"Write" redirects here. For other uses, see Write (disambiguation).

The Rosetta Stone, with writing in three different scripts, was instrumental in deciphering
Ancient Egyptian.
Writing is a medium of human communication that involves the representation of
a language through a system of physically inscribed, mechanically transferred, or digitally
represented symbols. Writing systems are not themselves human languages (with the debatable
exception of computer languages); they are means of rendering a language into a form that can
be reconstructed by other humans separated by time and/or space.[1][2] While not all languages use
a writing system, those with systems of inscriptions can complement and extend capacities
of spoken language by enabling the creation of durable forms of speech that can be transmitted
across space (e.g., correspondence) and stored over time (e.g., libraries or other public records).
[3]
It has also been observed that the activity of writing itself can have knowledge-transforming
effects, since it allows humans to externalize their thinking in forms that are easier to reflect on,
elaborate, reconsider, and revise.[4][5] Writing relies on many of the same semantic structures as
the speech it represents, such as lexicon and syntax, with the added dependency of a system
of symbols to represent that language's phonology and morphology. The result of the activity of
writing is called a text, and the interpreter or activator of this text is called a reader.[6]
As human societies emerged, collective motivations for the development of writing were driven
by pragmatic exigencies like keeping history, maintaining culture, codifying knowledge
through curricula and lists of texts deemed to contain foundational knowledge (e.g., The Canon
of Medicine) or to be artistically exceptional (e.g., a literary canon), organizing and governing
societies through the formation of legal systems, census records, contracts, deeds of
ownership, taxation, trade agreements, treaties, and so on.[7] Amateur historians, including H.G.
Wells, had speculated since the early 20th century on the likely correspondence between the
emergence of systems of writing and the development of city-states into empires.[8] As Charles
Bazerman explains, the "marking of signs on stones, clay, paper, and now digital memories—
each more portable and rapidly traveling than the previous—provided means for increasingly
coordinated and extended action as well as memory across larger groups of people over time and
space."[9] For example, around the 4th millennium BC, the complexity of trade and
administration in Mesopotamia outgrew human memory, and writing became a more dependable
method of recording and presenting transactions in a permanent form.[10] In both ancient
Egypt and Mesoamerica, on the other hand, writing may have evolved through calendric and
political necessities for recording historical and environmental events. Further innovations
included more uniform, predictable, and widely dispersed legal systems, distribution and
discussion of accessible versions of sacred texts, and the origins of modern practices of scientific
inquiry and knowledge-consolidation, all largely reliant on portable and easily reproducible
forms of inscribed language.
Individual, as opposed to collective, motivations for writing include improvised additional
capacity for the limitations of human memory[11] (e.g., to-do lists, recipes,
reminders, logbooks, maps, the proper sequence for a complicated task or important ritual),
dissemination of ideas (as in an essay, monograph, broadside, petition, or manifesto),
imaginative narratives and other forms of storytelling, maintaining kinship and other social
networks,[12] negotiating household matters with providers of goods and services and with local
and regional governing bodies, and lifewriting (e.g., a diary or journal).
The nearly global spread of digital communication systems such as e-mail and social media has
made writing an increasingly important feature of daily life, where these systems mix with older
technologies like paper, pencils, whiteboards, printers, and copiers.[13] Substantial amounts of
everyday writing characterize most workplaces in developed countries.[14] In many occupations
(e.g., law, accounting, software-design, human-resources, etc.) written documentation is not only
the main deliverable but also the mode of work itself. [15] Even in occupations not typically
associated with writing, routine workflows (maintaining records, reporting incidents, record-
keeping, inventory-tracking, documenting sales, accounting for time, fielding inquiries from
clients, etc.) have most employees writing at least some of the time.[16]

1. Ong, Walter (1982). Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. London:
Methuen. ISBN 9780415027960.
2. ^ Haas, Christina. (1996). Writing technology: Studies on the materiality of literacy.
Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.
3. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise and Michael Erard. (2008) "Origins and Forms of
Writing." Handbook of Research on Writing: History, Society, School, Individual,
Text. Charles Bazerman, ed. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 7-21 [21].
4. ^ Estrem, Heidi. "Writing is a Knowledge-Making Activity." Naming What We Know:
Threshold Concepts of Writing Studies. L. Adler-Kassner & E. Wardle, eds. Logan: Utah
State University Press, 2015: 55-56.
5. ^ Winsor, Dorothy A. (1994). "Invention and Writing in Technical Work: Representing
the Object". Written Communication. 11.2: 227–250.
6. ^ Smith, Dorothy E. (2005). Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People. Lanham,
MD: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 105–108. ISBN 978-0-7591-0502-7.
7. ^ Anderson, Jack. (2008). "The Collection and Organization of Written Knowledge."
In Handbook of Research on Writing, ed. Charles Bazerman, New York: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates, 177-190.
8. ^ Wells, H. G. (1922). A Short History of the World. p. 41.
9. ^ Bazerman, Charles (2013). "Literacy and the Organization of Society". A Theory of
Literate Action, Vol. 2 (PDF). Anderson, SC: Parlor Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-60235-
477-7.
10.^ Green, M.W. (1981). "The Construction and Implementation of the Cuneiform Writing
System". Visible Language. 15 (4): 345–372.
11.^ Hutchins, Edwin (1995). Cognition in the Wild. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. ISBN 9
780262 581462.
12.^ Christiansen, M. Sidury (2017). "Creating a Unique Transnational Place:
Deterritorialized Discourse and the Blending of Time and Space in Online
Media". Written Communication. 34.2: 135–164.
13.^ Sterponi, Laura; Zucchermaglio, Cristina; Alby, Francesca; Fatigante, Marilena (20
September 2017). "Endangered Literacies? Affordances of Paper-Based Literacy in
Medical Practice and Its Persistence in the Transition to Digital Technology". Written
Communication. 34 (4): 359–386. doi:10.1177/0741088317723304. ISSN 0741-0883.
 14.^ Brandt, Deborah (2015). The Rise of Writing. Cambridge UP. ISBN 978-1-107-46211-
3.
15.^ Jakobs, Eva-Marie; Spinuzzi, Clay (2014). "Professional Domains: Writing as
Creation of Economic Value". Handbook of Writing and Text Production. De Gruyter
Mouton. p. 360.
16.^ Beaufort, Anne (2008). "Writing in the Professions". Handbook of Research on
Writing: History, Society, School, Individual, Text. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates. pp. 221–237. ISBN 978-0-8058-4870-0.
A writing process describes a sequence of physical and mental actions that people take as they
produce any kind of text. These actions nearly universally involve tools for physical or digital
inscription: e.g., chisels, pencils, brushes, chalk, dies, keyboards, touchscreens, etc.; these tools
all have particular affordances that shape writers' processes.[1] Writing processes are highly
individuated and task-specific; they often involve other kinds of activities that are not usually
thought of as writing per se (talking, drawing, reading, browsing, etc.).[2]

1. Haas, Christina (1996). Writing Technology: Studies on the Materiality of Literacy.

Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Mahwah, NJ.
2. ^ Clayson, Ashley (2018). "Distributed Cognition and Embodiment in Text Planning: A
Situated Study of Collaborative Writing in the Workplace". Written
Communication. 35 (2): 155–181. doi:10.1177/0741088317753348. S2CID 148905682.

Expression. Writing is one of the important ways of expressing your thoughts, and
communicating ideas and views to others.
Judgment of a Person. Often, a person is judged by the quality of writing, he/she
possesses. ...
Flexibility and Maturity. Writing is an art, which you develop over a period of time. ...
Ability to Explain. While writing, one has to be extra cautious with regard to the tone and
tenor of the language, grammar, spellings, etc., so that the reader can decipher ...
Serves as a Record. Writing skills are important to write our ideas and experiences for
future references. For example: scientific and technological accomplishments cannot be
communicated verbally.
Communication. The following areas will throw light on writing as a form of
communication. Business: It is not possible to conduct all transactions by speech alone.
Tips for Good Writing. Avoid excessive stuffing of words, and try to make sentences,
simple and precise. Do not use complex language or vocabulary.

Why Are Writing Skills So Important? This You Need to Know - Penlighten
You might be asked upon to draft a report, project or approach at work; write a present

application or papers statement within a volunteering position; or you may favor expressing your

ideas online via a blog. And, of course, a well-written CV or résumé with no spelling or

grammatical errors is essential if you require a fresh job.

1. Being Professional: Excellent writing skills are supreme particularly when the job at hand
requires a plenty of writing. For example, in the situation of writers, reporters, and somebody
in the public relations division. When someone is engaged to write, possessing outstanding
writing abilities is a necessity for the work.

However, now, more jobs demand excellent writing skills than ever since. In line for an employee

to get an understanding and be understood in his/her emails or news, then he/she must

understand how to write in a way that is well known and with his/her ideas definitely established.

2. When Communicating: In all the workplaces, employees are continually writing letters,

emails, memoranda, messages, and statements. All of these need excellent writing abilities so that

individuals become able to communicate their thoughts and opinions effectively. Good writing

skills enable you to communicate a word with accuracy and efficiency and can lead to a wider

audience related to face-to-face communication.

Weak writing skills, on the other hand, particularly where communication with the administration

is involved, can be a red standard that an employee is not suitable enough for management jobs

and as such can be a barrier to development. Further, individuals with inadequate writing skills

seem to have a weaker level of capacity, knowledge and, ability.

3. Trustworthiness in an Employee: Workers with superior writing skills are usually observed

as being a warm property. Businesses throughout the world are serving substantial quantities of
capital to encourage and provide pieces of training to their employees and enhance their writing

skills. Assume a situation where you as an employee download an article or attempt to paraphrase

a message from a co-worker but the email or statement is full of typos and grammatical mistakes.

It would not only lose a lot of time but also worsen to efficiently communicate the message. This

indicates that the sender was inexperienced and did not worry to proofread his work. So it is

obvious that writing skills are necessary and required for any worker who wants to win in their

career.

4. Reflections of an Employee to be considered: Good writing skills unlock doors for various

younger employees to be considered for superior positions. Nevertheless, as essential as these

abilities are, it is further necessary to understand when and when not to fix another individual.

Fixing the incorrect individual can get you in difficulty at work or even dismissed. Not everybody

wants to be changed, and not all errors are meaningful or notable enough to justify the

emendation.

5. Writing Skills Proves your Ability: Despite if your job doesn’t need a lot of writing, whereby

you come over is critical and significant. A few grammatical or punctual flaws may appear little.

But people do mention. And they manage to remember that those who don’t write well are less

capable and knowledgeable than those who do. Don’t let anyone drop you because of your

inadequate writing skills. A few minutes of proofreading can enhance the process you observed.

Faultless papers will grant you a cleverer person than an associate whose job is full of typos.

6. Writing Skills makes you more Prominent: Excellent influencing, persuasion, and

convincing skills support you to inspire others to accomplish your goals. Teachers assign their

students to write powerful articles, assignments, and essays in order to provide them for the job

market by improving these meaningful skills. If you are producing taglines and calls-to-action for
your organization, you just need to know how to produce a copy that will inspire the student to

take action. If you are representing an innovative idea that can enhance a method to your

supervisor, you should sound persuasive. Each paper must express your ideas efficiently.

7. Writing Skills Helps in Record Keeping: Data that is communicated verbally isn’t stored for

delayed. That’s why individuals write notes of lectures. As students use their notes to write

assignments, you can use your documents in your job. Gathering information on paper is the

genuine process of saving it for times. In fact, the several specific information that has approached

us several times back was from books.

8. Writing skills Helps in Boosting Professional confidence: All business records has its plan.

You draft a business proposal to entice investors or get partners. You send emails to contact

possible buyers. You craft a report to fascinate your manager. When written communication

drives a company to another happily finished project, you grow more positive, convinced,

influenced, established, and inspired. And writing itself becomes simpler.

9. Writing Skills Benefits Your Career: If you are the skilled business communicator in your

department, coworkers will ask you to for advice in writing, revising and proofreading their

writing items before they go to their executives. Word will get around. If the business requires

someone to compose useful emails, they will ask someone who writes with precision and

correctness. Imagine who they will turn to? The genuine your writing skills are, the more ability

you will be provided. That’s fabulous for you and your eventual career victory!

Conclusion: Hence Writing Skills are very important whether you are a student or you are

working in any organization, writing skills help you in every field.

Why Writing Skills are Important. Writing skills are an essential element… | by Jessica Willson |
Medium
Three Components of Writing Skill?

 Grammatical skill. By grammatical skill, I don’t mean the ability to remember schoolbook
grammar rules. I mean the ability to construct meaningful sentences.
 Compositional skill. Compositional skill is the ability to organize words to produce an effect.
Storytelling is a compositional skill.
 Domain knowledge. Many technical writers would vehemently deny that domain knowledge
is a component of writing skill.
everypageispageone.com/2011/09/15/three-components-of-writing-skill/

Ong, Walter (1982). Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. London:
Methuen. ISBN 9780415027960.
(Writing is a medium of human communication that involves the representation of
a language through a system of physically inscribed, mechanically transferred, or digitally
represented symbols. Writing systems are not themselves human languages (with the debatable
exception of computer languages); they are means of rendering a language into a form that can
be reconstructed by other humans separated by time and/or space.)
(Menulis adalah media komunikasi manusia yang melibatkan representasi bahasa melalui sistem
simbol yang tertulis secara fisik, ditransfer secara mekanis, atau diwakili secara digital. Sistem
penulisan itu sendiri bukanlah bahasa manusia (dengan pengecualian bahasa komputer yang
dapat diperdebatkan); mereka adalah sarana menerjemahkan bahasa ke dalam bentuk yang dapat
direkonstruksi oleh manusia lain yang dipisahkan oleh waktu dan/atau ruang.)
Schmandt-Besserat, Denise and Michael Erard. (2008) "Origins and Forms of
Writing." Handbook of Research on Writing: History, Society, School, Individual, Text. Charles
Bazerman, ed. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 7-21 [21].
(While not all languages use a writing system, those with systems of inscriptions can
complement and extend capacities of spoken language by enabling the creation of durable forms
of speech that can be transmitted across space (e.g., correspondence) and stored over time
(e.g., libraries or other public records).)
(Meskipun tidak semua bahasa menggunakan sistem tulisan, mereka yang memiliki sistem
prasasti dapat melengkapi dan memperluas kapasitas bahasa lisan dengan memungkinkan
penciptaan bentuk-bentuk ucapan yang tahan lama yang dapat ditransmisikan melintasi ruang
(misalnya, korespondensi) dan disimpan dari waktu ke waktu (misalnya, perpustakaan atau
catatan publik lainnya).)
Smith, Dorothy E. (2005). Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People. Lanham, MD:
Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 105–108. ISBN 978-0-7591-0502-7
(Writing relies on many of the same semantic structures as the speech it represents, such
as lexicon and syntax, with the added dependency of a system of symbols to represent that
language's phonology and morphology. The result of the activity of writing is called a text, and
the interpreter or activator of this text is called a reader.)
(Menulis bergantung pada banyak struktur semantik yang sama dengan ucapan yang diwakilinya,
seperti leksikon dan sintaksis, dengan tambahan ketergantungan sistem simbol untuk mewakili
fonologi dan morfologi bahasa itu. Hasil dari aktivitas menulis disebut teks. , dan penafsir atau
penggerak teks ini disebut pembaca.)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing#cite_ref-6
Bazerman, Charles (2013). "Literacy and the Organization of Society". A Theory of Literate
Action, Vol. 2 (PDF). Anderson, SC: Parlor Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-60235-477-7.
(1As Charles Bazerman explains, the "marking of signs on stones, clay, paper, and now digital
memories—each more portable and rapidly traveling than the previous—provided means for
increasingly coordinated and extended action as well as memory across larger groups of people
over time and space.")

Affix merupakan sebuah elemen kata yang dapat ditambahkah sebagai awalan (prefix), akhiran
(suffix), dan sisipan (infix) pada kata dasar (base/root) yang digunakan untuk membentuk kata
baru.
an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. Affixes
may be derivational, like English -ness and pre-, or inflectional, like English plural -s and past
tense -ed. They are bound morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separable
affixes. Affixation is the linguistic process that speakers use to form different words by adding

1
morphemes at the beginning (prefixation), the middle (infixation) or the end (suffixation) of
words.

Affixes are divided into many categories, depending on their position with reference to the
stem. Prefix and suffix are extremely common terms.[citation needed] Infix and circumfix are less so, as
they are not important in European languages.[citation needed] The other terms are uncommon.
Categories of affixes

Affix Example Schema Description

Prefix un-do prefix-stem Appears before the stem

Prefixoid/semi- Appears before the

prefix/pseudo- flexi-cover prefixoid-stem stem, but is only
prefix[1] partially bound to it

Suffix/postfix look-ing stem-suffix Appears after the stem

Suffixoid[2]/semi- Appears after the stem,

suffix[3]/pseudo- cat-like stem-suffixoid but is only partially
suffix bound to it

Appears within a stem

Abso⟨bloody⟩lutely — common e.g.
Infix st⟨infix⟩em
(tmesis) in Austronesian
languages

One portion appears

circumfix⟩stem⟨circumfi
Circumfix en⟩light⟨en before the stem, the
x
other after

Links two stems

Interfix speed-o-meter stema-interfix-stemb
together in a compound

Duplifix money~shmoney (shm stem~duplifix Incorporates

-reduplication) a reduplicated portion
of a stem
(may occur before,
 after, or within the
stem)

Maltese: k⟨i⟩t⟨e⟩b "he

A discontinuous affix
wrote"
Transfix s⟨transfix⟩te⟨transfix⟩m that interleaves within a
(compare
discontinuous stem
root ktb "write")

Changes a segment of a
Simulfix mouse → mice stem\simulfix
stem

Changes
produce (noun)
Suprafix stem\suprafix a suprasegmental featur
produce (verb)
e of a stem

Alabama: tipli "break

up" The elision of a portion
Disfix st⟩disfix⟨em
(compare of a stem
root tipasli "break")
Prefix and suffix may be subsumed under the term adfix, in contrast to infix.[4]
When marking text for interlinear glossing, as in the third column in the chart above, simple
affixes such as prefixes and suffixes are separated from the stem with hyphens. Affixes which
disrupt the stem, or which themselves are discontinuous, are often marked off with angle
brackets. Reduplication is often shown with a tilde. Affixes which cannot be segmented are
marked with a back slash.
Lexical affixes (or semantic affixes) are bound elements that appear as affixes, but function
as incorporated nouns within verbs and as elements of nouns. In other words, they are similar to
word roots/stems in function but similar to affixes in form. Although similar to incorporated
nouns, lexical affixes differ in that they never occur as freestanding nouns, i.e. they always
appear as affixes.
Lexical affixes are relatively rare. The Wakashan, Salishan, and Chimakuan languages all have
lexical suffixes — the presence of these is an areal feature of the Pacific Northwest of North
America.
The lexical suffixes of these languages often show little to no resemblance to free nouns with
similar meanings. Compare the lexical suffixes and free nouns of Northern Straits
Saanich written in the Saanich orthography and in Americanist notation:
Lexical Suffix Noun

-o, -aʔ "person" , ełtálṉew̱ ʔəɬtelŋəxʷ "person"

-nát -net "day" sȼićel skʷičəl "day"

-sen -sən "foot, lower leg" sxene, sx̣ənəʔ "foot, lower leg"

-áwtw̱ -ew̕txʷ "building, house, campsite" , á,leṉ ʔeʔləŋ "house"

Lexical suffixes, when compared with free nouns, often have a more generic or general meaning.
For instance, one of these languages may have a lexical suffix that means water in a general
sense, but it may not have any noun equivalent referring to water in general and instead have
several nouns with a more specific meaning (such "saltwater", "whitewater", etc.). In other cases,
the lexical suffixes have become grammaticalized to various degrees.
Some linguists have claimed that these lexical suffixes provide only adverbial or adjectival
notions to verbs. Other linguists disagree arguing that they may additionally be
syntactic arguments just as free nouns are and, thus, equating lexical suffixes with incorporated
nouns. Gerdts (2003) gives examples of lexical suffixes in the Halkomelem language (the word
order here is verb–subject–object):

VERB SUBJ OBJ

(1) niʔ šak’ʷ-ət-əs łə słeniʔ łə qeq

"the woman washed the baby"

VERB+LEX.SUF
SUBJ
F

(2) niʔ šk’ʷ-əyəł łə słeniʔ

"the woman baby-washed"

In sentence (1), the verb "wash" is šak’ʷətəs where šak’ʷ- is the root and -ət and -əs are
inflectional suffixes. The subject "the woman" is łə słeniʔ and the object "the baby" is łə qeq. In
this sentence, "the baby" is a free noun. (The niʔ here is an auxiliary, which can be ignored for
explanatory purposes.)
In sentence (2), "baby" does not appear as a free noun. Instead it appears as the lexical suffix -
əyəł which is affixed to the verb root šk’ʷ- (which has changed slightly in pronunciation, but this
can also be ignored here). Note how the lexical suffix is neither "the baby" (definite) nor "a
baby" (indefinite); such referential changes are routine with incorporated nouns.

Gerdts, Donna B. (2003). "The morphosyntax of Halkomelem lexical suffixes". International

Journal of American Linguistics. 69 (4): 345–356. doi:10.1086/382736. S2CID 143721330.
Montler, Timothy. (1986). An outline of the morphology and phonology of Saanich, North Straits
Salish. Occasional Papers in Linguistics (No. 4). Missoula, MT: University of Montana
Linguistics Laboratory.
Montler, Timothy. (1991). Saanich, North Straits Salish classified word list. Canadian Ethnology
service paper (No. 119); Mercury series. Hull, Quebec: Canadian Museum of
Civilization. ISBN 0-660-12908-6
Fischer, Roswitha (1998). Lexical Change in Present-day English: A Corpus-based Study of the
Motivation, Institutionalization, and Productivity of Creative Neologisms. ISBN 9783823349402.
^ Kremer, Marion. 1997. Person reference and gender in translation: a contrastive investigation
of English and German. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, p. 69, note 11.
^ Marchand, Hans. 1969. The categories and types of present-day English word-formation: A
synchronic-diachronic approach. Munich: Beck, pp. 356 ff.
^ Powell, Barry (2012). "Glossary". Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of
Civilization. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 255. doi:10.1002/9781118293515.gloss. ISBN 9781118293515.
^ Robert Sharer & Loa Traxler, 2006, The Ancient Maya, Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-
8047-4817-9
^ Andrew West, "Precomposed Tibetan Part 1 : BrdaRten" Archived 2010-10-17 at the Wayback
Machine BabelStone, September 14, 2006
Secara sederhana affix dapat dimengerti sebagai imbuhan. Seperti dalam bahasa Indonesia,
imbuhan dapat menegaskan makna atau merubah makna kata dasar. Mengetahui cara
menggunakan affix yang tepat kerap membantu kita dalam kegiatan Writing. Selain itu,
pemahaman terhadap affix akan memperkaya perbendaharaan kata (vocabulary) kita dalam
proses belajar bahasa Inggris sekaligus memudahkan kita mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis kata,
seperti: noun, adjective, adverb, atau verb. sebagai Contoh definisi affix ialah kata mungkin bisa
diungkapkan dalam bahasa Inggris dengan kata possible. Namun apabila dirubah menjadi
kemungkinan, maka hasil terjemahannya pun berubah menjadi possibility. Imbuhan ke- dan -an
dalam bahasa Indonesia telah merubah bentuk kata dasar mungkin menjadi kemungkinan.
Sementara hasil terjemahannya memodifikasi bentuk kata dasar possible dengan menggunakan
imbuhan atau affix -ity. Selain dirubah menjadi possibility, kata possible juga bisa direkayasa
menjadi impossible. Itu artinya, imbuhan im- telah memodifikasi bentuk kata sekaligus merubah
makna menjadi tidak mungkin.
Pada kata impossible, affix im- dikategorikan sebagai prefix atau awalan sebab letaknya di depan
(awal). Sedangkan pada bentuk possibility, affix -ity digolongkan sebagai suffix atau akhiran
karena letaknya di belakang (akhir). Sementara itu apabila dikelompokkan menurut jenisnya,
kata possible dan impossible termasuk ke dalam jenis adjective (kata sifat) karena dicirikan
dengan keberadaan suffix –ble, seperti flexible, refundable, usable, curable, dsb. Di sisi lain,
possibility merupakan jenis noun atau kata benda karena menggunakan suffix -ity.
Kemudian, apa sajakah bentuk-bentuk affix yang lain? Daftar suffix berikut ini akan membantu
menjawab pertanyaan tersebut.
Definisi Affix Pada Daftar Suffix Pembentuk NOUN (orang)
Suffix Contoh-contoh kata
-or
-er sailor, creator, actor
-ee trainer, employer, teacher
-ist trainee, employee, refugee
-ian scientist, dentist, guitarist
-ess musician, politician, physician
ETC. actress, waitress, stewardess
Daftar Suffix Pembentuk NOUN
Suffix Contoh-contoh kata
-age wreckage, mileage, coverage
-tion information, position, communication
-sion erosion, television, division
 -ence
-ity confidence, difference, patience
-hood priority, possibility, community
-dom neighborhood, brotherhood, sisterhood
-th freedom, kingdom, wisdom
-ery health, wealth, strength
-ship recovery, stationery
-tude friendship, citizenship, partnership
-ism magnitude, attitude, longitude
-cracy capitalism, communism, feminism
-logy democracy, theocracy
-ness biology, ideology, criminology
-ment happiness, weakness, darkness
-ture apartment, commitment, management
ETC. furniture, literature, acupuncture

Daftar Suffix Pembentuk ADJECTIVE

Suffix Contoh-contoh kata
-ous
-ful dangerous, delicious, serious

-less useful, careful, beautiful

-ble useless, careless, penniless

-ic usable, possible, comfortable

-y optismistic, pessimistic, iconic

-ish sunny, sandy, rainy

-ese brownish, British, foolish

-ive Chinese, Javanese, Balinese
ETC. competitive, participative, communicative

Suffix Contoh-contoh kata

-ize realize, prioritize, minimize
 -fy
-en satisfy, magnify, modify
-ate shorten, deepen, lengthen
ETC. incorporate, communicate, barricade

https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-affix-grammar-1689071
In English grammar and morphology, an affix is a word element that can be attached to
a base or root to form a new word or new form of the word, usually occurring as either a prefix
or suffix. Put simply, an affix is a group of letters that are generally added to the beginning or the
end of a root word that can change the word's meaning.
As their names would entail, prefixes like pre-, re-, and trans- are attached to the beginnings of
words such as predict, reactivate, and transaction, while suffixes like -ism, -ate, and -ish are
attached to the ends of words such as socialism, eradicate, and childish. In rare cases, an affix
may be added to the middle of a word and is therefore called an infix, which occurs in such
words as cupsful and passersby, where the additional "-s-" affix pluralizes the words cupful and
passerby, thus changing their form.
What Is a Prefix?
A prefix is a letter or group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly indicates its
meaning, including such as examples as "anti-" to mean against, "co-" to mean with, "mis-" to
mean wrong or bad, and "trans-" to mean across.
The most common prefixes in English are those that express negation like "a-" in the word
asexual, "in-" in the word incapable, and "un-" in the word unhappy. These negations
immediately alter the meaning of the words they are added to, but some prefixes merely change
the form. The word prefix itself contains the prefix pre-, which means before, and the root
word fix, which means to fasten or place. Thus, the word itself means "to place before."
Prefixes are bound morphemes, which means they can't stand alone. Generally, if a group of
letters is a prefix, it can't also be a word. However, prefixation, or the process of adding a prefix
to a word, is a common way of forming new words in English.
What Is a Suffix?
A suffix is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a word or root—its base form—serving
to form a new word or functioning as an inflectional ending. The word suffix comes from the
Latin, "to fasten underneath."
There are two primary types of suffixes in English:
Derivational, such as the addition of "-ly" to an adjective to form an adverb, indicating what type
of word it is.
Inflectional, such as the addition of "-s" to a noun to form a plural telling something about the
word's grammatical behavior.
Difference Between Affixes and Compound Words
Affixes are bound morphemes, which means that they can't stand alone. If a group of letters is an
affix, it usually can't also be a word. However, Michael Quinion's 2002 book, "Ologies and Isms:
Word Beginnings and Endings," explains the importance of these affixes to the English language
and its ever-evolving usage.
Although quite similar to compounds—which combine two words with separate meanings to
form a new word with a new meaning—affixes must be attached to other words in order to have
meaning in and of themselves, says Quinion.
Still, affixes can often be stacked together in clusters to create complex words much more easily
than compounds can, as David Crystal explains in his 2006 book, "How Language Works." He
uses the example of nation, which can become national as well as nationalize, nationalization,
or denationalization.
Source
Crystal, David. "How Language Works: How Babies Babble, Words Change Meaning, and
Languages Live or Die." 10/16/07 edition, Avery, November 1, 2007.
Quinion, Michael. "Ologies and Isms: A Dictionary of Word Beginnings and Endings." Oxford
Quick Reference, Oxford University Press, November 17, 2005.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/affix

affix, a grammatical element that is combined with a word, stem, or phrase to produce derived or
inflected forms. There are three main types of affixes: prefixes, infixes, and suffixes. A prefix
occurs at the beginning of a word or stem (sub-mit, pre-determine, un-willing); a suffix at the
end (wonder-ful, depend-ent, act-ion); and an infix occurs in the middle. English has no infixes,
but they are found in American Indian languages, Greek, Tagalog, and elsewhere. An example
from Tagalog is the alteration of the form sulat, “a writing,” to the form sinulat, “that which was
written,” through the addition of an infix, -in-. English inflectional suffixes are illustrated by
the -s of “cats,” the -er of “longer,” and the -ed of “asked.” A circumfix consists of a prefix and a
suffix that together produce a derived or inflected form, as in the English word enlighten.