27% - approximately a quarter 77% - roughly three quarters Almost | 48% - almost a half —~ 85% - well over three quarters Nearly 50% - exactly a half 96% - a significant majorit About eS re Around Quantities Other verbs More tne Number/Quantity/Amount to make up power Percentage/Proportion/Rate to account for Just above Figure/Indicator to comprise “Well over ‘to amount to Less than to consist of Well below to constitute Just below toequal Just under to be equal to slightly less than in: In 1999. In the 20th century... In the first ten years. there was a significant increase in production tor: For the first six months For twenty years. the number of employees remained the same. during: During the first six months... During the firsc half of this cencury... During the remainder of the year.. production was slowing down, while imports increased. from - to / until: From August to/ until November... From 1950 to 1960... there was no change in energy use. between ~and: Berween 1950 and 1960. there was no change in the rate of fuel consumption before / after: Before 1960 the number remained small, but after 1965 there was a sudden increase around / abouts = oO Around / about 1980 shere was a change in the number of female part-time employees. by: By the lare 19th century she rural workforce had declined significantly at: Ac the end of the last century there was a sharp increase in manufacturing since: Since the 19th century there has been a steady decline. Other useful expressions are (in) the period from _to__ (in) the period between and in the first/last three months of the year over the period _to over the next years/ decades/ quarter of a century ete. over a ten year period throughout the 19th century from that time on after that then in the 1980sMULTIPLE GRAPHS Paragraph 1 - Introduction Paragraph 2 - Overview Paragraph 3 — Details of Ist graph or chart Paragraph 4 — Details of 2nd graph or chart The diagrams below give information on transport and car use in Edmonton, Write at least 150 words. 5% moar 15% ‘LRT (Light Rail Transit) 15% an 10% ata lis% The pie chart gives data on the percentage of people using various means of transportation, while the table describes the reasons why people use the car in Edmonton. Overall, car accounts for the majority of the total percentage of transportation people take, while the main reason to drive a car is commuting to work in the city. In detail, 45% of people use a car in Edmonton, whereas the proportion of people who take Light Rail Transit makes up just 35%. However, individuals using Bus and Taxi constitute the same rate which stands at 10%. The highest proportion of people use the car to go to work, making up just over a half, whilst, population using a car for Shopping and Leisure activities amounts to the same and lowest indicators, which are equal to 15%. The rate of people using a car in the city for Business purposes_takes the second place with 45%, whereas taking children to school as a reason consists of 40%. aeThe graph and table below give information about water use worldwide and water consumption in two different countries. Write at least 150 words. Global water use by sector 3900 ) , Aaricuiture 2900 | > Industrial use 1900 1920 1990 1960 1980 2000 Cro a Te OM ee] Peet Say Brazil 176 million 26,500 km? 359 m* Democratic Republic 5.2 million 100 km? 8m* of Congo The line graph shows data on the amount of global water use from 1900 to 2000 , while the table gives information on the consumption of water in two different countries, namely Brazil and Democratic Republic of Congo. Overall, the amount of water used for Agricultural, Industrial and Domestic uses observed an upward trend over a century, while the maximum use of water is seen in Brazil. ‘The amount of water used for Agriculture stood at about 500at the beginning of the period, then this figure had kept increasing and reached its peak of 3000 till 2000. Although water consumption in Industry and Houses was minimum in 1900 , this had maintained the same level at about 100 till 1960. Afterwards, the indicators rose gradually and amounted to 1000 and approximately 300 at the end of the period: Brazil dominates the list with the maximum number of people (176 million), the area of Irrigated land (26.500 km2) and the usage of water per person (359 m3). However, the figures for Democratic Republic of Congo are considerably lower than Brazil, making up 5.2 million in terms of population, 100 km irrigated land and 8 m3 water consumption.MAPS Paragraph 1 - Introduction Paragraph 2 - Overview Paragraph 3 - Ist main feature Paragraph 4 - 2nd main feature The maps below show changes in the city of Nelson in recent times. Write at least 150 words. Nelson, 2000 The two maps give data on the alterations in the city of Nelson from 2000 till today. Overall, there will be extensive developments in the construction of buildings, new facilities as well as roads in the city. eee eae In detail, there was a university beside a small woodland in the north part of the area which was far away from the city centre. A Train station and an old market were located adjacent to the city centre in the east. A port was abandoned area without any facilities in the south part of the city close to the motorway. Today, a new bike rental schme has been built surrounded in the city centre. Old market has been replaced with a new modernized shop in the left of the city centre, while a modern covered market has been constructed in the right part. A port has been modernized with a restaurant and bars and clubs with a road for pedestrians only. Although university has remained the same, hall of residence, new big shopping mall and train station have been set up around the university.The map below is of the town of Canterbury. A new school (S) is planned for the area. The map shows two possible sites for the school. Write at least 150 words. N '5km to Sturry (Population: 7,000) 7km to Chartham (Population: 4,500) CANTERBURY Countryside I Town Centre (no traffic zone) Housing Mm University ME Main roads The given three maps give data on two projected sites for a new school in the area of Canterbury city. Overall, S1 is planned to be built in the countryside far from the city centre, while $2 will be located in the town centre. The first preferred location $1 is planned to be constructed in the countryside close to the main roads in the north and a university in the north-west of the area. This site is positioned close to the area, namely Sturry which is Skm away from the city centre with 7000 residents. The next preferred location $2 will be situated exactly in the town centre which is surrounded by housing on all sides. $2 is 7km distant from Chartham which is a town in the south east with 4500 people. The school ($2) will be built in the no traffic zone and in the south of the university.DIRECTIONS & POSITIONS North/South/East/West North east North west South east South west To the north/To the west/ To the east/To the south In At Beside On Under Below Above Far Near Between Around Next to By Across from Over Along In front of In the middle of/In the centre of Beyond Inside/outside To the left of/To the right of Length Width Depth Height Perpendicular to Clockwise Along OVERVIEW — GENERAL CHANGES Over the period, the area witnessed dramatic changes. From 1995 to 2005, the city centre saw spectacular developments. The village changed considerably over the period.” During the 10-year period, the industrial area was totally transformed. Over the past 20 years, the residential area was totally reconstructed. Over the period, the old docks were totally redeveloped. Between 1995 and 2005, the old houses were rebuilt. The central business district was completely modernised during the period.DETAIL PART — SPECIFIC CHANGES BUILDINGS/ROADS - demolish, knock down, flatten, remove, dismantle, replace, renovate, build, construct, reconstruct, develop, grow, extend, expand, enlarge, relocate, convert, modernize, open, introduce, erect. The government demolished the industrial estate and developed a sports ground. They removed the shops and replaced them with a skyscraper. A port was constructed at the edge of the river. The factory in thé city centre was demolished and relocated to the city’s north. The old warehouses were replaced with new hotels. The factory was converted into apartments. Anew bridge was built to replace the old one. The main road was extended and a new bridge built over the river. The main road was expanded to the north to connect to the other town. The railway lines were removed and replaced by a metro line. The main road is perpendicular to the train station. Moving in a clockwise direction from the hospital, we can see the new car park. Along the roadside a new retail area and more office developments. The width of the carpark is over 100 meters The length of the pond is probably just under 20 meters. The height of the first building is almost 70 meters. The introduction of shared bikes... The modernisation of the bus station... The expansion of the library The redevelopment of the city centre The pedestrianisation of the city... The extension of the road... The removal of the old train statio The conversion of offices to flats... TREES AND FORESTS - clear, cut down, chop down, remove, plant. The forest was cut down and replaced with a shopping centre. The trees were cleared to make way for houses. LINKING PHRASES FOR CHANGE The last few years have seen the conversion of offices to flats. One noticeable improvement is the redevelopment of the city centre. One significant change is the moderhisation of the bus station. A further change is the extension of the road, An interesting development is the pedestrianisation of the city Another change has been the expansion of the library One change has been the introduction of shared bikes. Asignificant development is the removal of the old train station.PROCESS DIAGRAM Paragraph 1 - Introduction Paragraph 2 - Overview Paragraph 3 — 1st main feature Paragraph 4 — 2nd main feature The diagram below shows the recycling process of aluminium cans. Write at least 150 words. REUSING pbrecyced (UK) RECYCLING ‘ \ CLEANING, SORTING, \\ ‘SHREDDINGAND CCOMPRESSING wf) #” ROLLING 25mm 6mm thick EATING AND MELTING The given process diagram illustrates data on how aluminum cans are recycled. Overall, the procedure of recycling aluminum cans consists of seven stages which starts with collecting used cans and ends when the cans are recycled and reused. The process commences when old and used cans thrown to the rubbish bins are taken out of containers by workers and loaded to the trucks. In the following stage, the cans are carried to the collection centre by garbage truck. In the stage after this, the used cans are cleaned before sorting out the products in the factory. After this, the product is cut into shreds, flattened by pressure and compressed. The following steps involve a machine where the compressed metal is first heated and then melted. After this, it is then rolled out flat to a thickness of between 2.5mm and 6 mm, depending on what it is going to be used for. The final stage is when new recycled cans are packaged as drink containers and reused. In the UK, 74% of all aluminium cans are recycled.Describing Purpose When you need to report the means or tool used to perform a stage, avoid using "by": © For tools: It is done using/through the use of a... © For methods: It is done through/vi «+. iS used to The role of ... is to The... prevents/stops/protects/avoids ... from <+ing/n> The... allows ... to A. The first stage First, Firstly, First off, First of all, In the first stage, At/in the beginning, The first stage is when The process begins/starts/commences when Uuslos The process begins with + jateeainats agB. Middle stages: Next, Then After this/that, Following this/that, Afterwards, In the following stage, In the stage after/following this, In the stage that follows, Over the course of/During the next/following/second/third stage, This is followed by + When/After/Once , . When/Once this stage is complete, before Before , after/following which which is followed by C. Last stage: Finally, Ultimately, Eventually, The last/final stage is when The process ends when The process ends with before finally