PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED

CONCRETE DESIGN
CE 12
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF T - BEAMS
LECTURE 04
DESIGN and ANALYSIS OF T - BEAMS
DESIGN and ANALYSIS OF T - BEAMS
DESIGN and ANALYSIS OF T - BEAMS
EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH LIMITATION (Adopt the smallest)

𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑒

𝑡=ℎ
6ℎ 8ℎ 8ℎ
𝑏𝑤 𝑆1 /2 𝑆1 /2 𝑏𝑤 𝑆2 /2
𝑙𝑛 /12 𝑙𝑛 /8 𝑙𝑛 /8

𝑆1 𝑆2

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔

𝑙𝑛
DESIGN and ANALYSIS OF T - BEAMS CROSS SECTION POSIBILITIES
Determination of Type of Section 1. Positive Bending (midspan)
Design / Positive Bending Compression Zone
𝑏 𝑏
Assume the stress block acting on the entire flange
𝑏𝑒 0.85𝑓𝑐′

𝐶 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑒 (𝑡)
𝑑 − 𝑡/2 𝑡
𝑀𝑢 𝐹 = ɸ𝐶(𝑑 − )
𝐴𝑠 2

a.) If 𝑀𝑢 𝐹 ≥ 𝑑𝑒𝑠. 𝑀𝑢 , in order that 𝐶𝑎𝑝. 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑑𝑒𝑠. 𝑀𝑢

Wide Rectangular Beam True T-Beam
the final Stress block must be: 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡
Design the beam as Wide Rectangular Beam 2. Negative Bending (support)

b.) If 𝑀𝑢 𝐹 ≤ 𝑑𝑒𝑠. 𝑀𝑢 , in order that 𝐶𝑎𝑝. 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑑𝑒𝑠. 𝑀𝑢

the final Stress block must be: 𝑎 > 𝑡
Use Normal
Design the beam as a T - Beam Rectangular Section

𝑏
Example No.1 𝑏𝑒
Slab thickness, t =100 mm
𝑡=100mm
Effective depth, d =550 mm
Effective concrete cover d’ =65 mm
𝑑 = 550 = 𝑑𝑡
Web width, bw= 300 mm 𝐴𝑠
Beam spacing 2.0m on centers
Simple Span = 3.6 m. 𝑏𝑤 =300
Materials : Concrete fc’ = 28 MPa
Steel bar fy = 400 MPa a 𝑏𝑒 = 𝑏𝑤 +16𝑡 = 300 + 16(100)
The slab is casted monolithically with the beam and the steel = 1900 𝑚𝑚
bars will be placed in one layer only. Determine the following:
𝑆1 𝑆2 2000 − 300
a. The effective width of the slab (mm) acting as concrete = 𝑏𝑤 + + = 300 +
flange in the design of the beam for positive bending. 2 2 2
2000 − 300
b. The number of pcs. 0f 32 mm⊘ tension bars requires for +
2
the beam to resist a design moment of positive 600 kN-m
= 2000 𝑚𝑚
c. The number of pcs. 0f 32 mm⊘ tension bars requires for
the beam to resist a design moment of 1300 kN-m 𝑙𝑛 3600
= 𝑏𝑤 + = 300 +
4 4
d. The number of pcs. 0f 32 mm⊘ tension bars requires for
the beam to resist a design moment of negative 600 kN-m = 1200 𝑚𝑚
Example No.1 Assume actual depth of compression block ,a
b Assume the stress block acting on the entire flange
𝑎 𝑡=100mm
1200 𝑚𝑚
𝑡=100mm 𝑑 = 550 = 𝑑𝑡
𝐴𝑠
𝑑 = 550 = 𝑑𝑡
𝐴𝑠 𝑏𝑤 =300

𝑏𝑤 =300 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑀𝑢 = 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑀𝑢

′
𝑎
𝑡 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑀𝑢 = ɸ0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑒 (𝑎)(𝑑 − )
𝑀𝑢 𝐹 = ɸ𝐶(𝑑 − ) 2
2 6
𝑎
𝑡 600 × 10 = 0.9 [0.85(28)(1200)(𝑎)](550 − )
′
𝑀𝑢 𝐹 = ɸ0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑒 (𝑡)(𝑑 − ) 2
2 100 𝑎 = 44.219 𝑚𝑚
= 0.9 [0.85(28)(1200)(100)](550 − ) 𝐶=𝑇
2
𝑀𝑢 𝐹 = 1285.2 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 > 𝐷𝑒𝑠 𝑀𝑢 = 600 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏𝑒 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
0.85(28)(44.219)(1200) = 𝐴𝑠(400)
𝐴𝑠 = 3157.237
𝐴𝑠 3157.237
𝑁= = 2 = 3.9 = 𝑠𝑎𝑦 4 𝑝𝑐𝑠
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟 32 𝜋/4
Example No.1 Actual depth of compression block ,a
c Assume the stress block acting on the entire flange
𝑎 𝐶1 𝑡=100mm
1200 𝑚𝑚
𝐶2
𝑡=100mm 𝑑 = 550 = 𝑑𝑡 𝐶1 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑡𝑏𝑒
𝐴𝑠
𝐶2 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝑎 − 𝑡)𝑏𝑤
𝑑 = 550 = 𝑑𝑡
𝐴𝑠 𝑏𝑤 =300

𝑏𝑤 =300 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑀𝑢 = 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑀𝑢

𝑡 𝑡 (𝑎 − 𝑡)
𝑀𝑢 𝐹 = ɸ𝐶(𝑑 − ) 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑀𝑢 = ɸ𝐶1 𝑑 − + ɸ𝐶2 (𝑑 − 𝑡) −
2 2 2
𝑡 6
100
𝑀𝑢 𝐹 = ɸ0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑒 (𝑡)(𝑑 − ) 1300 × 10 = 0.9 [0.85(28)(1200)(100)](550 − )
2 2
100
= 0.9 [0.85(28)(1200)(100)](550 − ) 𝑎 − 100
2 + 0.9 [0.85(28)(300)(𝑎 − 100)](450 − )
2
𝑀𝑢 𝐹 = 1285.2 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 < 𝐷𝑒𝑠 𝑀𝑢 = 1300 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑎 = 105.148 𝑚𝑚
Example No.1 Actual depth of compression block ,a
c 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 =𝑇
′ 𝑎 𝐶1 𝑡=100mm
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑡𝑏𝑒
= 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝐶2
+ 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝑎 − 𝑡)𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 550 = 𝑑𝑡 𝐶1 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑡𝑏𝑒
𝐴𝑠
𝐶2 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝑎 − 𝑡)𝑏𝑤
0.85(28)(100)(1200)
= 𝐴𝑠(400)
𝑏𝑤 =300
+0.85(28)(105.148 − 100)(300)
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑀𝑢 = 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 = 7231.892
𝐴𝑠 7231.892 𝑡 (𝑎 − 𝑡)
𝑁= = 2 = 8.992 = 𝑠𝑎𝑦 9 𝑝𝑐𝑠 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑀𝑢 = ɸ𝐶1 𝑑 − + ɸ𝐶2 (𝑑 − 𝑡) −
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟 32 𝜋/4 2 2
6
100
1300 × 10 = 0.9 [0.85(28)100)(1200)](550 − )
2
𝑎 − 100
+ 0.9 [0.85(28)(𝑎 − 100)(300)](450 − )
2
𝑎 = 105.148 𝑚𝑚
Example No.1 𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.018966(400)
ω= =
d Negative Bending – Similar to Design SRB or DRB 𝑓′𝑐 28
1200 𝑚𝑚
ω = 0.270943
𝐴𝑠
ω
∅𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∅ 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑑 2 ω 1 −
1.7 0.270938
𝑑 = 550 = 𝑑𝑡 𝐷𝑒𝑠 𝑀𝑢 = 600 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 2
= 0.9 (28) (300) 550 (0.270938) 1 −
1.7
∅𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 520. 866 kN − m
𝑏𝑤 =300 𝑀𝑢 > 𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑅𝐵
1. Check if Singly or Doubly
2. Solve for As max /As1
𝑀𝑢 > ɸ𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑅𝐵
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.018966
𝑀𝑢 < ɸ𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑅𝐵 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑏𝑑
3 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽 𝑑𝑡
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥
8 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 0.018966 =
300(550)
3 0.85 28 0.85 𝐴𝑠1 = 3129.390 mm2
= (1)
8 400
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.018966
Example No.1
d 3. Solve for the Excess Moment, ФMn2
𝑀𝑢 = ɸ𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 + ɸ𝑀𝑛2
600 = 520.866 + ɸ𝑀𝑛2
ɸ𝑀𝑛2 = 79.134 kN − m
4. Solve for Additional Tension Reinforcement, As2
79.134 = ɸ𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )

79.134 × 106 = 0.9 𝐴𝑠2 (400)(550 − 65)

𝐴𝑠2 = 454.167 mm2

5. Solve for total tension reinforcement, As

𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 1 + 𝐴𝑠2
= 3129.390 mm2 + 454.167 mm2
𝐴𝑠 = 3583.557 mm2
𝐴𝑠 3583.557
𝑁= = 2 = 4.45 = 𝑠𝑎𝑦 5 𝑝𝑐𝑠
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟 32 𝜋/4
ANALYSIS OF T - BEAMS CROSS SECTION POSIBILITIES
Determination of Type of Section 1. Positive Bending (midspan)
Analysis / Positive Bending Compression Zone
𝑏 𝑏
Assume the stress block acting on the entire flange
𝑏𝑒 0.85𝑓𝑐′

𝐶𝐹 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑒 (𝑡)
𝑑 − 𝑡/2
𝐴𝑠 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠

a.) If 𝐶 𝐹 ≥ T, in order that 𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇

Wide Rectangular Beam True T-Beam
the final Stress block must be: 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡
Analyze the section as Wide Rectangular Beam 2. Negative Bending (support)

b.) If 𝐶 𝐹 < T, in order that 𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇

the final Stress block must be: 𝑎 > 𝑡
Use Normal
Analyze the section as a T - Beam Rectangular Section

𝑏
Example No.1 𝑏𝑒
Concrete beams 6.8 meters long and spaced 4 center to center
are used to support a concrete slab 115 mm thick constructed
𝑡=115mm
monolithically with the beams. The beams were designed fir
tension only in positive bending, having an effective depth of 𝑑 = 650 = 𝑑𝑡
650 mm measure from the slab surface and width of the web 𝐴𝑠
of 300 mm. Steel yield strength fy = 350 MPa and concrete
strength fc’ = 21 MPa. 𝑏𝑤 =300
a. Determine the width of the slab effective as T-beam, in mm?
a 𝑏𝑒 = 𝑏𝑤 +16𝑡 = 300 + 16(115)
b. Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the beam in kN- = 2140 𝑚𝑚
m if reinforced with six 28mm bars?
𝑆1 𝑆2 4000 − 300
c. Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the beam in kN- = 𝑏𝑤 + + = 300 +
m if reinforced with twelve 36mm bars arranged in 2 2 2
bundles?
4000 − 300
+
2
= 4000 𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑛 6800
= 𝑏𝑤 + = 300 +
4 4
= 2000 𝑚𝑚
Example No.1 Actual depth of compression block ,a
b Assume the stress block acting on the entire flange
𝑎 𝑡=115mm
2000 𝑚𝑚
𝑡=115mm 𝑑 = 650 = 𝑑𝑡
6 − 28
𝑑 = 650 = 𝑑𝑡
6 − 28
𝑏𝑤 =300

𝑏𝑤 =300 𝐶=𝑇
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏𝑒 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
𝐶𝐹 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑡𝑏𝑒
6 282 𝜋
0.85(21)(𝑎)(2000) = (350)
= 0.85(21)(2000)(115) 4
𝐶𝐹 = 4105500 N 𝑎 = 36.231 mm
𝐶𝐹 > 𝑇 𝑐 = 42.613 mm
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 Stress block must be: 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 0.003(𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐) 0.003(650 − 42.613)
6 282 𝜋 𝜀𝑡 = =
𝑐 42.613
𝑇= (350) = 1293079.536 N
4 𝜀𝑡 = 0.042761 > 0.005 Tension controlled
ϕ = 0.9
 𝑎 Actual depth of compression block ,a
ϕ𝑀𝑛 = ϕ𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦(𝑑 − )
2
6 × 282 𝜋 36.231 𝑎 𝑡=115mm
= 0.9 (350) 650 −
4 2
𝑑 = 650 = 𝑑𝑡
ϕ𝑀𝑛 = 735.375 kN − m 6 − 28

𝑏𝑤 =300

𝐶=𝑇
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏𝑒 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
6 282 𝜋
0.85(21)(𝑎)(2000) = (350)
4
𝑎 = 36.221 mm
𝑐 = 42.613 mm
0.003(𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐) 0.003(650 − 42.613)
𝜀𝑡 = =
𝑐 42.613
𝜀𝑡 = 0.042761 > 0.005 Tension controlled
ϕ = 0.9
Example No.1 Actual depth of compression block ,a
C Assume the stress block acting on the entire flange
𝑎 𝐶1 𝑡=115mm
2000 𝑚𝑚
𝐶2
𝑡=115mm 𝑑 = 650 = 𝑑𝑡 𝐶1 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑡𝑏𝑒
12 − 36
𝐶2 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝑎 − 𝑡)𝑏𝑤
𝑑 = 650 = 𝑑𝑡
12 − 36 𝑏𝑤 =300

𝑏𝑤 =300 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 = 𝑇
′ 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑡𝑏𝑒 + 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝑎 − 𝑡)𝑏𝑤 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
𝐶𝐹 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑡𝑏𝑒
4105500 + 0.85(21)(𝑎 − 115)(300)
= 0.85(21)(2000)(115)
𝐶𝐹 = 4105500 N 12 362 𝜋
𝐶𝐹 < 𝑇 = (350)
4
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 Stress block must be: 𝑎 > 𝑡 𝑎 = 146.667 mm
12 362 𝜋 𝑐 = 172.549 mm
𝑇= (350) = 4275077.283 N
4
 Actual depth of compression block ,a
0.003(𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐) 0.003(650 − 172.549)
𝜀𝑡 = =
𝑐 172.549 𝑎 𝐶1 𝑡=115mm
𝜀𝑡 = 0.008301 > 0.005 Tension controlled 𝐶2
ϕ = 0.9 𝑑 = 650 = 𝑑𝑡 𝐶1 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑡𝑏𝑒
12 − 36
𝐶2 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝑎 − 𝑡)𝑏𝑤
𝑡 (𝑎 − 𝑡)
ϕ𝑀𝑛 = ɸ𝐶1 𝑑− + ɸ𝐶2 (𝑑 − 𝑡) −
2 2 𝑏𝑤 =300

𝐶1 + 𝐶2 = 𝑇
115
ϕ𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 4105500 650 − 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑡𝑏𝑒 + 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝑎 − 𝑡)𝑏𝑤 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
2
+0.9 0.85 21 146.667 − 115 300 4105500 + 0.85(21)(𝑎 − 115)(300)
(146.667 − 115)
(650 − 115) − 12 362 𝜋
2 = (350)
4
𝑎 = 146.667 mm
ϕ𝑀𝑛 = 2267.494 kN − m
𝑐 = 172.549 mm