ISSN NO:2720-4030 Volume 22 September, 2023

Analysis of state of digitization in transport and the factors

influencing it
Komilov A. A. - Doctoral Student of Graduate School of Business and Entrepreneurship
ABSTRACT ARTICLE INFO

This article provides a comparative analysis of public administration Received: 11th July 2023
in the field of intellectual property of the United States of America Revised: 11th August 2023
and the Republic of Uzbekistan. For this purpose, first of all, the Accepted: 11th September
procedure of public administration on intellectual property in these 2023
countries has been disclosed and then a comparative analysis
between them was provided K E Y W O R D S:
Intellectual property,
public administration,
patent, trademarks,
copyright.

Introduction:
Digitization in transportation involves the integration of advanced digital technologies such as the
Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), big data and cloud computing into existing infrastructure
and operations. Real-time data sharing, communication between vehicles and infrastructure, and intelligent
decision-making have become critical elements in reshaping the modern transportation landscape.
The first part of this analysis examines the current state of digitization across different modes of
transport. It examines the level of digital adoption in each sector, including intelligent traffic management
systems, autonomous vehicles, e-navigation and digital logistics.
The second part of this study focuses on the factors affecting the speed and efficiency of digitization
in transport. Several factors can influence the successful implementation of digital technologies, including
government policies and regulations, investment and financing mechanisms, technological readiness, and
public acceptance. Understanding these drivers and barriers is critical to developing strategies to accelerate
the integration of digital solutions across the transportation sector.

Methodology
The purpose of the article is to develop modern requirements for the digitization of the transport system and
main criteria for evaluating their effectiveness. To achieve this goal, the following methods were used:
comparative analysis, graphical representation method, systematic approach, abstraction and logical analysis,
systematization and classification, modeling theory, analogy and extrapolation.

Results
Jan. C.T. Bieser, Erika Kriukelyte (2021), in their research paper "Digitalization of Public Transport" lists the
technologies used in the digitalization of the transport industry today[1].
1. (Mobile) End-user devices and applications: End-user devices such as computers, laptops or tablets
enable users to display, process and transmit data. Mobile end-user devices such as smartphones or
tablets can be used on the go and typically transmit data over mobile telecommunications networks.

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2. Telecommunications Networks: A telecommunications network is a "group of interconnected devices"

that can be used to transfer data between devices. The Internet is a special type of communication
network that uses the TCP/IP protocol to connect devices.
3. Cloud Computing: Cloud computing describes the provision of ICT services (eg data processing,
storage, software applications) in centralized data centers accessible via the Internet. This means that
data processing or storage is no longer carried out on user devices (servers, computers, smartphones;
the user can be companies or end users), but in the data centers of the cloud computing service provider.
4. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data: There are various terms in this field, including AI, machine
learning, and big data, all of which are traditional data analysis methods and retrieval with smaller data
volumes. supports the analysis (processing) of large amounts of data to obtain the necessary insights
that are not possible. These concepts can be used, for example, to predict (e.g., travel demand), solve
optimization problems (e.g., calculate optimal routes for a demand-responsive bus system.
5. Digital sensors: - a device that detects events or changes in the physical environment (for example,
temperature, sound, heat, pressure, current, magnetism, movement, chemical and biochemical
parameters) and provides their transmission
6. Computer Graphics: It deals with creating visual images from formal descriptions (eg data), creating
formal descriptions from visual images, and processing visual images.
7. Automation and Robots: Automation can be defined as "the process of following a predetermined
sequence of operations with little or no human intervention." A robot can be defined as "an autonomous
machine capable of sensing its environment, making calculations to make decisions, and performing
actions in the real world."
8. Blockchain: a decentralized database reflected in a network of different computers. Records (such as
transactions) are summarized and stored in blocks. A consensus used by all computers ensures the
validity of database entries. Smart contracts are based on blockchain technology and “enable reliable
transactions and transactions between different, anonymous parties without the need for a central
server, legal system or external support.
The authors give examples of the use of these technologies in the field of passenger transportation. For
example, through the use of end-user devices or applications, the website or application of the Swedish railway
company SJ allows you to find train routes and timetables, book tickets and reserve seats in Sweden and other
countries. In addition, MaaS platforms aim to meet the mobility demands of travelers, offer more than just
transportation (multi-modal) and combine multiple transportation services (e.g., public transportation, car, or
ride sharing) into one. integrates into an integrated service. The table below shows the level of integration of
Maas programs and some of the companies that offer these services.
Table: 1
Level Integration Description Example
0 No integration Each transportation service is offered Car rentals
separately
1 Information integration Travelers can plan trips using single or Google maps
combined transportation services
2 Integration of booking and Travelers can plan, book and pay for a Jelbi, Move
payment trip using one or a combination of
transportation services
3 Integration of service Travelers can meet their (entire) Whim, SBB
offering mobility needs with an integrated Green Class
service that includes a bundle of
mobility services and possibly
subscriptions.
4 Integration of social goals Mobility services combined with Currently not
social goals, e.g. through policies and available

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incentives to reduce car ownership and

use.
Source: Jan C.T. Bieser, Erika Kriukelyte (2021) [1]

In addition, the ride sharing service incorporates technologies such as end-user applications, geolocation
devices, computer graphics, and artificial intelligence algorithms. Some ride-sharing services require users to
travel short distances to pick-up points. Berlkönig in Berlin or UberPool in the USA are clear examples of
these services. In addition, demand-responsive public transport dynamically adjusts schedules or routes based
on travel demand. Automated driving systems reduce the cost of providing bus services because a driver is no
longer required. As a conclusion, the authors show that the use of digital technologies in public transport today
brings many advantages and conveniences and their implementation in the following table:
Table: 2
Results and benefits Description Application in real life
Automatization Increasing the automation of Self-driving cars, automated
vehicle management and traffic management, dynamic
management of transport tolls
systems
Flexibility Increasing flexibility in Demand-responsive public
transport systems, e.g. transport, car and ride-sharing,
availability, travel time and dynamic mobility pricing
cost or in relation to the use of
transport services
Integration Integration of different types Multimodal route planning,
of transport into the travel booking and payment
multimodal transport system platforms, multimodal
mobility subscriptions
Effective management Effective management of Traffic monitoring and
vehicles and transport control, fleet management
infrastructure to optimize systems, remote maintenance
processes
Increased efficiency Improving the efficiency of the Automated driving, real-time
transport system, e.g. travel navigation, traffic simulation,
time and cost, energy ride sharing
consumption
Decentralized management Reducing dependence on large Ride or car sharing,
transport service providers multimodal MaaS platforms
Source: Jan C.T. Bieser, Erika Kriukelyte (2021) [1]

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Kopishynska K. O. (2020), in his article entitled "The current state and prospects of the digital transformation
of the transport-logistics sector of Ukraine", suggests to determine the prospects of the digital transformation
of the transport-logistics sector by defining them by levels and directions[2]. Four main levels of digital
transformation: micro level (internal management and business processes of the enterprise), mezo level
(interaction of the enterprise with consumers, customers and partners), macro level (interaction of the
enterprise with government and government regulation and management relationship). and mega-level
(alignment with international regulations and integration within international infrastructure). Automation of
management and production processes, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, robotics, warehouse
automation, blockchain, data analysis, cloud computing, autonomous vehicles are among the most promising
directions.

Alignment with international regulations for

the use of digital technologies and ICT Government participation in
interoperability programs,
Meta level
implementation of electronic
Integration with international identification and open data
infrastructure

Legislation and legal regulation Adoption of laws regulating the

digitization process; 5G internet
Macro level
Infrastructure development and deployment; e-
government; digital government
platforms; cyber security
B2G

B2B Digital platforms, blockchain,

Mezo level internet of things, artificial
B2C intelligence, AR

Automation, Robotics, Cloud

Micro level Internal management and business
Technologies, Blockchain, Data
processes of the enterprise
Analytics, Big Data

Source: Kopishynska K. O. (2020)[2]

The diagram above shows the road map of implementation of digital transformation divided into levels by
Kopishynska K. O. (2020). This method makes it possible to carry out the digitization process step by step, to
easily identify possible problems encountered during the digitization process and to find a faster solution to
them.
Above, the current state of digitization in the field of transport, digital technologies used in the field today and
their effects have been mentioned, and below, the factors affecting the practical use of these digital
technologies in the field of transport have been mentioned.
Yusuf Mohamed and Osden Jokonya (2021), in their research paper entitled "Factors influencing the
implementation of digital technologies to improve fleet safety management", explore the factors influencing
the implementation of smart technologies to improve fleet safety, technological, organizational and they use
the method of ecological (TOE) factor analysis[3]. Technological factors include cost, security, level of
technology sophistication, and relative advantage. Organizational factors include the organization's size,

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management, structure, and resources. Environmental factors include industry competitors, government laws,
and service providers.
The results show that the highest percentage of articles published on technological factors is the cost
factor, and the lowest percentage is the complexity factor. Of the organizational factors, management has the
highest percentage of published articles, while organizational size has the lowest percentage of published
articles on organizational factors. Additionally, environmental change trends has the highest percentage of
articles published on environmental factors and service providers has the lowest percentage of articles
published on environmental factors.
In addition, Jovi´c, M.; Tijan, E.; Vidmar, D.; Pucihar, A. (2022), in his scientific work entitled "Factors
of digital transformation in the maritime transport sector", they analyze what factors affect the digitization of
enterprises in the maritime transport sector, and also change the business models of enterprises operating in
the sector through digitalization of processes and offer new services. they show that they will have additional
income [4]. In carrying out this analysis, scientists use the method of analysis of technological, organizational
and environmental factors. The methodology combines qualitative and quantitative approaches. Based on a
comprehensive literature review, factors influencing digital transformation are identified and clustered using
the TOE methodology. These factors affect the level of digitization in enterprises and are reflected in changing
business models. To confirm the relevance of influencing factors, the authors conduct interviews with six
experts from different organizations and develop a preliminary research model. An initial research model of
digital transformation in the maritime transport sector is shown in the figure below.

Organizational Technological Changes in

Digitalization the business
factors factors
model

Environmental
factors

Source: Jovi´c, M.; Tijan, E.; Vidmar, D.; Pucihar, A. (2022)[4]

In order to measure the share of these factors in the digitization of processes in the enterprise, the authors use
the Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression model. The result of the regression analysis showed that the
influence of organizational factors on digital transformation is greater than the other factors. Based on the
obtained results, the authors find several organizational factors to be the most reliable in the evaluation of
indicators. One of the important organizational factors is the existence of an understanding in the organization
about how digital transformation can affect the organization's business. Without this understanding, the need
to invest in employees, new digital technologies, and other efforts will not yield the expected results, which
ultimately slows down digital transformation processes, they conclude. Therefore, organizational factors are
the foundation or first step of digital transformation. Another factor is the availability of sufficient human
resources for the introduction of new digital technologies in the organization. In order to ensure sufficient
human resources, it is recommended to cooperate between the university and the private sector (for example,
by investing in scientific research), which is digital in the transport sector. helps further development and
introduction of technologies. Regarding the technological factors, three of them were rated as the most reliable,
two of which are whether the organization regularly invests in modern technology to develop its business and
services, and whether the existing technology in the organization allows or not to upgrade to modern digital
technologies. The third technological factor is that the organization systematically manages the risks
associated with the introduction of new digital technologies.

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Table: 3 Factors affecting the introduction of digital technologies

Technological factors Organizational factors Environmental factors
Complexity Organizational preparation Competition
Compatibility Financial resources of the Market structure
enterprise
Price The size of the enterprise Society pressure
Understanding the utility of Technical skills Management support
technology
Comparative advantage Qualifications of managers IT policies and regulations
Security Strategic goals
Source: Nuraan Daniels va Osden Jokonya (2020) [5]

Cichosz, Wallenburg, and Knemeyer (2020) analyze barriers, success factors, and global best practices in the
implementation of digital transformation in freight forwarding companies[6]. Scientists describe the digital
maturity of an enterprise as follows:
1. Fashionista :
- Introduces many advanced entry-level digital features
- There is no common vision of digital transformation
- Undeveloped coordination
- Basic concepts of digital culture may be available
2. Digiratis:
- Has a strong digital transformation vision
- Effective management
- Creating business value with multiple measurable digital initiatives
- Systematized digital culture
3. Beginners:
- Management is skeptical about the business value of advanced digital technologies
- Can conduct some experiments
- Poorly developed digital culture
4. Conservators:
- General digital vision is present, but not very well developed
- A number of advanced digital features may be introduced through traditional digital capabilities
- Hidden active steps to develop digital skills and culture
Summarizing the results of the research, scientists describe the factors affecting the digitization process in the
transport sector into 2 groups.
1. Factors hindering the process of digital transformation:
- Complexity of the field and the main processes - analysis shows that this factor has two dimensions. First is
the complexity of the logistics industry, which consists of many different types of businesses that act as
intermediaries with shippers and customers of all sizes and types spread around the world.
- Lack of resources, including skilled labor - Many shipping service providers list the problems of lack of time
and money, but first and foremost they face the problem of lack of digitally skilled employees.
- Adoption of technology - today technology is changing at a very fast pace and choosing the right technology
at the right time is an important task.
- Resistance to change - there are two dimensions of resistance: institutional and individual. The first is the
resistance to digital transformation found in conservative enterprises. Resistance to change at the individual
level is often associated with different types of fear (fear of disclosure and control, fear of job loss, fear of
failure) rather than the digital maturity of the enterprise.

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- Data Protection and Security - If not managed properly, failure to protect company and customer data can
have negative consequences ranging from customer loss to legal claims.
2. Success factors of digital transformation processes
- Leaders in enterprise management - The role of leaders in constantly monitoring market trends, noticing and
using technological opportunities to turn them into business opportunities is very important, which allows the
company to compete among the leaders of the industry.
- Organizational culture that supports customer orientation and openness to change - organizational culture
determines how a company operates and how it makes changes. It is based on a clearly stated set of norms,
values and attitudes among all stakeholders. Interactive methods, including meetings, presentations, and
workshops, are used to build these values and attitudes from the top down within the organization.
- Involvement of employees and partners. - in organizations with several digital projects in different business
areas, digital transformation managers must be supported by the company's management team, which can
involve employees.
- Alignment of business and IT strategies - the success of digital transformation depends on the formation of
the company's strategic capability related to the development of a digital business strategy, which aligns the
goals and resources of digital transformation to fulfill the goals.
- Training and development of employees - one of the necessary conditions for involving employees in digital
transformation processes is their training. Establishing a diverse portfolio of programs related to management,
management development, training and certification helps employees at all levels adapt to the digital business
environment.

Conclusion
Above, the state of digitization of the transport sector and the factors affecting it were analyzed.
Today, many digital technologies are actively used in the field of transport. These include GPS devices, digital
sensors, artificial intelligence computer graphics. As a result of the use of these technologies, efficiency in the
field of transport is increasing. In addition, in this study, the factors affecting the introduction of the above-
mentioned advanced digital technologies of transport enterprises were also listed. The method of analysis of
technological factors, organizational factors and environmental factors is used more widely.

Bibliography
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3. Mohamed, Yusuf & Jokonya, Osden. (2021). Factors affecting the adoption of technologies to improve
fleet safety management. Procedia Computer Science. 181. 1011-1017. 10.1016/j.procs.2021.01.278.
4. Jovic, Marija & Tijan, Edvard & Vidmar, Doroteja & Pucihar, Andreja. (2022). Factors of Digital
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