uy BahaRELATIVE PRONOUNS Arelative pronoun is one which is used to refer to nouns mentioned previously, whether they are people, places, things, animals, or ideas. Relative pronouns can be used to join two sentences.We use relative pronouns to introduce relative clauses. Relative clauses tell us more about people and things. We use: + Subject people : who/that * Object people : who/whom/that + Subject things : which/ that * Object things : which/that + Possesive : whose Relative pronoun can act as a subject of a clause and also as an object of a clause. Take a look the examples below . As the subject of a clause As the object of a clause I like guys Who/that aren't too | -I like guys whom/who/that | fee! serious comfortable with. ‘I like guys who/that have a ‘Paijo is the man whom/who/that good sense of humor. I love. ‘Paijo is the man who/that built | -This the house which/that paijo this house built.ITC ES + ADVERBI PTT RCTs) It clause is a group of word that includes a subject and a verb, and alaways use (it) as the subject or the object of the clause. While Adverbial clause is a clause that function as an adverb and contains subject and verb. There are some conjuctions that we can use for adverbial clause, but here, we will be focus on the use of conjunction (when). Take a look the examples below : tore Adverbial clause with (when) “It makes me happy | When | can be useful for others. -It annoys me When someone said a rude word. -I don't mind it When a friend remind me for my mistakes. ‘Llove it When someone gives me a surprise.Te ee dal at Bae od AND OBJECT IN A SENTENCE A gerund phrase is a phrase consisting of a gerund and any modifiers or objects associated with it. Gerunds and gerund phrases always function as nouns. They can act as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, predicate nominatives, or objects of a preposition in a sentence. Take a look the examples below : Gerund phrases as subject Gerund phrases as object -Knowing you is one of the best | -One of the best things in my life things in my life. is knowing you. ‘Working as apresident could «| wouldn't like working as a be very confusing. president. Getting a high-paid salary is ‘Everyone's dream is getting a everyone's dream. high-paid salary. COMPARISONS (PERBANDINGAN) Kinds of comparison: POSITIVE DEGREE The form : "S + V + (AS AdjectivelAdverb AS) OF (SO Adjective/Adverb AS) + S$ + V/ Objective pronoun." Example : - Ebola virus is as popular as Corona virus (is). + | want to be as strong as Dwayne Johnson (is)COMPARATIVE DEGREE The form : "S BE (adverb/adjective)+er) Or (more/less. (adverb/adjective) [than + S + (BE)]. Example : -Grammar is easier to learn than mathematics (is). -Grammar is less easier to learn than mathematics (is). *Mathematics is more complicated than grammar (is) -Corona virus came earlier than Hanta virus (did). SUPERLATIVE DEGREE The form : "S BE the adjectivetestithe most adjective [n][in/of nj." Example : -He is the most responsible man that | have ever met. -Grammar is the easiest part of learning English. ‘Who came the earliest yesterday? Variations in comparison : Besides using adverb and adjective in making comparison, we can also use noun, verb, and also pas participle. Here are the form and the examples : ; . iT With Noun With Verb -Paijo has better! ‘Jack EZlns more/less | -A doctor is better ithan his employee. | EE) than a nurse. his little brother. Past Participle; a ed) With Verb Past Participle -Paijo earns more ‘Jack EElmeas much/ | -A doctor is as well (ethan his friend.) many as his employee! [EI as a nurse. -He doesn'thavelas | -JackEPEShiwecias | -A doctor isn'tas well Maigas |'much/manyas his | PEIas a nurse. his Co worker. employee. Note : You can use this comparison in any kinds of sentences including (Positive, Negative, introgative and also WH-question).REQUEST WITH MODALS, IF CLAUSE, AND GERUNDS There are some variations we can use in making request, we can use modals, if clause and also gerund. REQUEST WITH MODALS MODAL + S + Vbare - Can | borrow your new novels, please? + Could you lend me your new novels, please? + Would/ will you help me, please? REQUEST WITH IF CLAUSE IS IT OK/ DO YOU + Is it ok if | use your laptop? MIND +1IF+S+V1 - Do you mind if | use your laptop? : Would it be all right if | cheated your Would it be all right/ homework? would you mind/ | - Would you mind if | cheated your was wondering + IF homework? +V2 - Llwas wondering if | could cheated your homework. ele Sy Cfo) | WOULD YOU MIND - Would you mind cheating me your + GERUND homework?INDIRECT REQUEST Indirect request is an expression of some desire or inclination. There are some kinds of indirect request; indirect request from statements, imperative, (yes/no) question and also WH-question. Take a look the form and the examples below: THE DIRECT REQUEST THE INDIRECT REQUEST FROM STATEMENT (use “TELL” and Conjunction “THAT”) + Jo, Paijo is hospitalized in + Could/ can you tell Jo that HVA hospital. Paijo is hospitalized in HVA hospital? FROM IMPERATIVE (use “TELL” and invinitive “to + VearE” / “Not + to + VBARE” + Jo, don't be late! + Can/could you tell Jo not to be late? + Jo, be on time! + Can/could you tell Jo to be on time? FROM YES/NO QUESTION (use “ASK” and Conjunction “IF/WHETHER OR NOT” + Can/could you ask Dinda if she is free on Friday? * Can/could you ask Dinda whether or not she will marry me? + Dinda, are you free on Saturday? + Dinda, will you marry me ?FROM WH-QUESTION (use “ASK” and Conjunction from“THE WH-QUESTION” it self. + Dad, why do you love mom? + Can/ could you ask Dad why he loves mom? Mom, when will we meet? - Can/could you ask Mom when we will meet? + Jo, what time is it now? - Can/could you ask Jo what time it is now?PAST CONTINOUS VS ye aN Past continous is a tense that is used to express something or an action that was in progress in the past. While Simple past is a tense that it used to express something that happend in the past in a definite time. NOTE : Dalam konsep 2 kejadian, kedua tenses ini bisa dipakai dalam satu kalimat. PAST CONTINOUS SIMPLE PAST THE FORM : (+) S + was/were + Ving + O (-) S + was/were + NOT + Ving +O (?) Was/were + S + Ving +O 7 EXAMPLE : (+) : we were watching a great movie last night at 12 a.m (-) : we weren't watching a great movie last night at 12a.m (?) : were we watching a great movie last night at 12a.m? THE FORM: (+)S+V2+0 (-)S + DID +NOT+V1+0 (7?) DID+S+V1+0? EXAMPLE : (+) : we went to the cinema yesterday (-) : we did not go to the cinema yesterday (?) : did we go to the cinema yesterday?KONSEP 2 KEJADIAN - When I was doing my task, my boss came to give me another project. + |was doing my task when my boss came to give me another project. - While | was thinking about him, he came to my dream. - He came to my dream while | was thinking about him. + As jack was running toward the ball, he kicked into the wrong goal. NOTE: We can use when, while or As as a conjunction to relate both of the sentences. PAST PERFECT Past perfect can be used to express an event that occurred before another event in the past. It is usually come together with the past continuous or simple past. THE FORM: (+) S + HAD + V3 +0 (-)S + HAD + NOT+V3+0 (?) HAD + S + V3 + 0? : We had finished our task. We hadn't finished our task. Had we finished our task?The example OAS lit aL CEE) » My mom had tidied up my room when | came back. + My father called me for supper when | had finished eating. + [had done my homework when my friend was calling me.ee eal at) CONTAINING A noun phrase is a group of two or more words that is headed by a noun (a person, place, or thing) and includes modifiers (e.g., 'the,' 'a,’ 'of them,’ 'with her'). A noun phrase plays the role of a noun. In a noun phrase, the modifiers can come before or after the noun. While Relative clause is is a clause that usually modifies a noun or noun phrase and is introduced by a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose), a relative adverb(where, when, why), or a zero relative. Also known as an adjective clause, an adjectival clause, and a relative construction. Let's take a look the examples below: One thing eRe is my mom's cooking. - My mom's cooking is felgiiiualiate} I'd really miss. & Meeting new people! | never know beforefi something I'd be anxious about. Something I'd be anxious about isifMeeneminl Note : we may switch the noun phrases with the relative clause.DESCRIBING PROBLEMS There are several ways in describing a problem in English, we can use some grammatical rules to describe it. Let's take a look some rules and the example below: With PAST PARTICIPLE AS ADJECTIVES + My jacket lining is torn. + His heart must be broken. + My jacket has a tear in it. + There is a hole in his heart. . Meh With NEED + GERUND PMTs + My jacket has a tear in it. - The alarm needs to be fixed. + There is a hole in his heart. - The oven needs to be adjusted. With KEEP + GERUND + The alarm keep ringing the whole night. + Everything keeps burning.PASSIVE (PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND PRESENT PERFECT) WITH PREPOSITIONS BASE FORM OF PASSIVE : BE + V3 PRESENT CONTINUOUS THE FORM EXAMPLE IN PASSIVE The form in active sentence: A: Fumes from cars and trucks (S + IS/AM/ARE + Ving + O) are polluting the air. P : The air is being polluted by fumes from cars and trucks. The form in active sentence: = A:: The air pollution is (S + IS/ AM/ ARE + BEING + V3 threatening the health of + PREP 'DOER’) people in urban areas. P : The health of people in urban areas is being threatened by the air pollution. PRESENT PERFECT THE FORM EXAMPLE IN PASSIVE The form in active sentence: A: Because of over crowding in (S + HAVE/HAS+ V3 + O) the city, the homeless have displaced. P : The hoemless have been displaced because of the over cowding in the city.PRESENT PERFECT The form in active sentence: © A: My mom has cooked my (S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V3 delicious food when | came. + PREP 'DOER’) P : My delicious food has been ‘cooked by my mom when | came. NOTE : We can use other kinds of preposition, such as because of, as a result of, through,due to instead of using by only. It depends on the context of the sentence. INVINITIVE CLAUSE AND PHRASES An infinitive clause is a subordinate clause whose verb is in the infinitive form. Also known as an infinitival clause or a to-infinitive clause. The infinitive clause is called a clause because it may contain such clausal elements as a subject, object, complement, or modifier. Examples : - One way to change things is to start from our selves. - The best ways to fight Corona are to do more research and educate people well.WOULD RATHER VS WOULD PREFER Both would rather and would prefer are used to express preference, both have similar meanings, but they are used in different ways. Take a look the explanation below. THE FORM: THE FORM: 1. Preference which refer to 1.Preference which refer to the present or future: the present or future: EXAMPLE : + | would rather join an English © EXAMPLE : online course at - | would prefer to join an English Jagobahasa.com online class at Jagobahasa.com - | would rather hurt my self than - | would prefer to hurt my self make you cry. than to make you cry. - |would rather not go to * I would prefer not to go to the concert. the concert. » Would you rather join the seminar or the party ?THE FORM: THE FORM: 2. Preference which refer to 2. Preference which refer to /(S + would rather + have + past participle .... THAN ave + past participle) EXAMPLE : - | would prefer to have choosen you to be my partner. EXAMPLE : - | would rather have stayed at home. “ |would rather have stayed at home than have gone out last night 3. Preference on someone 3. Preference on someone else's actions referring to else's actions referring to the present or future 'S + would prefer + object to infinitive + rather than the present or futur + would rather + object ast tense) EXAMPLE : - | Would rather You gavelup © EXAMPLE: smoking. - |would prefer my son to live with me rather than to live abroad.DESCRIBING HOW TO DO THINGS BY USING (BY + GERUND ) There are some ways of expressing how to do things in English, one of itis by using (by + gerund). Take a look the examples below. EXAMPLE : - You can improve your English by listening to some English songs, podcast, and also by watching western movies. - The best way to move on is by letting go of everything and believing in you God's better plan. - Etc.CAUSATIVE (GET/HAVE) Causative verbs are verbs that show the reason that something happened. Cusative verb do not indicate something that the subject did for themselves, but something the subject got someone or something else to do for them. There are some causative verbs, but here we will only be focus on the use of GET and HAVE. So, to express something which performed for you by someone else. Take a look the examples below. EXAMPLE : * | get my room cleaned everyday. - [never have my breakfast served. - He is having his car washed. - Did you get your proposal revised? - Where can | get my laptop repaired? NOTE : *You can use those in positive, negative even introgative sentence ( yes/no question and Wh- Question) in any kind of tenses, both have or get has the same exact meaning’.MAKING SUGGESTION There are several ways in expressing and making suggestion in English, we can use (modal/gerund/negative question and also infinitive), take a look the explanation Zz o ° = MODAL : (MODAL + Veare) - Maybe you could try not to get annoyed about little things. - You should have told me earlier. GERUND : (Preposition + Gerund) * What about joining the seminar? NEGATIVE QUESTION : - Why don't you join the English online class at Jagobahasa.com? a US « One option is to join the English online class at Jagobahasa.com to improve your English.REFFERING TO TIME IN THE PAST a. To express a point of time in the past, we can use (in, ago, during and from...to ) “It is always used in simple past tense” EXAMPLE : - | lived in Singapure during the 2000's. «| got into elementary school in 2006. - | graduated from my university 3 years|ago. - | taught in Dalwa islamic boarding school from 2017 02018. b.To express a period of time that continues into the present, we can use (since and for) “Since followed by a spesific point of time, while for Sol oe RS ABN? RO UL ROME) oD present perfect tense”. EXAMPLE : - | have taught English Pare since 2012. «| have taught English in Pare for 8 years.PREDICTING THE FUTURE WITH a) a. (Will + V bare) to predict future events or situations. EXAMPLE : - The computer will recognize any voice command, you won't need any keyboard. - The government will open many job field by the end of this year. b. (Will + be + Ving) To predict on going actions. EXAMPLE : « People will be living in the city under the ocean. * The scientist will be inventing the cure of the corona virus. c. (Will + have + V3)To predict actions that will be completed in a certain time in the future. EXAMPLE : - Within 20 years, the scientist will have discovered a cure for») baldness. - By 2050, we will have set up the human community on Mars.TIME CLAUSES Time clauses are started with adverbs or adverb phrases that show they represent a time (sometimes also functioning as subordinating conjunctions). These include when, after, until, as soon as, before. Example : - Before I had my first job, | was really immature. - After | got my first job, | became more mature. - Once | had a job, | became totally independent. - The moment | moved from home, | felt like a different person. - As soon as | got my salary, | sent it to my mom. -etc EXPRESSING REGRET AND DESCRIBING HYPOTICAL SITUATIONS THE FORM : THE FORM: (Should/ Shouldn't have (Would have + past participle) + past participle) : Probable outcome Example : Example : - | should have studied : If |had listened to my heart, | something more practical would have become happier. when | was in college.+ | shouldn't have waited forso THE FORM: long to choose a major. (Could have + past participle) : Possible outcome. Example : - If |hadn't been irresponsible, | would have gotten better grades. NOTE : WE CAN APPLY THOSE SENTENCES IN POSITIVE, NEGATIVE EVEN INTROGATIVE SENTENCES.DESCRIBING PURPOSE It is such a very common mistakes for second language learner to use these two words in expressing uses and purposes, many of us are still confuse to apply it in our speaking properly. So, what you need to pay attention is that you have to use (invinitive or verb bare when the verb is preceded by “to” and use gerund when the verb is ‘preceded by “for”.)Take a look some of the examples below. TO INVINITIVE FOR GERUND - use my computer to send - use my computer for sending e-mail. e-mail. + My friend told me to utilize + My friend told me for utilizing every moments well. every moments well. * [join Jagobahasa.com to * [join Jagobahasa.com for “improve my English skill. improving my English skill. - You can use your time to - You can use your time for, increase your skill. increasing your skill. GIVING REASONS There are some conjunctions and preposition we can use for giving reasons, such as; because, since, , the reason that/ the reason whyas conjuctions, and because of, dueto as prepositions. All of them has the same exact meaning. Lets's take a look the explanation and the examples below. If we use the conjunctions, then it must always be followed by Subject and verb (Conj + SV/ V). But if we want to use prepositions, then it must always be followed by (noun). Example : - [join English online class at Jagobahasa.com because | want to improve my English. « Since | want to improve my English, I join English online class at Jagobahasa.com. « The reason why | join English online class at Jagobahasa.com is to iumprove my English. * Due to the Corona virus, Kampung inggris is being locked down. - Kampung inggris is being locked down because of Corona virus.ame e ela DEGREE OF CERTAINITY Past modals can be used to express or to talk about how sure we are that something happened. Here is the general form for using past modals: THE DEGREE OF CERTAINITY ALMOST CERTAIN POSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE (Must) (May/Might/Could) (Could) Example: Example: Example: “He must have left - He may/might have - He couldn't have left already. left already. already. He must not have —- He may/might not - He couldn't have been in his room. have been in his been in the office. room - He could have been in his room. Note: For (must and might), they both may not be abbreviated for their negative form. So, it should be written like (must not and might not), not (mustn't or mightn't). PAST MODALS FOR JUDGEMENTS AND SUGGESTIONSUGGESTING JUDGING PAST ACTIONS pS PAST ACTIONS Participle) participle) (Would/Wouldn't have + past Example : participle) A: | didn't study for the exam. B: You should have'studied, Example : A: | didn't understand him. A: | blamed him for the B: You could have been more problem. understanding. B: You shouldn't have blamed him. A: | forgot to tell him. B: You wouldn't have forgotten.THE PASSIVE TO DESCRIBE PROCESS Passive voice can be used to describe processes in which the action is more important than the person performing it. There are two ways of describing process using passive. Take a look the table below. IS/ARE + MODAL + BE + Aw edd PAST PARTICIPLE - Ascene isn't filmed just once. - Ascene may be shot from five - Only teh best shots are used, _or six different angels. - Lots of different shots have to DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE Defining relative clauses are used to identify people. While Non-defining relative clauses give further information about people or we call it “appositive” in the grammar world. We can use the conjuction (who and that) to relate the main clause and the sub clause in these two clauses. Take a look the example below.Example of Defining relative : A dialect coach is a language specialist.(main clause) She works with actors in their accents.( sub clause) A dialect coach is a language specialist who/that elt 1-1 eee Example of Non-defining relative clauses : J.K Rowling wrote the Harry Potter novel.(main clause) She is one of my favourite novelist.(sub clause) J.K Rowling, who wrote Harry Potter novel, is one of my favourite novelist. *Note : in_non-defining relative clause _or we _call_it “appositive”, we usually put comma between the clause. There are two common form of appositive we can use those are : 1. Subject, Appositive (Conj S+V / Ving / V3), V. 2. Appositive, S + V.GIVING RECOMENDATIONS AND fo) dite) 1. When you think that something is a good idea. Example : - Cyclists should be required to wear a helmet. - Pet owners shouldn't be allowed to walk dog without a leash. - People ought not to be allowed to end party at midnight. 2. When you think that something is absolutely necessary. Example : + People mustn't be permitted to park motorcycles on the sidewalks. - Astrick rule has to be made to tackle the air pollution problem. - Something has got to be done to stop littering. TAG QUESTIONS FOR OPINIONS Question tags are short questions at the end of statements. They are mainly used in speech when we want to confirm that something is true or not, or toencourage a reply from the person we are speaking to. Question tags are formed with the auxiliary or modal verb from the statement and the appropriate subject. There are some rules in queation tag that we need to pay attention, those are : 1. A positive statement is followed by a negative question tag. 2. A negative statement is followed by a positive question tag. 3. When the statement contains a word with a negative meaning, the question tag needs to be positive. Example of tag question for opinion: Health insurance is really expensive, isn't it ? - There are lots of criminals in the city, aren't there? - Graffity makes everything looks ugly, doesn't it ? - Colleges should proveide a healt care, shouldnt they? - Child care isn't cheap, is it ? - You can't find affordable child care, ¢an you? - People don't care about our city, do they?COMPLEX NOUN PHRASES CONTAINING GERUND Complex noun phrases containing gerund consists of three parts, those are (a noun phrase, a preposition and a gerund). Take a look the example below, Example : of working) aboard is being away from my family. - EEEEIEESSEZI of falling in love is letting go the person we can't have. EXPRESSING ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND GOALS: We can use the present perfect and simple past in expressing accomplishment that we have reached, and use the future perfect or (would like to have V3) to talk about goals or possible future accomplishment. TALKING ABOUT TALKING ABOUT Nero ES GOALS Example : Example : : I've managed to get a good + | hope (that) I'll have graduated grade. next year. : I've been able to accomplish a - | hope (that) I'll have seen lot in the college. more of the world.ar.\e dilcr\-feleh TALKING ABOUT ere SR) GOALS Example : Example : + [managed to get a good joba_ - I'd like to have made a good year ago. start of my life. « [learned to play violin last year. - I'd like to have become a + was able to memorize successful parent for my kids. the Al-Qur'an last year.