TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE

PHILIPPINES - MANILA
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CE 206 -
AGGREGATES

PRESENTED BY: ENGR. HOWELL KIM H. VENTOSA

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
(ILOs)

Understand the critical role that aggregates play in concrete and asphalt
mixtures, recognizing their impact on the strength, durability, and
performance of construction materials.
Conduct various material tests on aggregates, including sieve analysis and
specific gravity to assess their quality and suitability for construction
applications.
Make informed decisions in selecting, proportioning, and designing mixtures
for construction projects, taking into account the properties and
characteristics of aggregates to optimize performance and cost-
effectiveness.
AGGREGATES

It means a mass of crushed stone, gravel, sand, etc,

predominantly composed of individual particles, but in some
cases including clays and silts.
GENERAL SIZE OF AGGREGATES

COARSE AGGREGATES

Aggregate particles that are

retained on a 4.75 mm sieve.
GENERAL SIZE OF AGGREGATES

FINE AGGREGATES

The smallest sieve through which

100% of the aggregates pass.
AGGREGATE SOURCES

Natural sources for aggregates include gravel pits, river run

deposits, and rock quarries.

Generally, gravel comes from pits and river deposits, whereas

crushed stones are the result of processing rocks from
quarries.
AGGREGATE SOURCES

Manufactured aggregates
can use slag waste from iron
and steel mills and expanded
shale and clays to produce
lightweight aggregates.
USES OF AGGREGATES

Foundations and Ripraps

USES OF AGGREGATES

Concrete
USES OF AGGREGATES

Asphalt
 AGGREGATE PROPERTIES
moisture
·

of
=

~left
con
If C
Water -
-

-
-
o] -
H

C -
-
AGGREGATE PROPERTIES

GRADIATION

Gradation is the process undergone by a material that has series

of sequential degrees. One important characteristic of an
aggregate is the distribution of its size particle. For example, large
aggregates are beneficial in Portland cement as it requires less
binder.
US STANDARD SIEVE NO.
US Standard Sieve opening US Standard Sieve opening US Standard Sieve opening
Sieve No. size (mm) Sieve No. size (mm) Sieve No. size (mm)

4 4.75 14 1.40 60 0.250

5 4.00 16 1.18 70 0.212

6 3.35 18 1.00 80 0.180

7 2.80 20 0.850 100 0.150

8 2.36 30 0.600 140 0.106

10 2.00 40 0.425 200 0.075

12 1.70 50 0.300
AGGREGATE PROPERTIES

GRADIATION

Calculate the percent passing each sieve.

METHODS OF DETERMINING % OF
GRAVEL, SAND, SILT AND CLAYS
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(MIT)

Gravel Sand Silt Clay

0.06 mm to 0.002
> 2mm 2 to 0.06 mm < 0.002 mm
mm
METHODS OF DETERMINING % OF
GRAVEL, SAND, SILT AND CLAYS

US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (USDA)

Gravel Sand Silt Clay

0.05 mm to 0.002
> 2mm 2 to 0.05 mm < 0.002 mm
mm
METHODS OF DETERMINING % OF
GRAVEL, SAND, SILT AND CLAYS
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF HIGHWAY AND
TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS (AASHTO)

Gravel Sand Silt Clay

0.075 mm to 0.002
76.2 mm to 2mm 2 to 0.075 mm < 0.002 mm
mm
USDA SOIL CLASSIFICATION
USDA CLASSIFICATION

Using the USDA Soil Classification, identify the type of soil.

12% Sand, 40% Silt, 48% Clay
20% Sand, 56% Silt, 24% Clay
8% Sand, 20% Gravel, 48% Silt, and 24% Clay.
USDA SOIL CLASSIFICATION
USDA SOIL CLASSIFICATION
USDA SOIL CLASSIFICATION
USDA CLASSIFICATION
A sample of inorganic soil has the following grains size characteristics. The liquid
limit index is 20 percent. Classify the soil (USDA method) using the triangular
textural classification chart.
Size (mm) Percent Finer

2.0 100
Compute the percentage of clay.
0.075 70
Compute the percentage of silt.
Classify the type of soil. 0.050 65

0.005 32

0.002 15
SAND 2 to 0 05mm. 100 45
-= 35
%
-

SILT 0 05mm to 0 50 % Si4

. .

002mm

CLAY < 0 002 mm 15 % CLAX

.

35% CSILT
SAND 50 %
,
,
15%
CLAY
-/
USDA SOIL CLASSIFICATION
SOIL CLASS .

SICT COAM
-

⑳
AGGREGATE PROPERTIES

FINENESS MODULUS

It is a measure of the fine aggregates’ gradation and is used

primarily for Portland cement concrete mix design. The fineness
modulus is one-hundredth of the sum of the cumulative
percentage weight retained on the 0.15-, 0.3-, 0.6-, 1.18-, 2.36-,
4.75-, 9.5-, 19.0-, 37.5-, 75-, and 150-mm sieves.
AGGREGATE PROPERTIES

FINENESS MODULUS

Calculate the fineness modulus of the sieve analysis results.

 -

Sieve Amount Retained % Retained % cemulative % Passed

-
Amount Retained retained =
100- % Ch-retained
- X100
Total Mass of Agg
4 75 O 0% 100 %
On/
:

2 .

36 34 . 2 6 498% .
· 93 502 %,

4 82 365% -
2 .

004 .9
56 1) 137 %
.

> 17 635%
-
.

1 18. 83. ) .
16 . 265% *
> -
33 . 90 % 46 1 % -

s 36 466
0, 60 151 4 . 29 634% .
-
- 534 %
63 % .

0 30 . 40 4 .
. 908 %
7

!
>
71 442 %
-
.
28
. 558
%
0 15 .
72 . 0 14 093 % .

!
-
85 535 % .
14 465% .

0 .

075X 58 3 .
11-417 % o -o
96 .
946 % 3 .

054 %
15 6 F 100 %
Pan . 3 053 %
,
a

&= 510 9 o .

FM + 33 90 +63 53 + 71 442 +85535

-198
= .
.
. .

=609100 4 .
AGGREGATE PROPERTIES

ABSORPTION

Absorption is defined as the moisture content in the SSD

condition. Total Moisture Concent Free Moisture Content
- s
THE = NW-ND FMC TMC
=
-

Absorption
X100
- %
WD
AGGREGATE PROPERTIES

ABSORPTION

A sample of sand has the following properties:

Moist mass = 625.2 g
Dry mass = 589.9 g
Absorption = 1.6%
Determine (a) total moisture content and (b) free moisture
content.
AGGREGATE PROPERTIES

ABSORPTION

50 kg of gravel is mixed with 30 kg of sand. The gravel has a

moisture content of 3.9% and absorption of 4.7%, whereas the
sand has a moisture content of 3.5% and absorption of 4.9%. What
is the amount of water required to increase the moisture contents
of both gravel and sand to reach absorption?
AGGREGATE PROPERTIES

SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The mass of a material divided by the mass of an equal volume of
distilled water, is more commonly used.
Four types of specific gravity are defined based on how voids in
the aggregate particles are considered.
Bulk-dry, bulk-saturated surface–dry, and apparent specific gravity
—are widely accepted and used in Portland cement and asphalt
concrete mix design.
AGGREGATE PROPERTIES
BULK UNIT WEIGHT AND AGGREGATES IN
CONCRETE

The bulk unit weight of aggregate is needed for the proportioning

of Portland cement concrete mixtures.
AGGREGATE PROPERTIES
BULK UNIT WEIGHT AND AGGREGATES IN
CONCRETE
Coarse aggregate is placed in a rigid bucket and rodded with a tamping rod
to determine its unit weight. The following data are obtained:
Volume of bucket = 0.00944 m3
Weight of empty bucket = 8.39 kg
Weight of bucket filled with dry rodded coarse aggregate = 25.36 kg
a. Calculate the dry-rodded unit weight
b. If the bulk dry specific gravity of the aggregate is 2.630, calculate the
percent voids in the aggregate.