INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY
APPLICATION
TOOLS IN
BUSINESS

FRANCISCO G. RECOTE II, MSCS

Sir “IkO”
INTRODUCTION
TO

TECHNOLOGY
IN
BUSINESS
IT IN BUSINESS
➢ Technology in business is a growing necessity.
➢ Business has always existed since the early times
of man. Even though it only began with the
simplistic barter system, business would not be
the same as it is today without the advancements
in technology.
IT IN BUSINESS
➢ Major industries would fall into a catastrophic
collapse if one were to take away technology
from business, since majority of business
operations and transactions somehow involve
the use of technology.
IT IN BUSINESS

➢ Some of actions of technology in business

include ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS,
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS,
POINT OF SALES SYSTEMS, and other simpler
or more complicated tools. Even the
CALCULATOR is a product of technology.
IT IN BUSINESS
➢ Information is also stored with ease and
integrity.
➢ The said information can also be instantly
retrieved and analyzed to monitor trends and
make forecasts, which can be crucial in decision-
making processes.
IT IN BUSINESS

➢ Anyone can now do business anywhere within

being constricted to the four corners of his
room.
IT IN BUSINESS
➢ The good that technology brings has some
excess baggage in the form of bad things that
threaten to shake the business world. In the end,
it is still responsible use of these that would
further allow us to enjoy the benefits that
technology can bring.
TECHNOLOGY
HISTORY
CALCULATOR

Computers truly came into their own as great

inventions in the last two decades of the 20th
century. But their history stretches back more
than 2500 years to the abacus.
CALCULATOR

A simple calculator made from beads and wires,

which is still used in some parts of the world
today.
CALCULATOR

The difference between an ancient abacus and a

modern computer seems vast, but the principle
making repeated calculations more quickly
than the human brain is exactly the same.
CALCULATOR

It is a measure of the brilliance of the abacus,

invented in the Middle East circa 500 BC, that it
remained the fastest form of calculator until the
middle of the 17th century.

Note: Circa is a word of Latin origin meaning

“approximately”.
PASCALINE

➢ Blaise Pascal (1623–1666) invented the first

Practical Mechanical Calculator.
➢ Invented the machine to help his tax-
collector father do his sums.
➢ The machine could add and subtract
decimal numbers.

Note: Read other features of the machine in the

module.
LEIBNIZ CALCULATOR

➢ Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716)

came up with a similar but more advanced
machine, “Step Reckoner”.
➢ The machine can do adding and subtracting,
it could multiply, divide and work out
square roots.
LEIBNIZ CALCULATOR

➢ Another pioneering feature was the first

memory store or "register.“
➢ He was the man who invented binary code, a
way of representing any decimal number
using only the two digits zero and one.

Note: Although Leibniz made no use of binary

in his own calculator, it set others thinking.
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

➢ George Boole (1815 - 1864) used the idea to

invent a new branch of mathematics.
➢ In modern computers, binary code and
Boolean algebra allow computers to make
simple decisions by comparing long strings
of zeros and ones.
 ENGINES OF
CALCULATIONS
 19

COMPUTER AND CALCULATOR

➢ A computer is a machine that can operate

automatically, without any human help, by
following a series of stored instructions
called a program.
➢ Calculators evolved into computers when
people devised ways of making entirely
automatic and programmable calculators.
 20

DIFFERENCE ENGINE

➢ Charles Babbage started working on his

Difference Engine. The Difference Engine
was a fully automated calculating machine.
➢ It was designed to carry out intensive
mathematical computations.
➢ It operated by leveraging the power of steam.
 21

DIFFERENCE ENGINE

➢ The design of the Difference Engine was

extremely complicated and Charles went
through a lot of stumbling blocks before he
was able to successfully design it.
➢ The Difference Engine was funded by the
government until 1842.
 22

DIFFERENCE ENGINE

➢ When Charles was unable to finish the

design, the government withdrew the
funding and thus, the Difference Engine
remained unfinished.
 23

ANALYTICAL ENGINE

➢ The Analytical Engine is widely regarded as

the predecessor of the modern computer.
➢ He created over 100 drawings for this.
➢ He was helped by Augusta Ada Lovelace
Byron in the development of this engine.
 24

ANALYTICAL ENGINE

➢ The Analytical Engine was to be a general-

purpose, fully program-controlled,
automatic mechanical digital computer. It
would be able to perform any calculation set
before it.
 25

FIRST COMPUTER PROGRAMMER

➢ Augusta Ada Lovelace Byron helped in the

development of analytical engine.
➢ She documented the design of this engine
and her notes were valuable in
understanding the design of the Analytical
Engine.
➢ She helped to refine Babbage's ideas for
making his machine programmable.
 26

TABULATING MACHINE

➢ American statistician Herman Hollerith

(1860 - 1929) built one of the world's first
practical calculating machines, which he
called a tabulator, to help compile census
data.
 27

TABULATING MACHINE

➢ American statistician Herman Hollerith

(1860 - 1929) built one of the world's first
practical calculating machines, which he
called a tabulator, to help compile census
data.
➢ Hollerith realized his machine had other
applications, so he set up the Tabulating
Machine Company in 1896 to manufacture
it commercially.
 28

TABULATING MACHINE

➢ A few years later, it changed its name to the

Computing-Tabulating-Recording (C-T-R)
company.
➢ and then, in 1924, acquired its present name:
International Business Machines (IBM).
 29

IBM-LENOVO FACTS

➢ Lenovo and IBM announce an agreement

by which Lenovo will acquire IBM's
Personal Computing Division.
➢ IBM indeed sold the branch to Lenovo in
2004. Despite offers from Dell and private
equity firms, IBM chose selling to Lenovo
because of its location in China, which
helped IBM establish itself within the
country's profitable market.
 30

DIFFERENTIAL ANALYZER

➢ The world's most powerful calculators were

being developed by US government scientist
Vannevar Bush (1890–1974).
➢ He built a machine called the Differential
Analyzer, machines like these were known as
analog calculators. Analog because they
stored numbers in a physical form.

Note: read other notes pertaining to this

Differential Analyzer in the module.
 31

DIFFERENTIAL ANALYZER

➢ President Franklin Delano Roosevelt

appointed Bush as chairman first of the US
National Defense Research Committee and
then director of the Office of Scientific
Research and Development (OSRD).
 32

DIFFERENTIAL ANALYZER

➢ He was in charge of the Manhattan Project,

the secret $2-billion initiative that led to the
creation of the atomic bomb.

Note: Read other information with regards to

Bush's final wartime contributions in the
module.
 33

LINKED OF BINARY CODE WITH

BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

➢ Another came as the teacher of Claude

Shannon (1916–2001), a brilliant
mathematician who figured out how
electrical circuits could be linked together to
process binary code with Boolean algebra (a
way of comparing binary numbers using
logic) and thus make simple decisions.
 34

TURING MACHINE

➢ Alan Turing (1912 - 1954) was a brilliant

Cambridge mathematician whose major
contributions were to the theory of how
computers processed information.
➢ He wrote a groundbreaking mathematical
paper called "On computable numbers, with
an application to the Entscheidungs
problem,"
 35

TURING MACHINE

➢ Turing machine (a simple information

processor that works through a series of
instructions, reading data, writing results,
and then moving on to the next instruction).
 36

TURING MACHINE

➢ Turing's ideas were hugely influential in the

years that followed and many people regard
him as the father of modern computing -
the 20th-century's equivalent of Babbage.
THE FIRST MODERN
COMPUTERS
Z1

➢ in 1938, German engineer Konrad Zuse

(1910 - 1995) constructed his Z1, the world's
first programmable binary computer, in his
parents' living room
ATANASOFF BERRY
COMPUTER (ABC)
➢ American physicist John Atanasoff (1903 -
1995) and his assistant, electrical engineer
Clifford Berry (1918–1963), built a more
elaborate binary machine that they named
the Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC).
MACHINE FOR MILITARY

➢ Most of the machines developed around this

time were intended for military purposes.
MACHINE FOR MILITARY
➢ During World War II, the military co-opted
thousands of the best scientific minds:
recognizing that science would win the war,
Vannevar Bush's Office of Scientific
Research and Development employed
10,000 scientists from the United States
alone.
MACHINE FOR MILITARY
➢ Things were very different in Germany.
When Konrad Zuse offered to build his Z2
computer to help the army, they couldn't see
the need and turned him down.
CRACKING SECRET
GERMAN CODES
➢ Great minds began to make great
breakthroughs. In 1943, a team of
mathematicians based at Bletchley Park near
London, England (including Alan Turing)
built a computer called Colossus to help
them crack secret German codes. Colossus
was the first fully electronic computer.
IT’S YOUR TIME TO
SHINE
Note: Read further about Colossus, ENIAC,
EDVAC, UNIVAC, EDSAC Computers in the
module.
 THE
MICROELECTRONIC
BUG
The modern term for a problem that holds up a
computer program is a "bug."
VACUUM TUBES

By using vacuum tubes instead of mechanical

relays, computers could move away from
mechanical switching and speed up switching
on and off the flow of electrons. Vacuum tubes
were also used in radios, televisions, radar
equipment, and telephone systems during the
first half of the 1900s.
THE THREE PHYSICISTS

➢ Developed a technology that could replace

hundreds of thousands or even millions of
vacuum tubes into one chip.
➢ The solution appeared in 1947 thanks to
three physicists working at Bell Telephone
Laboratories. John Bardeen, Walter Brattain
and William.
SEMICONDUCTOR

➢ They believed they could use to make a

better form of amplifier than the vacuum
tube.
➢ This lead to a new form of amplifier that
became known as the Point-contact
Transistor.
➢ Bell Labs credited Bardeen and Brattain with
the transistor and awarded them a patent.
SILICON VALLEY

➢ The part of California centered on Palo Alto,

where many of the world's leading
computer and electronics companies have
been based ever since.
"MONOLITHIC“
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
➢ Machines that used thousands of transistors
still had to be hand wired to connect all
these components together. That process was
laborious, costly, and error prone. Wouldn't
it be better, Kilby reflected, if many
transistors could be made in a single
package?
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

➢ It is a collection of transistors and other

components that could be manufactured all
at once, in a block, on the surface of a
semiconductor.
DRAWBACK OF KILBY'S
INVENTION

➢ The components in his integrated circuit

still had to be connected by hand.
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN
COMPONENTS IN I.C.

➢ Robert Noyce went on much better over

Kilby's IC, however, he found a way to
include the connections between
components in an integrated circuit, thus
automating the entire process.
INTEL

➢ Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore establish a

new company of their own.
➢ Originally they had planned to make
memory chips, but when the company
landed an order to make chips for a range of
pocket calculators, history headed in a
different direction.
INTEL

➢ A couple of their engineers realized that

instead of making a range of specialist chips
for a range of calculators, they could make a
universal chip that could be programmed to
work in them all.
➢ Thus was born the general-purpose, single
chip computer or microprocessor and that
brought about the next phase of the
computer revolution.
THANK YOU