An ISO file (ISO image), is an archive file that contains an identical copy (or

image) of data found on an optical disc, like a CD or DVD.

ISO files are a bit-for-bit copy of the original disc's content, including the
file structure,they can be used to create a duplicate of the original disc.
Virtualization software, such as VirtualBox or VMware, can mount ISO files as
virtual optical drives, allowing users to install software or access files as if
they were using a physical disc.

Oracle VirtualBox - free and open-source virtualization software that allows

users to run multiple operating systems on a single physical machine. VirtualBox
is a type 2 hypervisor,
so it runs on top of an existing operating system (host OS) and provides a
virtualization layer for other operating systems (guest OSes) to run within.
Developed and maintained by Oracle Corporation. All VirtualBock packages for all
available platforms + extencion packs can be found for free on their official
website.

VMware Workstation is a virtualization software application that allows users to

run multiple virtual machines (VMs) on a single physical host computer.
VMware Workstation is a Type 2 hypervisor, as it operates within a host
operating system and provides virtualization capabilities for desktop or
workstation use cases
It is developed and marketed by VMware Inc., a leading company in the
virtualization and cloud computing industry.
they provide vide array of software for many different platforms, there is free
version VMwire Workstation for both windows and linux systems available on their
website.

Checksums are values derived from a set of data, typically generated using a
mathematical algorithm. They are used to verify the integrity of data during
transmission or storage.
The primary purpose of a checksum is to detect errors or corruption that may
have occurred in the data. Common checksum algorythms: MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-256

A deb file is an archive that contains data. Marked with the .deb extension, it
is used to easily distribute and install programs for Linux Debian and
derivatives.
A deb is a standard Unix ar archive that contains your application and other
utility files. The most important one is the control file, which stores the
information about
the deb package and the program it installs.

Linux bundle files (used to install VMWARE on Ubuntu, for instance) are shell
scripts which self-extract a program in order to install it.
you can make bundle file executable via command: chmod +x file_name.bundle
and after run it ./file_name.bundle

The dpkg (Debian Package) command is a low-level package management tool used in
Debian-based and Debian-derived Linux distributions to perform package-related
operations.
underlying way of installing packages ex: sudo dpkg -i package_name.deb ( -i or
--install: This option tells dpkg to install the specified Debian package file)

if you have package dependency issues on Debian-based and Debian-derived Linux

distributions(like ubuntu): in terminal, try running command sudo apt-get
install -f, to fix
and resolve package dependencies and perform package installations. -f or --fix-
broken: This option instructs apt-get to attempt to fix any broken dependencies
or incomplete
installations of packages on your system. It will try to resolve issues with
package dependencies by installing any missing or required packages.

In newer hardware, the boot menu and the associated firmware have transitioned
from traditional BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) to UEFI (Unified Extensible
Firmware Interface).
UEFI is the modern replacement for the legacy BIOS system, but its backwards
mostly compatible. Many UEFI systems feature Legacy BIOS Compatibility Mode.
UEFI provides more advanced features and better support for modern hardware,
including faster boot times, support for larger hard drives, and improved
security features.
exact key and procedure to access the UEFI/BIOS settings and boot menu may vary
depending on your computer's manufacturer and model. best way is to search by
hardware manufacturer & model.
You can access the UEFI/BIOS settings and the boot menu during the boot process,
typically by pressing a specific key (e.g., F2, F12, Del) as your computer
starts up.

To enable virtualization support in UEFI/BIOS settings, you might need to

enable virtualization features: Virtualization Technology; VT-x for Intel, AMD-V
for AMD

UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) in the firmware settings of a

computer's motherboard or system firmware. This setting determines whether the
computer will use
the traditional BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or the newer EFI/UEFI for
system initialization and booting.

GNU GRUB or simply GRUB(GNU GRand Unified Bootloader) - popular and widely used
bootloader software in the open-source and Linux communities. GRUB plays a
crucial role in the
boot process of many operating systems, including various Linux distributions
and some versions of Windows

Bridged and NAT (Network Address Translation) are two different network modes or
configurations commonly used in virtualization and networking. These modes
determine how
virtual machines (VMs) in a virtualization environment interact with the
physical network and the outside world.

*In a bridged network mode, each virtual machine is assigned an IP address from
the same subnet as the physical network to which the host computer is connected.
VMs can directly access and communicate with devices on the physical network.
Virtual machines in bridged mode are visible and identifiable as separate
devices on the physical network. Can be accessed from other computers on the
same network.
There is no network address translation involved in a bridged network. VMs have
their own IP addresses, and communication is one-to-one with the physical
network.
*In a NAT network mode, VMs are assigned IP addresses from a private subnet
created by the virtualization software. These private IP addresses are not
visible
or accessible from the physical network
Communication between VMs and the physical network is mediated by network
address translation. The host computer acts as a NAT router, translating
requests from VMs to use
its own IP address when communicating with external networks.

hypervisor can take the role of a virtual switch. In this case, each virtual
machine has a MAC address and the hypevisor switches frames from one virtual
machine to another,
just like an Ethernet switch would do. Virtual switches have several advantages:
it is very easy to reconfigure them, it is possible to augment the switch with
additional
functionality, for instance for additional security.

corporate features for windows:

* BitLocker - A feature that enables a user to encrypt all data on a disk drive
or removable drive
* Encrypting File System (EFS) - A feature that allows the user to configure
file and folder level encryption.
* Branch cache - A feature that allows remote computers to share access to a
single cache of data from shared folders and files or document portals,
such as SharePoint sites. This can reduce WAN traffic because the
individual clients do not each need to download a copy of cache data.

<Going from a hardware configuration for the host kernel to a configuration for
the guest OS is known as a world switch.>

DMA(Direct Memory Access) - feature of modern computer systems that allows

peripheral devices, such as hard drives, network adapters, sound cards, and
graphics cards, to transfer
data directly to or from the computer's memory (RAM) without involving the CPU
in the data transfer process. DMA is a key technology that improves system
performance by
offloading data transfer tasks from the CPU.

*MMU(Memory Management Unit) -hardware component within a computer's central

processing unit (CPU) or as a separate integrated circuit that plays a critical
role in managing memory
and enabling the concept of virtual memory(abstraction that separates the
physical memory (RAM) from the logical or virtual memory used by running
processes)
MMU translates virtual memory addresses generated by a program or process into
physical memory addresses via by consulting the page tables or other data
structures.
*Device pass through - allows the physical device to be directly assigned to a
particular virtual machine.
*Device isolation - device assigned to a virtual machine can directly access
that virtual machine without jeopardizing the integrity of the other guests.
*I/O virtualization is an area in which type 2 hypervisors have a practical
advantage over type 1 hypervisors: the host operating system contains the device
drivers for all
the I/O devices attached to the computer.
*PCI(Peripheral Component Interconnect) - standard interface used in computer
hardware to connect various internal components to the motherboard. PCI is a
widely adopted and
versatile bus standard that allows for the expansion of a computer's
capabilities by connecting devices such as network cards, graphics cards, sound
cards, and more.

* A virtual appliance - pre-configured virtual machine (VM) that is designed to

perform a specific function or run a particular application. It combines an
operating system,
software applications, and configurations into a single package, making it easy
to deploy, manage, and maintain a specific solution in a virtualized
environment.
Virtual appliances are used to streamline software distribution, simplify
installation, and reduce the complexities of setting up and configuring software
on virtualized infrastructure.

VMX(Virtual Machine Extensions) - Intel developed tech: Intel VT(Virtualization

Technology) or VT-x; AMD equivalent: AMD-V (AMD Virtualization) -These
technologies are
hardware virtualization extensions that are built into modern CPUs(x86 and x86-
64) and are used to enhance the performance and capabilities of virtualization.
VMX provides hardware-level support for virtualization, making it more efficient
and secure compared to software-only virtualization solutions. It allows
hypervisors
(also called Virtual Machine Monitors or VMM), to run multiple virtual machines
with minimal overhead, in isolation from each orther and host OS.
*hardware-independent encapsulation - concept of packaging a virtual machine
along with its associated configuration and dependencies into a format that is
independent of the
underlying hardware or virtualization platform. This encapsulation allows VMs to
be easily migrated or deployed across different hardware or virtualization
environments
without requiring significant modifications.