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Chap 1 STM 2023 - 2024 - 085253

The document discusses materials science and technology in civil engineering. It covers general course objectives, load-bearing structural elements like pillars, beams, floors, and their design. It also discusses organizing teamwork on construction sites and introduces some common building materials like concrete, steel, and wood.

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Khan MARCEL Nji
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
28 views35 pages

Chap 1 STM 2023 - 2024 - 085253

The document discusses materials science and technology in civil engineering. It covers general course objectives, load-bearing structural elements like pillars, beams, floors, and their design. It also discusses organizing teamwork on construction sites and introduces some common building materials like concrete, steel, and wood.

Uploaded by

Khan MARCEL Nji
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 35

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
INGE 2 Year 2023_2024

1
KHAN Marcel NJI
Civil Engineer

1
General course objectives
The aim of this course is to give the learner the tools that
will enable them:
1) Understand the functioning of a
civil engineering worksite;

2) Make an inventory of the materials used in civil


engineering;

3) Predict the behavior of the materials in relation to the


stresses or effects it will undergo during manufacture;

2
General course objectives
4) Predict the behavior of the materials in relation the
to
and
stresses and effects it will be subjected to during
after processing;
5) Know the expected performance of materials ;

5) Know the assembly processes for different materials;

6) Know the different fields of application of materials and be


able to make the right choices.

3
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Civil engineering is a vast and specialized field.


It deals with the art and techniques of design and
in two particular areas:
◼ Buildings (housing, offices, etc.),

◼ Public works (roads, bridges, railroads).

It is common to say B. T. P for Bâtiments et


Travaux Publics.

4
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION

I. LOAD-BEARING ELEMENTS

I. ORGANIZATION OF TEAMWORK

5
II. BUILDING MATERIALS

6
I. LOAD-BEARING STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
We can detail the construction stages
as follows:
• Preliminary soil survey
• Layout
• Earthworks
• Foundations
• Load-bearing elements: Floors, Pillars, Beams
• The stairs
-Frame and roof construction 7
I.1 Load-bearing elements:

• Vertical load-bearing elements :


Point elements (such as pillars) or linear elements
(such as walls) that support and transmit the vertical
loads applied to the roof structure to the foundations.

• Horizontal load-bearing elements:


The full range of floor components to which loads
are applied and which are then transmitted to the
vertical supports;

7
A) Vertical load-bearing elements:
A.1) Pillar-type vertical carriers

A column is a structural component of a structure on which


the loads of the superstructure are concentrated at a given
point, and through which these loads are distributed to the
structure's infrastructure (the foundations).

8
• A) Vertical load-bearing elements :
• A.2) Walls

A.2) Wall-type vertical carriers

A wall can be:


• In concrete: this is referred to as "concrete wall" or
reinforced concrete
• Masonry = assembly of hard, resistant elements (bricks,
concrete blocks, stone, etc.) using a hydraulic binder (an
element that hardens over time when mixed with water, e.g.
cement, plaster, clay).
• In wood, glass,...

9
B) Horizontal load-bearing elements

B.1) Beams

Beams are horizontal load-bearing elements.


In buildings, they often act as an intermediary between floors
and vertical load-bearing elements (especially columns).

10
• B) Horizontal load-bearing elements :
• B.1) Beams

Beam pre-dimensioning

11
• B) Horizontal load-bearing elements :
• B.2) Floors

B.2) Floors
Floors are the horizontal planes separating two floors of a
building and capable of supporting the loads on them.

Floors must meet the same criteria


as load-bearing walls, i.e.:

• Strength and stability


• Sealing and protection
• Thermal and acoustic insulation.

12
• B) Horizontal load-bearing elements :
• B.2) Floors

Hollow-body floors

Hollow-body floors are made up of 3 main components:


- The bodies hollow or " entrevous " which
serve formwork (similar to cinder blocks),
- Reinforced or prestressed concrete beams

- A compression slab reinforced


cast-on which takes up the compression
forces.

13
Hollow-body floors

14
Reinforced concrete floors

Solid slabs are reinforced concrete floors with a solid core.


They are either entirely cast in place, partially prefabricated
(pre-slabs) or entirely prefabricated (rare).

15
OTHER TYPES OF FLOORING

• Honeycomb floors
Honeycomb slabs are prefabricated structural products with
longitudinal recesses.

16
OTHER TYPES OF FLOORING

• Mixed steel-concrete floors

This type of floor is mainly used for steel constructions. A steel


sheet is placed in the tensioned zone of the floor and collaborates
with the concrete via connectors (studs) to take up the tensile
forces.

17
OTHER TYPES OF FLOORING

• Wooden floors

Wooden flooring: a platform made up of elements in


wood, planks or panels.
This platform is itself on a primary
load-bearing structure, the joist.

18
• OTHER TYPES OF FLOORING
• PAVING SLABS
Paving slabs are concrete structures poured directly onto
the ground. The loads they carry are transmitted directly
to the ground.
There are three types of paving:

19
II. ORGANIZING TEAM
WORK

The hierarchical organization of construction activities is shown in the


diagram below.

20
II. ORGANIZATION OF TEAM WORK

Role of the site supervisor

• Plan, anticipate and control


construction
• Liaise between the site and external
contractors (site meetings, etc.).
• Coordinating subcontractors
• Site management

21
II. ORGANIZATION OF TEAM WORK

Role of the Site Manager


The site foreman plays a key role in a construction company.

• Directs teams, controls,


coordinates and plans work
• Ensures the pace of structural work
• Estimates human and material
requirements
• Ensures site organization

22
II. ORGANIZATION OF A SHELL TEAM

Role of the Team Leader

Construction foremen work under the responsibility of the site


manager. They supervise and lead a team. They have both
managerial and technical responsibilities.
• prepare the site,
• organize workstations,
• monitor the work.
• liaises with the site manager,
• advises his team,
• ensures that deadlines are met,
• ensure work quality and comply with
regulations and safety instructions
safety. 23
III. SOME BUILDING MATERIALS

An architectural structure must be solid and Stable. It's

the base material that ensures these requirements.

When making a choice, the architect must consider the future


use of the building, beauty and cost.

Here are some building materials.

24
III. SOME BUILDING MATERIALS

25
III. SOME BUILDING MATERIALS
III. SOME BUILDING MATERIALS

Concrete

Concrete: the second most consumed material in the world


after drinking water. The great advantage of this material is
that it can be cast into molds of any shape.

Concrete is highly resistant to compressive forces, but


not to tensile forces.

Concrete degrades slowly: it has a lifespan of 20 to 100


years, depending on its composition.

26
III. SOME BUILDING MATERIALS

Concrete
Reinforced concrete: steel bars are embedded in the
concrete. The steel reinforcement supports the tensile
forces (tension) and is inserted where they are exerted. The
concrete, on the other hand, supports compressive forces.

Prestressed concrete: steel strands (cables) are added to


the concrete: the cable is first tensioned, then the concrete
part is poured, then the cables are released while the
concrete is setting (hardening); as the steel strands are
elastic, they compress the whole and the concrete is
27
prestressed.

28
III. SOME BUILDING MATERIALS

Concrete

29
III. SOME BUILDING MATERIALS

Concrete
Precast concrete: Concrete prefabrication is based on a
materials production network that is as close as possible to
demand, thus promoting "short circuits" and the traceability of
materials throughout the production chain.

30
III. SOME BUILDING MATERIALS

Steel

Steel: is an alloy of iron and carbon.

It has the advantage of being able to withstand high tensile


stresses. But steel also has its drawbacks: brittleness at low
temperatures, predisposition to fatigue.

31
END OF CHAPTER 1

32

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