KS4 Combined Science

Organisation
Foundation
Home Learning
Booklet
Name: _____________________________
Class: _____________________________
Teacher: ___________________________
4.2 Organisation
In this section we will learn about the human Lesson 1 – Tissues, organs, organ systems
digestive system which provides the body with
nutrients and the respiratory system that provides
Lesson 2 – The digestive system (a recap)
it with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. In Lesson 3 – The role of proteins
each case they provide dissolved materials that Lesson 4 + 5 – Required Practical
need to be moved quickly around the body in the Lesson 6 – Circulatory System
blood by the circulatory system. Damage to any of Lesson 7 – Respiratory System
these systems can be debilitating if not fatal.
Although there has been huge progress in surgical
Lesson 8 – Blood
techniques, especially with regard to coronary Lesson 9 – CHD
heart disease, many interventions would not be Lesson 10 – Lifestyle
necessary if individuals reduced their risks Lesson 11 – Cancer
through improved diet and lifestyle. We will also Lesson 12 – Plant Organs
learn how the plant’s transport system is
dependent on environmental conditions to ensure
Lesson 13 – Plant Transport Systems
that leaf cells are provided with the water and Lesson 14 – Active Transport
carbon dioxide that they need for photosynthesis. Lesson 15 – Revision
Key stage 4 organisation- National Oak Academy Links to
lessons

Lesson 2 – The digestive system (a recap)

https://classroom.thenational.academy/lessons/digestion-cnk66c

Lesson 3 – The role of proteins

https://classroom.thenational.academy/lessons/investigating-enzymes-60w64t

Lesson 4 + 5 – Required Practical

https://classroom.thenational.academy/lessons/ph-and-enzymes-part-1-cru3jt

https://classroom.thenational.academy/lessons/ph-and-enzymes-part-2-75h3gr

Lesson 6 – Circulatory System

https://classroom.thenational.academy/lessons/the-heart-6ct3jd

https://classroom.thenational.academy/lessons/heart-rate-6cr32r

Lesson 7 – Respiratory System

https://classroom.thenational.academy/lessons/the-lungs-ccu3ge

Lesson 8 – Blood

https://classroom.thenational.academy/lessons/blood-and-blood-vessels-c8t62c

Lesson 9 – CHD

https://classroom.thenational.academy/lessons/heart-disease-61k68d

Lesson 10 – Lifestyle

https://classroom.thenational.academy/lessons/non-communicable-disease-75jk6r

Lesson 11 – Cancer

https://classroom.thenational.academy/lessons/cancer-c8rp8d

Lesson 12 – Plant Organs

https://classroom.thenational.academy/lessons/plant-tissue-cnh32t

https://classroom.thenational.academy/lessons/plant-roots-61k3jr

Lesson 13 – Plant Transport Systems

https://classroom.thenational.academy/lessons/transport-in-plants-6rr38c
Lesson 1 - Tissues, organs, organ systems

Levels of organisation
In order of increasing complexity, multicellular organisms are made of:
cells → tissues → organs → organ systems

Structure Description
Organelle A specialised unit within a cell which performs a specific function
Cell The basic building block of all living organisms
A group of cells working together to perform a shared function,
Tissue
and often with similar structure
A structure made up of groups of different tissues, working
Organ
together to perform specific functions
A group of organs with related functions, working together to
Organ system
perform certain functions within the body

An example of the
levels of organisation
using the circulatory
system.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hqlu2QJPfnc
Task 1 – Complete the table, using the words below.
Stomach lining Human Digestive system
Palisade cell
Leaf epithelium
Stomach Leaves
Glandular cells
Photosynthetic system Daffodil
Level of Example in Example in
Definition
Organisation plants animals

The smallest unit of an

Cells
organism

A group of cells with a

similar structure and
Tissues function, which all work
together to do a particular
job.
Made from a group of
different tissues, which all
Organs
work together to do a
particular job.

Made from a group of

Organ different organs, which all
system work together to do a
particular job.

An individual plant, animal,

Organism
or single-celled organism.
Many cells are specialised. They have structures that are adapted for their
function.

1. What does specialised mean?

2. What are the two things that muscle tissue can do?

3. Give an example of a muscle with contracts voluntarily and one that contracts involuntarily.

4. Give one example of where glandular tissue is found in the body.

5. Why must the glandular tissue be close to capillaries.

6. Why would the human digestive system need glandular tissue.

7. How are epithelial tissues specialised?

8. Where in the body would you find epithelial tissue?

Lesson 1 – Exam Questions
Lesson 2 – Digestion

https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=4ui4oSHHnz
A

The human digestive system has two functions:

•breaks down complex food substances
•provides the very large surface area for maximum
absorption of food
The digestive system is adapted to the digestion and
absorption of food.

Why do we digest food?

We digest our food because nutrients such as proteins, fats and
carbohydrates are too large and insoluble so they can’t be
dissolved into the blood to reach our cells.

What happens to the digested food?

The products of digestion are used to build new carbohydrates,
lipids and proteins. Some glucose is used in respiration.
 Task 1: Label the digestive system:
Words to use:
Small Intestine
Liver
Anus
Large Intestine
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Oesophagus
Mouth
Rectum
Stomach

The digestive system is adapted to the digestion and absorption of food.

Region Function
Mouth Begins the digestion of carbohydrates
Begins the digestion of protein; small molecules such as
Stomach
alcohol absorbed

Continues the digestion of carbohydrate and protein;

Small intestine - Duodenum
begins the digestion of lipids

Completes the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins

Small intestine - Ileum into single sugars and amino acids; absorption of single
sugars, amino acids and fatty acids and glycerol

Large intestine Absorption of water; egestion of undigested food

Absorption
The surface of the small intestine wall is folded, and has projections called villi..
The epithelial cells that cover each villus themselves have projections called microvilli.
These all increase the surface area over which digested food – now simple molecules – is
absorbed.
Most of the digested food passes through the epithelial cells of the gut wall and is carried
by blood to the liver. Digested lipids pass through the gut wall and enter the lacteals.
Lesson 2 – Exam Questions
Lesson 3 – The role of proteins

What are Proteins?

Large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids
and are an essential part of all living organisms.

We get proteins from the food we eat. We digest the proteins in our
food so they are broken down into smaller amino acids. Our body uses
these small amino acids to make proteins that we need.
Proteins play many key roles in our body.
 Structure of Proteins:
Long chains of amino acids make proteins. The amino acids are also known as
monomers. The long protein is known as a polymer. Long protein chains folds
to make a specific 3D shape. The shape of proteins is very important for them
to work correctly.
Enzymes:
An example of this is Enzymes. Enzymes are
proteins that have a very specific shape to
help them do their job. Some chemical
reactions in our body happen too slowly on
their own.

For example when we digest food. Without

enzymes to help, this process would take too
long and we wouldn’t get the nutrients that
we need.
Enzymes speed a chemical reaction up. They
are a biological catalyst.

Enzymes have a specific shape, with a region

known as the active site. The active site
works in various ways, it’s designed to bring
two molecules closer together so they react.
But its specific shape means that it will only
interact with certain substrates that also
have the same shape. This is essential to the
enzyme being able to work.
The substrate is the molecule taking prt in
the chemical reaction, and fits into the
active site.

One enzyme is therefore specific to one substrate's chemical reaction, or type

of chemical reaction. Enzymes have a specific 3D structure.

This theory for the way in which enzymes work is called the lock and
key theory.
Task 1: Write down if the following statements are true or false:
1. Enzymes are made up of carbohydrate molecules.
2. Enzymes are biological catalysts.
3. The specially shaped region of an enzyme molecule is called
the active mouth.
4. Enzymes are non-specific.
5. Enzymes speed up the reactions.

Task 2: Fill In the gaps:

Enzymes are b………… catalysts - catalysts are substances that
i…………the rate of chemical reaction. Enzymes are p………… that are
folded into complex 3D shapes. The place where these substrate
molecules fit is called the A…….. S….

Digestive Enzymes:
Carbohydrases break down carbohydrates in several regions of the
digestive system. Most of the carbohydrate we eat is starch, so this
will be the main substrate in the early part of digestion for enzyme
action.
Proteases break down proteins in several regions of the digestive
system.
Lipases break down lipids in one region of the digestive system.
Additional Notes:
_____________________________________ https://www.yout
_____________________________________ ube.com/watch?v
_____________________________________ =6jz9WvfKDVc
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Exam Questions
Lesson 4 & 5 – Required Practical
Low temperature = low collision rate
between the enzyme and substrate.
Less collisions = less reactions!

Optimum temperature = the reaction goes at its

fastest rate! The optimum temperature for human
enzymes is 37oC

High temperature = The enzyme is DENATURED.

This means that the active site changes shape and
can no longer fit with the substrate. The enzyme
can’t function and the reaction stops. This is
irreversible.

Low pH = Enzyme is denatured. The shape of

the active site changes and the substrate can
no longer fit.

Optimum pH = normally this is pH7 but There

are some enzymes which like acidic conditions,
e.g. stomach enzymes which work at pH2.

High pH = Enzyme is denatured. The

shape of the active site changes and
the substrate can no longer fit.
Exam Questions
Lesson 6 – Circulatory System

https://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=bpYaKM2hVFY

• Your heart beats about 100,000 times a _____ and about 35

million times a ______.
• In an average ________ the heart pumps about 1 million
barrels of blood – 3 super tankers full.
• In 1 day blood travels 19000 ___
• The pressure the heart exerts as it contracts is about the
same pressure that you would need to exert to squeeze a
________ ball.
The structure of the heart

Blood from the body enters

the heart. Blood from the lungs enters
It gets pumped to the lungs the heart.
to collect oxygen. It gets pumped to the body to
deliver oxygen.

Aorta
The heart receives its own supply of
blood from the coronary arteries.

Two major coronary arteries branch

off from the aorta near the point where
the aorta and the left ventricle meet.
These arteries and their branches
supply all parts of the heart muscle
with blood.
Right Atrium
Blood is brought back to the heart via
the veins, where it arrives at the right
atrium.
The natural resting heart rate is
controlled by a group of cells located in
the right atrium that acts as a
pacemaker.

Right Ventricle
Blood is pumped from the right ventricle
to the lungs to be oxygenated.

Tricuspid Valve
As the Right Ventricle contracts, this
valve closes to prevent the blood being
pumped into the atrium, instead the
blood goes into the pulmonary artery.

Pulmonary Artery
Blood leaves the right ventricle via the
pulmonary artery. This is the only artery
in the body that carries deoxygenated
blood.

Pulmonary Valve
This valve stops blood that is being
pumped to the lungs flowing back into
the heart.
 Left Atrium
Oxygenated blood that is returning from
the lungs, arrives at the Left Atrium

Left Ventricle
Blood is pumped from the Left Ventricle
around the body.
The wall of the left ventricle is bigger
than that of the right as the left pumps
blood further and so needs a greater
force giving a higher pressure

Aorta
As the Left Ventricle contracts, this
valve closes to prevent the blood being
pumped into the atrium, instead the
blood goes into the Aorta.
The blood leaves the left ventricle
through the Aorta.

Label the diagram:

The circulatory system is an organ system composed of the heart, together with all of the blood
vessels and the blood.
Its function is to supply all of the cells with the food and oxygen that have been absorbed at the
exchange surfaces we have been looking at.

This allows the cells to continue to respire and perform the processes which keep you alive.
The heart forms the pump for this system, pumping the blood which is transporting the materials
we need and the waste products we need to get rid off.
The heart does a double pump because we have a
double circulatory system

The RIGHT side of the heart pumps deoxygenated

(low oxygen) blood to the lungs, where it picks up
oxygen.

The LEFT side of the heart pumps the freshly

oxygenated blood around the body to all of the cells
that require the oxygen.

The blood passes through the heart twice in order to

pass round both of these circulation systems.
Lesson 6 Exam Questions
Lesson 7 – Respiratory System

Starter:
Why do we need to respire?

Where does respiration occur?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aP
UPfzsqDgs

Label the diagram:

Key words:
• Alveoli
• Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Diaphragm
• Intercostal muscles
• Lung
• Rib
• Trachea
 The human respiratory system is adapted to allow air to pass in and
out of the body, and for efficient gas exchange to happen.
The lungs are enclosed in the thorax, surrounded and protected by
12 pairs of ribs. The ribs are moved by two sets of intercostal
muscles . There is a muscular diaphragm below the lungs. The lungs
are sealed within two airtight pleural membranes. These wrap
around the lungs and line the rib cage.
The trachea, or windpipe, branches into two bronchi – one bronchus to each
lung. Rings of cartilage in the walls of the trachea help to keep it open as air is
drawn in.
The bronchi split into smaller branches and then into smaller tubes called
bronchioles. Each bronchiole ends in a cluster of microscopic air sacs called
alveoli.

Watch the video and answer the questions below:

1- What happens when we breathe in?

Intercostal muscles-
https://www.bbc.co.uk
/bitesize/clips/zxsnvcw
Diaphragm-

2- What happens when we breathe out?

Intercostal muscles-

Diaphragm-

Gas Exchange:
• Gas exchange is the process in which oxygen and carbon
dioxide move between the lungs and the blood.
• It occurs in the alveoli. Through the process of diffusion
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the
blood capillary network that surrounds them, and the
alveoli.
The gases move in and out of the lungs by diffusion.

Diffusion is the process by where gases move from a high concentration to a low concentration:
Oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveoli into the blood.

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the

air in the alveoli.

Gas exchange occurs in tiny air sacs called the alveoli.

Oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the blood and is
carried to the cells to be used in respiration to create
energy from glucose.
Carbon dioxide, released as a waste product from
respiration diffuses from the blood into the lungs and is
breathed out.

The alveoli are adapted to make gas exchange in lungs

happen easily and efficiently.

Features of the alveoli that allow gas exchange:

• They have moist, thin walls (just one cell thick).
• They give the lungs a really big surface area.
• They have a lot of tiny blood vessels called capillaries
which constantly takes the oxygen to the muscles and
returns with carbon dioxide.

1. Where does gas exchange occur?

2. How are the alveoli adapted to allow gas exchange to occur?

3. What is the name of the process by which gases move in and out of the lungs?

4. Can you explain how this process works?

Lesson 7 – Exam Questions
Write down if the following statements are true or false:
1- Gas exchange occurs in tiny air sacs called alveoli.
2- Oxygen passes from the blood into the lungs and carbon dioxide passes from the lungs into the
blood.
3- The alveoli are specially adapted to allow gas exchange to occur quickly.
4- Gases move by the process of osmosis.
5- Diffusion occurs when gases move from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Lesson 8 – Blood
1. What are the four components of blood?

2. How is the red blood cell adapted for its function?

3. How is the white blood cell adapted for its function?

4. What sort of things are transported in plasma?

5. How do platelets work?

6. Describe how an artery is adapted to its function

7. Describe how a vein is adapted for its function

8. Describe how a capillary is adapted to its function

Exam Question
Lesson 9 – CHD

https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=5wSfCZESRH
U

Watch the video and answer the questions:

1- What is CHD?

2- What does CHD cause?

3- What symptoms might you experience with CHD?

Challenge – Name factors that may lead to a person developing CHD.

 Method for
How does it work? Advantages Disadvantages
treating CHD

Stents

Statins

Heart
Transplant

Nitrates

Heart valve
Replacement
Exam question
 Decide if the statements below are true or false.

1- Stents are metal grids which are placed inside the veins to keep them open.

2- The disadvantage to stents are that a layer of fat can build up over the stent.

3- Statins are drugs that are used to treat high cholesterol levels.

4- Statins have no side effects are 100% safe.

5- Heart valves cannot be replaced once they have become faulty.

Lesson 10 – Lifestyle
Starter Quiz:
Complete the how healthy are you quiz. Be honest in your answers!

Nutrition:
1. How many serves of fruit do you usually eat in a day, including fresh, canned and dried fruit?
a) none
b) one
c) two or more

2. How many serves of salad and vegetables do you usually eat in a day, including raw and cooked vegetables?
a) none
b) between one and three
c) four or more

3. How many snack foods – such as chips, chocolate or cake – do you usually eat in a day?
a) three or more a day
b) one to two a day
c) none

4. How many sugary drinks do you usually drink in a day, including cordial, fizzy drinks and fruit juice?
a) two or more a day
b) one to two a day
c) none

Physical activity:
5. How much moderate (breathing quicker than normal) or vigorous (huffing and puffing) exercise do you usually do
in a day
a) 0 - 30 minutes
b) 30 - 60 minutes
c) 60 minutes or more

6. How often do you walk, cycle, skateboard or ride a scooter to school?

a) never
b) sometimes
c) most days

7. How often do you spend time doing active things with your family (like playing at home, walking the dog, cycling
or swimming)?
a) never
b) once or twice a week or less
c) more than twice a week

8. How much time do you usually spend watching TV, playing computer games, reading or doing homework?
a) more than two hours a day
b) between one and two hours a day
c) no more than one hour a day
1.What four things improve both physical and mental health?

2.What is a well-balanced diet?

3.How much exercise does the NHS recommend people aged 5-18 take?

4.A small number of what can lead to cancer?

5.What can severe physical ill health lead to?

6.What is stress?

7.What is anxiety?

8.How does depression affect people?

Diseases can be grouped into 2 types:
Communicable diseases can be easily spread from person to person,
EG: coughing, body fluid.
• They are usually found in the form of bacteria and viruses.
• Some examples of communicable diseases are HIV and Aids, Flu,
Malaria, TB.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q
YWNXp36O48
Non- Communicable diseases are a group of specific conditions; which are not transferred
between people or other organisms

They often require long term treatment and care. They can be prevented by reducing
common risk factors such as our lifestyle choices.

Some examples of non- communicable diseases are Cancer, diabetes, lung diseases, CHD,
neurological disorders.
Other factors that can have major effects on physical and mental health include:
•diet
•lifestyle factors such as alcohol and other drugs
•stress
•situations that may occur in a person’s life

Task: Complete the mind map of risk factors which can

increase your chance of developing a non-communicable
disease.

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=H6DrSG_KQjo

Risk factors
Lesson 10 Exam Question
Lesson 11 – Cancer

Additional Notes: https://www.youtube.com/

watch?v=SGaQ0WwZ_0I
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
____________________________________
_________________________________________

There are around 200 types of cell in the human body. Many
of these can become cancerous.
There are more than 100 types of cancer. Types of cancer are
usually named for the organs or tissues where the cancers
form, but they also may be described by the type of cell that
formed them.
Cells in your body live for a different lengths of time:
• A red blood cell lives for about 4 months
• A white blood cell lives for about a year
• A skin cell lives for about 2 or 3 weeks
• Colon cells live for about 4 days
• Sperm cells live for about 3 days
• Some brain cells typically last an entire lifetime (neurons inhttps://www.youtube
the cerebral cortex, for example, are not replaced when .com/watch?v=-
they die.) OZAcSu3d8M
Because cells die we need to be able to make new ones.
Mitosis is a type of cell
division.

Mitosis occurs wherever more

cells are needed. It produces
two new cells that
are identical to each other,
and to the parent cell.

The process of growth and

division is called the cell cycle.

But sometimes this process goes wrong.

So the cell gets stuck in the

replicating stage and makes
more than one copy of itself.
This results in uncontrolled
growth can cell division.
The tumours come in 2 forms…
Benign Malignant
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How does cancer spread?
When cancer cells break away from a tumour, they can travel to other parts of
the body through the bloodstream or the lymph system.
(Lymph vessels are much like blood vessels, except they carry a clear fluid and
immune system cells.)

List the risk factors?

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

Additional Notes:
________________________________________________________
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Exam Questions
Lesson 12 – Plant Organs

Complete the table:

Plant Organs Function Specialisation

Flower

Stem

Root

Leaf
 Plant organs are made up of different tissues.
Photosynthesis takes place in the leaves of plants.
The plants use energy from the sun to join carbon dioxide and water to form
glucose (sugar). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2BR
1zdMBhY4
Watch the video and answer the questions.
Describe the following:
• Upper Epidermis: ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
• Palisade Mesophyll: ___________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
• Spongy Mesophyll: ____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
The leaves and the stem contains two important tissues, called
the XYLEM and PHLOEM.

Water travels from

roots to leaves up the
stem in the XYLEM.

Sugar travels from

leaves to shoots and
storage organs down the
stem in the PHLOEM.

Plants cells are different to animal cells in another way. Unspecialised stem cells in plants are
grouped together in structures called meristems. Meristem tissues are found at the growing
tips of shoots and roots.
Cells produced by meristems ensure that plants continue to
grow in height and width throughout their life. Animals stop
growing in size once they become adults.

Plant meristems divide to produce cells that increase the

height of the plant, length of the roots and girth of the stem.
They also produce cells that develop into leaves and flowers.
Label the diagrams
Lesson 12 – Exam Question
Lesson 13 – Plant Transport
Lesson 13 – Exam Questions
Lesson 14 – Active Transport

• Active transport involves the movement of a substance against a

concentration gradient and requires energy from respiration.
• Mineral ions can be absorbed by active transport into plant root hairs from
very dilute solutions in the soil.
• Sugar can be absorbed by active transport from the gut into the blood.
Words to use: Random, Gas, Partially permeable, small, dissolved. Low, alveoli, High
Fill in the blanks:

Particles in a liquid and a ____ are free to move around. They do so in ___________

directions. For the particles of a solid to move around freely, it must first be _____________ in

a liquid.

• Diffusion is the process by which particles move from an area where they are in ______

concentration to an area where they are in _____ concentration. An example of diffusion is

oxygen diffuses from the __________ into the blood.

• Osmosis is a special type of diffusion. It only applies to _________ molecules. It is the process

by which water molecules move from an area where they are in high concentration to an area

where they are in low concentration across a ____________ _________________ membrane.

• An example of a partially permeable membrane is the cell membrane, which controls what can

enter and leave the cell. It does this by having tiny pores in it which are only big enough for

__________ molecules to fit through.

• Living organisms rely on both these processes to get essential substances into cells and waste

substances out of cells.

We know that plants have to obtain minerals from the soil in order to function correctly, and water from the soil in
order to stay cool, do photosynthesis and maintain turgidity. To do this they must have an efficient mechanism for
absorbing water and minerals.

This is achieved by the cells on the surface of roots developing into root hair cells, which have a protrusion on
them, which gives them a large surface area for absorption.
This allows water to move into the roots by osmosis at a much faster rate.

Plants have to overcome a problem with getting minerals from the soil...

MINERALS

SOIL

ROOT HAIR CELL

The concentration gradient is the wrong way round for minerals to enter the root hair cell by diffusion (there is
a higher concentration inside the cell)

In order for the plant to continue to absorb minerals from the soil, it has to use a third type of transport
mechanism.
This is called active transport.
Active transport is the movement of dissolved substances e.g. ions and sugars, from an area of low concentration
to an area of high concentration, against a concentration gradient. This requires energy from respiration to power
OUTSIDE OF CELL
a series of "protein pumps" in the membrane of the cell.
1 2 3 4

CELL MEMBRANE

E E

CYTOPLASM OF CELL

This is a protein pump and it requires energy to

work
Lesson 14 – Exam Questions
Lesson 15 - Revision

I can… Tick
Name the levels of organisation from cell to organism
Describe the functions of all parts of the digestive system
Name 3 digestive enzymes, state where they are produced and which
substrates they act on
Describe the lock and key hypothesis of enzyme action
Explain how enzymes can be denatured
Describe how the heart works and explain why it is sometimes called
a double pump
Describe the process of breathing and explain how the lungs are
adapted for gas exchange
Name 3 types of blood vessels, state if they carry oxygenated or
deoxygenated blood and describe adaptations
Describe the functions of the 4 components of blood
Explain how coronary heart disease arises and describe how it can be
treated
Explain what cancer is and what the risk factors are
Give examples of plant tissues and organs and explain how they are
adapted to their function
Explain the process of transpiration
Know where translocation occurs
Synoptic knowledge required:
Label parts of the cell and explain their function
Describe and explain the processes of diffusion, active transport and
osmosis
Answers:
Lesson 1: Task 1:

Task 2:
Exam Questions
Lesson 2: Label the digestive system.

Exam questions:

1 ai) Capillary - 1 mark

(ii) diffusion – 1 mark

bi) Z – 1 mark
ignore any names

ii) Large/ increased surface/ area 1 mark

allow all food absorbed
OR to absorb more food
OR improved diffusion
 LESSON 3:
Task 1: Write down if the following statements are true or false:
1. Enzymes are made up of carbohydrate molecules. FALSE
2. Enzymes are biological catalysts. TRUE
3. The specially shaped region of an enzyme molecule is called the
active mouth. FALSE
4. Enzymes are non-specific. FALSE
5. Enzymes speed up the reactions. TRUE

Task 2: Fill In the gaps:

Enzymes are BIOLOGICAL catalysts - catalysts are substances that
INCREASE the rate of chemical reaction. Enzymes are PROTEINS that are
folded into complex 3D shapes. The place where these substrate
molecules fit is called the Active site.
proteins
catalysts nutrients

Amylase
proteins
Fatty acids

salivary pancreas
stomach intestine
pancreas

carbohydrase

amylase
 protease amino
acids

Lipase
bile
Lesson 4 & 5:
mino cids

nzymes atalysts

pecialised

ctive ite

energy

collisions

rate reaction

maximum

bonds

break shape

active site

slows stops
Exam questions:

x
x

same amount of fat / lipase / enzyme

kept for 24 hours or same length of time
temperature

c)
carry out experiments using more temperatures / smaller intervals
between 20 and 60 °C / around 40 °C
accept extra single temperature in range 20 °C – 60 °C but cannot be
20 °C, 40 °C or 60 °C
 X

enzyme works / not destroyed / not denatured / not damaged

do not accept enzyme not killed
accept any indication that the fat is digested
accept same as tube 3 / tube at 40 °C
accept optimum temperature / at or near body temperature
Lesson 67:

• Your heart beats about 100,000 times a _____

day and about
year
35 million times a ______.
• In an average ________
lifetime the heart pumps about 1 million
barrels of blood – 3 super tankers full.
• In 1 day blood travels 19000 ___
km
• The pressure the heart exerts as it contracts is about the
same pressure that you would need to exert to squeeze a
tennis ball.
________
Labels for the heart Diagram:
J= RIGHT VENTRICLE E= AORTA

K= RIGHT ATRIUM F= PULMONARY VEIN

L= VENA CAVA G= LEFT ATRIUM

M= PULMONARY ARTERY H= LEFT VENTRICLE

X= VALVE

Right atrium
Right ventricle

Carbon dioxide
Urea
Protein
Water
Hormones
C)
Lesson 7: Starter:
Why do we need to respire?
To provide energy for cell activity and functionality.

Where does respiration occur?

Respiration occurs in the mitochondria (to produce ATP).

Label the lungs diagram:

Trachea
Ribs

Alveoli
Bronchi

Bronchioles
Lung

Intercostal
Muscles Diaphragm
True or False:
1- Gas exchange occurs in tiny air sacs called alveoli. T
2- Oxygen passes from the blood into the lungs and carbon dioxide passes from the lungs
into the blood. F
3- The alveoli are specially adapted to allow gas exchange to occur quickly. T
4- Gases move by the process of osmosis. F
5- Diffusion occurs when gases move from a high concentration to a low concentration. T

Lesson 8: Blood

Red blood cells have adaptations that make them suitable for this:
1. they contain haemoglobin - a red protein that combines with
oxygen
2. they have no nucleus so they can contain more haemoglobin
3. they are small and flexible so that the can fit through narrow
blood vessels
4. they have a biconcave shape (flattened disc shape) to maximise
their surface area for oxygen absorption
LESSON 9:
1- What is CHD?
The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. These may become
blocked by a build-up of fatty plaques containing cholesterol, resulting in coronary
heart disease.
2- What does CHD cause?
If a coronary artery is blocked, the blood supply to part of the heart muscle is cut
off. That part of the heart cannot continue to contract, causing a heart attack.

3- What symptoms might you experience with CHD?

Difficulty breathing, pain from the heart,

Challenge – Name some contributing factors that may lead to a person developing
CHD. These include:
•poor diet – eating more saturated fat tends to increase cholesterol levels
•stress and smoking – increases blood pressure
•Lifestyle factors – lack of exercise
 Method for
How does it work? Advantages Disadvantages
treating CHD
Stents are metal grids
using stents are that
which are placed inside
they provide a quick layer of fat that
the coronary artery and
alternative to other causes CHD may
are used to keep it open.
Stents methods if the build up over the
This allows the blood to
disease is not too stent in the future.
keep flowing to the heart
serious.
muscle.
Drug that people with
Side effects such as
high cholesterol levels Provide a quick
liver and kidney
take. They help to reduce alternative to other
problems. Scientists
Statins the amount of cholesterol methods if the
also don’t know the
in the blood and slow disease is not too
long term affect of
down the amount that serious.
taking them for a
builds up in our blood
long time.
vessels.
procedure is
heart transplant is
complicated. The
that cardiovascular
Heart where a healthy donor body could reject the
disease is treated
Transplant heart is transplanted into donor heart and
completely and can
the patient. cause it to not work
restore health.
correctly. Infections
can also occur.
side effects can
include headaches
Relieves heart pain,
Nitrates and dizziness.
cause the arteries to dilate lowers blood
Need to medicine for
pressure.
rest of your life.

Biological valves may

Restore blood flow wear out. Blood clots
Heart valve through the heart. may stick to
Replacement heart valves
Replacement Less risk of mechanical valves -
to improve circulation of
complications in anti-blood clotting
blood
surgery than heart drugs need to be
transplant. taken which increase
risk of further illness.
1- Stents are metal grids which are placed inside the veins to keep
them open.
False
2- The disadvantage to stents are that a layer of fat can build up over
the stent.
True
3- Statins are drugs that are used to treat high cholesterol levels.
True
4- Statins have no side effects are 100% safe.
False
5- Heart valves cannot be replaced once they have become faulty.
False
Lesson 10:
Starter Quiz:
Answers for nutrition section:
If you answered mostly C's, well done! - you have a balanced diet full of nutrients.

But, if you answered mostly A's and B's - you need to eat more healthy foods.

Answers for physical activity section:

If you answered mostly C's, excellent! - you are currently leading an active life!

Mostly A's and B's - you need to be physically active!

1. A well-balanced diet, regular exercise, reducing stress and seeking
medical help for mental and physical difficulties
2. You have the correct amount of the key food groups
3. At least one hour of physical activity every day
4. Risk factors
5. Mental ill health
6. The feeling of being under too much mental or emotional pressure
7. A feeling of unease, which might be worry or fear
8. Some people feel sad or hopeless, others lose interest in things they
used to love
Diet choices-
Smoking-
Obesity, High
High blood pressure
cholesterol, Diabetes
High cholesterol
Cancers
Obesity-
Lack of Diabetes, High blood
exercise-
Risk factors pressure, High
Obesity, High cholesterol,
blood Genetic factors-
pressure, High blood pressure,
Diabetes obesity, High cholesterol,
Diabetes
Medication- High blood Alcohol consumption-
pressure Liver and brain disease;
High blood pressure
Lesson 11:
Benign Malignant
Abnormal growths of cells which are Abnormal growths of cells which can invade
contained in one area, usually within a neighboring tissues and spread to different
membrane. They do not invade other parts of the body where they form
parts of the body. secondary tumours.
List the risk factors:
• Smoking, Alcohol, Genetic disorders, Ionising radiation,
Environmental pollutants, Obesity, Age
 Lesson 12:
Plant Organs Function Specialisation
Often brightly coloured to
attract insects. Contains pollen,
Flower
Reproduction stigma and stamen for
reproduction

Contains 2 tube like structures

which carry water and food
Stem Support and contains the plants
through the plant
transport systems

Absorb water and mineral

Root Large surface area, root hairs
ions from the soil. They also
and large root network
anchor the plant into the soil.

Contain chlorophyll which

absorb sunlight for
Photosynthesis and gas
Leaf photosynthesis. Also have
exchange
pores where exchange of gases
for photosynthesis can occur.

Upper epidermis: protects the surface of the leaf and is transparent. Allows light to pass through.

Spongy mesophyll tissue is packed loosely for efficient gas exchange. The spongy mesophyll cells are covered by a
thin layer of water. Gases dissolve in this water as they move into and out of the cells.
The palisade mesophyll layer of the leaf is adapted to absorb light efficiently. The cells:
•are packed with many chloroplasts
•are column-shaped and arranged closely together
•towards the upper surface of the leaf

Palisade mesophyll cells

packed with chloroplasts
for lots of photosynthesis.

Spongy mesophyll air

spaces so CO2 and oxygen
Hole where can get in and out of cells.
gases can
diffuse in and
out (and water
can evaporate
through.)
Water travels from
roots to leaves up
the stem in the
XYLEM.
Sugar travels from
leaves to shoots and
storage organs down
the stem in the
PHLOEM.
Lesson 13:
Lesson 13:
 Lesson 14:
• Particles in a liquid and a gas are free to move around. They do so in random directions. For
the particles of a solid to move around freely, it must first be dissolved in a liquid.
• Diffusion is the process by which particles move from an area where they are in high
concentration to an area where they are in low concentration. An example of diffusion is
oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood.
• Osmosis is a special type of diffusion. It only applies to water molecules. It is the process by
which water molecules move from an area where they are in high concentration to an area
where they are in low concentration across a partially permeable membrane.
• An example of a partially permeable membrane is the cell membrane, which controls what
can enter and leave the cell. It does this by having tiny pores in it which are only big enough
for small molecules to fit through.
• Living organisms rely on both these processes to get essential substances into cells and
waste substances out of cells.

85

85 ÷ 100

0.85

It gives the roots a larger surface area

So they can absorb more water/ions
In diffusion substances move from high to low concentration
Here the conc in the cells is greater than the conc in the water

Active transport