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Evolution

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18 views

Evolution

Uploaded by

lakshshah5116
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Evolution

Origin of life
Evolutionary biology is the field of science that deals with the study of
evolutionary development of life forms on earth
Big-bang theory explains the origin of the universe.
Scientists believed that life originated through chemical evolution.
Formation of biomolecules → First life form

According to Oparin and Haldane, the primitive atmosphere was


reducing as it lacked oxygen. The atmosphere was rich in methane, water
vapour, ammonia and carbon dioxide.
The temperature was high and volcanic eruptions were frequent.
Urey and Miller experimentally confirmed that formation of life was
preceded by chemical evolution.
Branching descent and natural selection are the key concepts of
Darwin’s theory.

Evidences of evolution -
Fossils
Homologous organs
Analogous organs
Vestigial organs
Comaprative anatomy and morphology
Embryological evidences
Molecular evidences

Adaptive Radiation

It is the development of different species in a given geographical area from an


original homogenous population.
Example: Darwin’s finches and Australian marsupials

The slow and gradual process of change of one organism into another is known
as Organic Evolution.
The occurrence of evolution has been supported by various theories put forth by
biologists.
In 1809, Jean Baptiste Lamarck a French zoologist put forth the theory of
inheritance of acquired characters; also known as Lamarckism.
He stated that according to their need, organisms put some organs in their
bodies to maximum use while some of the organs were not used. The part of the
body put to maximum use will have the tendency to grow larger and stronger
while the part less used will become less prominent and ultimately disappear
altogether. Thus, the organisms acquired new characters. For example, giraffe
have developed long necks as a result of attempts to eat leaves high up on trees.

Darwinism

According to Darwin, evolution took place by natural selection.

Another aspect of natural selection is the survival of the fittest, where nature
selects the individuals, which are most fit, to adapt to their environment.

Hardy Weinberg Principle


It states that the total gene and allele frequencies in a population are stable and
constant from generation to generation.
Disturbances in the gene equilibrium can result in evolution.
Factors affecting Hardy Weinberg equilibrium–

1. Gene migration or gene flow


2. Genetic drift
3. Mutation
4. Gene recombination
5. Natural selection

Natural selection causes allele frequencies of a population to change. Depending upon


which traits are favoured in a population it can produce three different results.

(1) Stabilizing selection


(2) Directional selection
(3) Disruptive selection
Evolution of Plants

Cellular life forms occurred on earth about 2000 million years ago.
Some of these cells had the ability to produce oxygen.
Slowly, single-celled organisms became multicellular.

Evolution of animals

Animals evolved about 500 million years ago. The first of them to evolve were
invertebrates.
The modern fishes have probably evolved from jawless fishes, amphibians
evolved into reptiles, while reptiles evolved into birds and mammals.
During continental drift North America joined with South America, the
primitive mammals suffered whereas pouched mammals of Australia survived
due to lack of competition.

Evolution of man

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