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Microprocessors and
Computer Organization
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with Solved Examples and Practice Questions

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Microprocessors and Computer Organization

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First Edition: 2015

Second Edition: 2016
Third Edition: 2017
Fourth Edition: 2018

© All rights reserved by MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the
written permission from the publisher.
Contents
Microprocessors and
Computer Organization

Chapter 1 Chapter 4
Introduction to 8085 and Its Peripheral Devices........................ 72
Functional Organization................ 1 4.1 Development of Data Transfer Schemes.............72
1.1 Introduction..................................................................... 1 4.2 Interfacing Devices......................................................75
1.2 History of Microprocessors......................................... 2 Student Assignments....................................................79

1.3 Computer Language..................................................... 3

1.4 Microprocessor Architecture..................................... 5 Chapter 5

1.5 The 8085 Microprocessor Pinout and Signals...... 5 Introduction to Microprocessor 8086...80
1.6 Internal Architecture of 8085 MPU........................12 5.1 Introduction...................................................................80

Student Assignments....................................................18 5.2 8086 Pin Diagram & Architecture...........................80

5.3 Internal Architecture of 8086...................................81

Chapter 2 Student Assignments....................................................92

Microprocessor Interfacing......... 20
Chapter 6
2.1 Introduction...................................................................20

2.2 Memory Interfacing....................................................21

Microcontrollers
and Embedded Systems............... 93
2.3 I/O Interfacing...............................................................28
6.1 Introduction...................................................................93
Student Assignments....................................................30
6.2 Typical Standard Features
of Embedded Processors...........................................95

Chapter 3 6.3 Advance Research Microprocessor (ARM)

Architecture...................................................................97
Instruction Sets & Data Formats... 31 6.4 Advanced Embedded Systems ATMEGA
3.1 Introduction...................................................................31 Processors.......................................................................98

3.2 Timing Diagram............................................................31 6.5 Introduction to XMEGA Family................................99

3.3 Instruction Sets.............................................................33 6.6 Microchip PIC Embedded Processor Family.... 100

3.4 Software Delay..............................................................66 6.7 Introduction to Real Time Systems..................... 101

6.8 Terminology................................................................ 101

Student Assignments....................................................68

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 6.9 Scheduler Types......................................................... 102 8.8 Evaluation of an Infix Expression......................... 189

6.10 Pin Description of the 8051................................... 111 8.9 Evaluation of Prefix Expression............................ 190

6.11 Programming 8051 Timers.................................... 112 8.10 Postfix Evaluation...................................................... 191

6.12 Basics of Serial Communication........................... 114 8.11 Infix to Postfix Conversion..................................... 193

6.13 8051 Connection to RS232.................................... 116 8.12 Linked Lists.................................................................. 194

8.13 Queue............................................................................ 195

Chapter 7 8.14 Tree Traversals............................................................ 196

Computer Organization............. 125 8.15 Binary Search Tree..................................................... 197

8.16 Analysis Of Loops...................................................... 205

7.1 Computer Architecture Vs
Computer Organization.......................................... 125 8.17 Comparisons of Functions..................................... 210
7.2 Evolution of Digital Computers............................ 126 8.18 Asymptotic Behaviour of Polynomials.............. 211
7.3 Components of Computer Structure................. 126 Student Assignments................................................. 214
7.4 CISC and RISC Architectures.................................. 127

7.5 Flynn’s Classification of Processors..................... 128 Chapter 9

7.6 Control Unit................................................................. 129
Operating System....................... 217
7.7 Control Unit Implementation............................... 130
9.1 Basics of Operating System................................... 217
7.8 Main Memory Orgranisation................................. 133
9.2 Process.......................................................................... 222
7.9 Associative Memory................................................. 136
9.3 CPU Scheduling......................................................... 228
7.10 Pipelining..................................................................... 144
9.4 Memory Management............................................ 240
7.11 Secondary Storage................................................... 148
9.5 Virtual Memory.......................................................... 261
7.12 Internal Fragmentation
9.6 Basics of File................................................................ 268
and External Fragmentation................................. 155
9.7 Protection versus Security..................................... 278
7.13 Paging........................................................................... 156

Student Assignments................................................. 160

Chapter 10
Chapter 8 Database Management System...283
10.1 Introduction................................................................ 283
Data Structure............................. 164
10.2 Introduction to Database Design........................ 283
8.1 Scope............................................................................. 164
10.3 Introduction to Database Design
8.2 Flow Control in ‘C’...................................................... 167
and Normalization.................................................... 289
8.3 Evaluation of function............................................. 178
10.4 Introduction to Transaction................................... 298
8.4 Pointers......................................................................... 180
10.5 Introduction to Concurrency
8.5 Array............................................................................... 182 and Serializability...................................................... 308

8.6 Stack............................................................................... 186

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8.7 Expression Evaluation and Syntax Parsing....... 188

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