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Unit 3: Chemical Bonding, Reaction, and Energy

Student Notes

BIG IDEA: In chemical reactions, atoms are rearranged and regrouped via chemical bonding to
form a new product.

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: Students can apply their understanding of bonding to explain

that mass and energy are conserved during chemical reactions as new products with new
properties are made, citing evidence by using models to describe changes in atomic
composition.

Chemical and Physical Changes Video

I. Physical and Chemical Changes

A. Physical change
a. A change that results in a change in appearance or form , but not identity.
i. Ex. change in state(ice melting to water), bending a paperclip, crushing a
soda can.
B. Chemical Change
a. A change that results in a change in the identity of a substance( a NEW substance
is formed.)
i. Ex. Burning a piece of paper, combining baking soda and vinegar(volcano
experiment)
b. A chemical reaction is a change in matter that produces one or more new
substances.
c. Chemical changes occur when Chemical Bonds (attractions that holds
compounds together) break and new bonds form.
d. Evidence of Chemical Changes: (formation of a new substance and a change in
energy.
i. Formation of a precipitate( A precipitate is a solid formed from two
solutions.)
ii. Change in color.
iii. Production of a gas, bubbles, or odor.
iv. Change in heat or light.
e. Endothermic reaction- Energy is ABSORBED, feels colder to touch. (“Endo”=”in
to”)
f. Exothermic Reaction- Energy is RELEASED, feels hotter to touch. (“Exo”= “out
of”)
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C. Law of Conservation of Mass- Matter cannot be created or destroyed, but only

transferred or transformed.

NOTE INTERACTION:
Label the following examples PC(for physical change) and CC(for chemical change), Provide
evidence for your answer.

Example Type of change and evidence

Aluminum foil is cut in half

Milk goes sour

Rubbing alcohol evaporates in your hand

Butter melts

Gasoline is ignited

Bread becomes toast

Hydrogen Peroxide bubbles in a cut

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II. Reactivity and Bonds

(How to find valence electrons)

A. Periodic Table Reactivity

a. Valence electrons- are the electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom.
b. Valence Shell- the outermost shell of an atom
c. Atoms want to have a stable or full valence shell. For the first energy level, a full
shell would be 2 electrons. For the second and third energy level, a full shell
would be 8 electrons.
d. Atoms that do not have a valence shell that is full of electrons are reactive
meaning that they want to combine with other atoms to try to make their shells
full. Atoms will transfer or “share” electrons in order for each atom to have a full
outer shell.
e. Atoms bond when the valence electrons of one atom interact with the valence
electrons of another atom.
f. A molecule forms when two or more atoms bond together chemically.

Water is an example of a

molecule that is created

when two or more atoms

bond together chemically.

g. Lewis Dot Structures- It is a way to display the number of valence electrons for
elements. This chart will show the correlation between group number and the number
of valence electrons.
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NOTE INTERACTION: Lewis-dot structure review.

Draw the lewis-dot structures for the following elements.

Ca O F H Al P

B. Types of Chemical Bonds (Video)

a. Ionic Bonds
i. Ionic bonds are the result of an attraction between two ions that have
opposite charges.
1. What is an ion?
a. Remember that atoms are electrically neutral because
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they have the same number of protons and electrons. (The

positive and negative charges cancel each other out).
When two atoms come close enough that one of the
atoms “steals” an electron from another atom, two ions
are created.
b. Cation- If an atom LOSES one or more electrons, it
becomes a POSITIVE ION because it now has more positive
charges than negative charges.
c. Anion- If an atoms GAINS one or more electrons, it
becomes a NEGATIVE ION because it now has more
negative charges than positive charges.

ii. Ionic bonds usually occur between metals and nonmetals.

iii. An example of an ionic bond is Sodium chloride (NaCl) which is table salt.
b. Covalent Bonds
i. Covalent bonds form when electrons are shared between atoms.
ii. Covalent bonds often occur between nonmetals.
iii. An example of a covalent bond is Carbon dioxide (CO2)
c. Metallic Bonds
i. Metallic bonds exist only in metals, like silver and gold.
ii. Electrons are free to move throughout the metal atoms. This is why
metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
d. Hydrogen Bonds
i. A force of attraction between a Hydrogen atom in one molecule and a
small atom of high negativity in another molecule.
ii. When Hydrogen atoms have their electron unequally shared with the
other attached atom, the partial positive charge on the hydrogen is highly
concentrated because of its small size. The other atom will carry a
negative charge. Positive charges are attracted to negative charges, but
no actual physical connection occurs between adjacent molecules.
iii. Hydrogen bonding also have a very important effect on the properties of
water, proteins, and nucleic acids.
C. Which elements want to react?
a. Elements want to find another element that will complement their outer valence
electrons to give the atom a full outer shell. For example, Group 1 elements only
have one valence electron and they like to bond with Group 17 elements which
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have seven valence electrons. Group 2 atoms have 2 valence electrons and they
like to bond with Group 16, which have 6 valence electrons.

III. Chemical Formulas

A. Compounds
a. When atoms of elements are joined together, a compound is formed. These
compounds are either ionic or covalent in nature and represented by chemical
formulas.
B. Chemical formulas
a. A chemical formula of a compound shows the relative number of atoms of each
of the elements in the compound.
i. Ex. (H20, CH4, C6H12O6)

b. Empirical formula- simplest whole number ratio of atoms. (Always used with
ionic compounds.)
c. Molecular Formula- Tells how many atoms are actually present.
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d. Structural Formula- shows how the elements are bonded together.

IV. Chemical Bonding and Nomenclature

A. Ionic Bond & Nomenclature (Ionic Bonds)

a. Ionic- always written with empirical formula. Name the metal and then name the
nonmetal with an “ide”(name the cation first, then the anion)
i. All ionic compounds, since they have a metal and nonmetal are salts.
ii. When there is more than one oxidation number, use the stock system.
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*How to write ionic bonds- Writing ionic bonds

B. Covalent Bonds & Nomenclature (Covalent Bonds)

a. Covalent- uses prefixes( mono, di, tri, tetra, pent, hept, hexa…), but do not use mono
on the first element.
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i. The second element also end in “ide”

ii. If there are two conflicting vowels right next to each other, one of them is
dropped
iii. Ex.

C. Polyatomic ions
a. These are molecules that collectively behave as a “single” molecule with a
single collective charge.
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NOTE INTERACTION:

Part 1: For each of the following ionic bonds:

● Write the symbols for each element.
● Draw a Lewis Dot structure for the valence shell of each element.
● Draw an arrow (or more if needed) to show the transfer of electrons to the new
element.
● Write the charges on the ions.
● Write the resulting chemical formula.

a) Sodium + Chlorine

b) Magnesium + Iodine

Part 2: For each of the following covalent bonds:

● Write the symbols for each element.
● Draw a Lewis Dot structure for the valence shell of each element.
● Rearrange the electrons to pair up electrons from each atom.
● Draw circles to show the sharing of electrons between each pair of atoms
● Draw the bond structure using chemical symbols and lines. Use one line for each pair of
electrons that is shared.
● Write the chemical formula for each molecule.

a) Hydrogen + Hydrogen

b) Chlorine + Chlorine
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V. Chemical Reactions

A. Reactants
a. A Reactant is the substance(s) present at the start of the reaction
i. Reactants are written to the left of the “yield” arrow in a chemical
equation
B. Products
a. A Product is the substance(s) present at the end of the reaction
i. Products are written to the right of the “yield” arrow in a chemical
equation.

* Notice how many individual atoms are on each side. The number of Fe
and O in the reactant side, MUST equal the amount of individual Fe and O
on the product side.

Types of Chemical Reactions (Types of Reactions)

A. Synthesis Reaction
a. Two or more reactants form one product.
B. Single Displacement Reaction
a. A more active element displaces another less active element from a compound.
C. Double Displacement Reaction
a. Two elements will be displaced in a chemical reaction
D. Decomposition Reaction
a. A single compound will break down into two or more simpler substances.
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E. Combustion Reaction
a. Occurs when a compound(usually one with carbon) reacts with oxygen gas.

NOTE INTERACTION: Complete the following table with the type of reaction.

Reactions Type of reaction

N2 + 3H2 -----> 2NH3

2NaI + F2 ---> 2NaF + I2

C2H6 + 5O2 ---> 3H2O +2CO2

2H2O ---->2H2 + O2

N2 + 3H2 ----> 2NH3

Pb(NO3)2+2KI→2KNO3+PbI2