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THE DAILY OBSERVER
Tuesday,
ERIES DES
LECTUrdRE itSion)
October 17, GRA 13
(3 Ed guides:
dy
2023 12 & O
CSEC stu nguage
English La chnology,
Page 01 ALS ED
LUD
n Te
Informatio and History.
Spanish INC
ORDER YOUR COPY TODAY!

HARD WORK
PAYS
MONTEGO BAY, ST. JAMES: Dr.
John Pougue Biyong and his sister
Dr. Clemence Pougue Biyong
are from Cameroon. Dr. John
Pougue Biyong, who studied at
Oxford University, is also a model
and encourages students to work
hard to achieve their goals. The
siblings visited Jamaica for the 60th
birthday celebration of Attorney-at-
Law Clive Munroe in October 2023.
(Photo: Daniel Francis)

Online:
► English Language 3–5
► Mathematics 6 – 10
► Social Studies 11 – 14
► Information Technology 15 – 21
► Human and Social Biology 22 – 27
► Principles of Business 28 – 31
► Principles of Accounts 32 – 35
► Integrated Science 36 – 42
► English Literature 43 – 45

LECTURE SERIES (3rd Edition)

The most comprehensive collection of CSEC study guides: NOW
English Language and Information Technology, Spanish and History AVAILABLE
Available at JAMAICA OBSERVER LIMITED: • Kingston – (876)926-7655
• Ocho Rios – (876)795-3632 • Montego Bay – (876)979-2401 • Mandeville – (876)963-0515
Also available at bookstores islandwide.
 THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, October 17, 2023 Page 2

AROUND THE BALL

I R W I N , S T.
JAMES:
Irwin High’s
Fabian Grey
(right) tries
to get around
Maldon High’s
Kymani
McLean
during their
DaCosta Cup
Zone A game
at Irwin High
on September
27, 2023.
(Photo:
Joseph
Wellington)

PRODUCTION TEAM
EDITOR: Kesi Asher-Dawkins • ASSOCIATE EDITOR – DESIGN: Rorie Atkinson • GRAPHIC ARTIST / PAGINATOR: Patrick Allen

CONTRIBUTORS

ENGLISH LANGUAGE MATHEMATICS SOCIAL STUDIES INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Shawnette Myers-Lawrence Charyl Gordon-Brown & Akeem Wallace Charmaine Fuller-Wallace Shandeen Robinson-White

HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS INTEGRATED SCIENCE
Leroy Munroe – Treisa Cornwall Tedmore Clarke Michelle Smith-Henry

ENGLISH LITERATURE COMMUNICATION STUDIES (CAPE) CARIBBEAN STUDIES (CAPE) MGMT OF BUSINESS (CAPE)
Simone Gibbs Peta-Gaye Perkins – Novia James – Jerome Pitterson

WE WELCOME COMMENTS & SUGGESTIONS ►CALL: (876)936-9458 OR (876)401-7717 ►E-MAIL: [email protected]

 THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, October 17, 2023 Page 3

JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continued from previous page

Lesson 06

EXPOSITORY WRITING (AN

INTRODUCTION)

Hello everyone. listeners have no prior knowledge of the topic that

We are over the mid-term hump! they are giving information on.
As you may be aware, the Christmas term is the
FORMS OF EXPOSITION
longest school term in the school year. It gives
students or anyone preparing to sit the examination On the English Language examination you will
in January or June an extensive stretch, which if be given one compulsory question to answer in
used wisely can help said persons make significant the expository writing section. That question will
progress in their examination preparation. I hope require you to write any ONE of the following:
you are sticking to your schedules and practising 1. Expository Essay
your writing at every chance you get.
2. Business Letter
In today’s lesson, we will begin examining a new
writing topic and that is Expository Writing, which 3. Report
is assessed in Section B of the English Language
examination. We will spend some time on this 4. Memorandum
topic as there are several areas related to it, but
5. Email
today we will answer the following questions:
1. What is exposition? 6. Notice

2. What are the forms of exposition?

You may be wondering, what do any of these
3. What is the difference between facts and
topics, with the exception of the expository essay,
opinions?
have to do with giving factual information? Well,
4. What are organizational patterns? that is a fair question. Let us take a closer look.
There are several types of business letters
5. How is expository writing assessed? namely:
1. Letters of Complaint
EXPOSITION
2. Letters of Request
Expository Writing is the type of writing that
requires the writer to give factual information 3. Letters of Apology
about a topic or an issue. The writer presenting
the information should assume that the readers or
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4. Letters of Application 4. Using your own experience and knowledge

What type of information do we generally put 5. Interviewing a person

in these types of letters? For example, if you
are making a formal complaint, wouldn’t you be
required to give the FACTS of the situation or Let’s now take a look at some examples of
the circumstances that led to you making that those signal words and phrases being used in
complaint? If your answer is yes, you are on the the sentence fragments that often precede a
right track. statement of fact or opinion:
Let us consider another example. If you are writing
a letter of application, you would be required to FACT
give certain FACTS that your potential employer ● The annual report confirms…
would need to know to decide if you eligible for the ● Scientists have recently discovered…
post for which you are applying? ● According to the results of the tests…
Whether you are writing a business letter, report, ● The investigation demonstrated…
email, memorandum or a notice, you are required
to present information that is factual. In the lessons
to come we will take a closer look at each of these OPINION
topics. ● He claimed that…
FACTS V.S. OPINIONS ● It is the officer’s view that…
● The report argues that…
Since you will be required to present factual ● Many scientists suspect that…
information in an expository piece, it is important
to know what a fact is and it is also important to As we can see from the above examples, the
understand the differences between facts and language used to introduce a statement can be
opinions. helpful in indicating whether it is being framed as
A fact is a statement that you can prove to be a fact or an opinion.
true. Evidence, which takes the form of facts, It is important for you to understand too that things
statistics or examples, can be tested for their are not always as they appear to be. At times,
truth. For example, if you observe an incident writers, whether consciously or not, will frame
as an eye-witness and report the actual details, opinions as facts and vice versa. This is why it is
you are giving factual information. However, an important that you develop a clear understanding
opinion is a belief, a feeling or a judgement about of what constitutes a fact and an opinion, and
something. Unlike a fact, it cannot be verified or are afforded sufficient opportunities to practise
proven. However it can be supported by facts. distinguishing between the two.
You may verify facts by:
1. Checking the information in an original doc- ORGANISATIONAL PATTERNS
ument Information can be presented or organised
2. Getting confirmation from an expert in different ways. The various ways in which

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information can be organised are called

ACTIVITY
Organisational Patterns. The diagram below
will help you better understand the different Instructions:
organisational patterns. Examine each of the following statements
carefully and decide if it is a fact or an opinion.

ASSESSMENT
1. Changes in weather patterns around the
For an expository piece, a student may receive a world are a result of global warming.
maximum of thirty marks. The marks are divided
as follows: 2. Kangaroos are commonly found in Africa.

CONTENT - 10 MARKS 3. Some Caribbean countries have

ORGANISATION -10 MARKS participated in previous world cup football
EXPRESSION - 10 MARKS competitions.

The allocation of marks to each area should help 4. Marcus Garvey was a famous Caribbean
you see that unlike all other sections of the paper, personality who inspired many people.
equal weighting is placed on content, expression
and organisation. In your writing therefore, 5. Sports persons across the Caribbean play
you have to ensure the question is thoroughly professionally overseas in a number of
addressed, the piece is organised cohesively and sporting disciplines.
the diction and grammar adhere to the established
rules of the English language. 6. In most Caribbean countries, Standard
English is the official language.
To conclude, all the topics on the English
Language examination, especially expository 7. From the beginning, the journey promised
writing, will benefit you in practical ways. At some to be exciting and interesting though full of
point you may need to apply for a job or you may challenges.
be asked to write a memorandum, and in today’s
world we all need to write emails whether they are Take care until next week/
formal or informal ones. I am confident that the
skills you will gain over the upcoming weeks will
help you demonstrate mastery of this topic and Resource: English for All: Book Three by Roy
will benefit you in your academic and professional Narinesingh with Bhadase Seetahal-Maraj
pursuits. Toni-Shae Walker-Williams
Teacher of English at St. Hugh’s High School
Join me next week when we delve into writing the  Email address:
expository essay. Until then, the activity below will [email protected]
reinforce one of the areas discussed in today’s
lesson.
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Lesson 06

SIMPLE INTEREST
AND COMPOUND INTEREST

Hello Readers,

This lesson we look at Simple Interest and Compound Interest. The formula we use to calculate simple interest
is given below. It is important to note that the formula only gives the interest earned over the period. You have to
add the interest to the principal in order to determine the accumulated value.

SIMPLE INTEREST

In each case, as with any worded problem, it is best that you first extract all the information from the question
before you attempt to solve

EXAMPLES

1. Determine the simple interest earned when $100000 is invested for 5 years at 12% per annum

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2. Determine the amount accumulated when $500000 is invested at 2.5 percent per annum for 3 years.

2.5 percent can also be written as 5/2.

Note the change in both the numerator
and denominator

3. What is the interest earned when $120000 is invested for 6 ½ years at 3% per annum

Note that 6 ½ years

is converted to a fraction and written as 13/2
Hence the 13 is in the numerator
and the denominator becomes 200 i.e. 100 x 2

4. Given that $650 was earned on an investment after a period of 5 years where the rate was 10 % per annum,
determine the amount of the investment.

SOLUTION: SI = $650, Time = 5 years, and Rate = 10%

Method A:

Method B:

5. Determine the rate of interest given that at the end of 7 years, the interest earned on $250000 was $29750

SOLUTION: SI = $29750, Time = 7 years, Principal = $250000 and Rate = ?

Method A:

Method B:

6. For how long would I need to invest $50000 in order to double my investment given that the rate of interest is
12 ½ % per annum

SOLUTION: SI = $50000, Time = ?, Principal = $50000 and Rate = 4 %

Method A:

Method B:

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COMPOUND INTEREST

The formula below is used to find the accumulated value at the end of the investment period.

EXAMPLE 1: Determine the value of an investment at the end of two years given that $65 000 is invested at 6%
compound interest p.a.

SOLUTION: A = $65 000(1 + 0.06)2

A = $65 000(1.06)2

A = $65 000 x 1.1236

A = $73 034

Often you may be asked to calculate the interest earned rather than the accumulated value. You have two options:

Option A: Calculate the interest earned each year then find the total interest

Option B: Calculate the accumulated value then subtract the principal

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EXAMPLE 2: Determine the interest earned when $50 000 is invested over three years at 12% per annum
compound interest.

Charyl Gordon-Brown is on the staff of The Manning’s School.

 E-mail: [email protected]
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Lesson 06

CREDIT UNIONS

OBJECTIVES: BENEFITS OF CREDIT UNIONS TO CONSUMERS

IN THE REGION
This week’s lesson will cover:
✔ Answers to last week’s questions. A credit union has a lot of benefits for its members.
✔ Benefits of credit unions to consumers in
the region. ► Members of a credit union receive dividends
✔ Characteristics of a credit union. on his or her shares.
✔ Reasons it is safer to save with a credit ► The credit union’s success depends on its
union. members’ cooperation and support.
► Members of a credit union have shares in the
CREDIT UNIONS company and can vote to influence their credit
union policies.
A credit union is a member-owned financial
► Profits made by credit unions are given back
cooperative or economic institution that is formed,
to members in the form of lower interest on
owned, and controlled by its members. Members
loans, higher savings, and reduced fees.
of a credit union share a common bond, such as
► Credit union members are able to earn more
residence of the same community.
on their savings from higher interest rates,
because interest rates on deposits are usually
CHARACTERISTICS OF A CREDIT UNION lower than the market rate.
 Credit unions are created and maintained by ► Credit union members develop a sense of
its members who have shares in the company. ownership as they can hold positions on
 Credit unions offer their members a number various committees. This will help them to
of banking services such as savings deposits, acquire business and leadership management
and credit and debit cards. skills.
 Credit unions accept deposits by members ► Members of a credit union can obtain loans
called shares. Members, in turn, indirectly lend at a lower interest rate than other financial
this money to other members who request a institutions because interest is calculated on
loan.
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the monthly unpaid balance instead of the total 1) All of the following are government-
amount borrowed. sponsored consumer protection
agencies EXCEPT:
REASONS WHY IT CAN BE CONSIDERED SAFE TO a) The Bureau of Standards
SAVE WITH A CREDIT UNION b) The Jamaica Defence Force
c) The Fair Trading Commission
It is relatively safe to save with a credit union d) The Consumer Affairs Protection
because:
▼ The records of a credit union are inspected 2) All of the following are functions of
regularly by officers of the credit union. government consumer protection
▼ The credit union is by law required to agencies EXCEPT:
have money put aside as a protection for
members’ savings. a) Address consumer complaints.
▼ Not everyone gets to borrow from the b) Monitor and regulate business
Credit Union. Loans are approved for activities.
members who are in good standing only. c) Educate consumers about their
▼ The risk experienced by credit unions rights and responsibilities.
is reduced because loans are usually d) Allow business owners to certify the
secured. If unsecured, members will have safety of certain products.
to prove that they are in a stable job.
3) All of the following are roles of the Fair
GOVERNMENT PROTECTION AGENCIES AND THEIR Trading Commission EXCEPT:
FUNCTIONS a) Educating consumers about their
rights and responsibilities.
Government ministries such as the Ministry b) Receiving, investigating, and
of Industry, Investment and Commerce and resolving consumer conflicts.
agencies such as the Bureau of Standards and c) Safeguarding and protecting the
Consumer Affairs Commission, are responsible interest of business enterprises
for protecting consumers and implementing only.
consumer protection agencies. d) Regulating the rate changes and
standard of service of public utility
ACTIVITY #1: MULTIPLE CHOICE companies such as Jamaica
Public Service, National Water
Instruction: Read each question or answer Commission, and telephone
choice below and select the best response companies.

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b) Controlling and monitoring the price

4) All of the following are roles of the of goods and services.
Bureau of Standards EXCEPT: c) Ensuring businesses use
a) Issues guidelines for the labeling accurate weighing and measuring
and packaging of goods. instruments.
b) Tests goods for quality and safety d) Frequent inspection of businesses
and certifies which goods are to ensure sanitation levels are being
acceptable and which are not. maintained.
c) Issues guidelines on the amount,
quality, and types of materials 7) Which of the following are ways in
that manufacturers should use in which preference for foreign goods
their products to meet the required and services may affect the sustainable
standard. development of the region?
d) Train consumers on how to
determine whether a product is of i. Businesses may lose their share of
good quality. the regional market.
ii. A business may experience a
5) The Bureau of Standards issues decrease in the production of goods
guidelines for how to label and package
and services due to lack of customer
goods. The guidelines include:
support.
a) Health risks associated with the use iii. Unemployment and
of the product. underemployment may increase as
b) Name and address of the a result of closure and or downsizing
manufacturer and customer. of businesses.
c) Brand name of the product. iv. Consumers may have difficulties
d) The name and address of the affording the basic necessities of
business consumer complaints life, which may result in a decline in
department where consumers can people’s standard of living.
file a complaint.
a) ii, iii, and iv only
6) Consumer protection agencies can b) i, ii, iii, and iv only
protect consumers by doing all of the
c) ii, iii, iv, and v only
following EXCEPT:
d) All of the above
a) Ignoring customer complaints
resulting in them not getting
redressed in a timely manner.
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8) ALL of the following are benefits of being b) Withdrawal

a member of a credit union EXCEPT: c) Banking
a) Excess earnings are divided among d) Deposit
its members.
12) An individual debt situation can be
b) Credit unions charge fees when a
made worse if the person misuses his/
withdrawal is made. her _________.
c) Excess earnings of the credit union
are used to reduce fees and interest a) Savings
rates for members. b) Credit card
d) Credit union members are c) Debit card
encouraged to spend regularly so d) Chequing account
as to develop a habit of being thrifty.
13) This is the unauthorised use of a credit
card, cell phone, or bank account or
9) Which of the following is a characteristic the misuse of someone’s personal
of a Credit Union? information to get a loan, open a new
a) Credit unions are maintained by account, etc.
employees and employers.
a) Thrifty
b) Interest rates on deposits are usually
b) Technology
lower than the market rate.
c) Identity Theft
c) Members of the credit union receive
d) Transactions
interest on their shares.
d) A credit union operates in the same
14) If a business fails to satisfy consumers,
way as a bank.
the business may do all of the following
EXCEPT:
10) M o s t ______________require
consumers to share personal
information which can be stolen and a) Lose money as a result of loss of
misused. sales
b) Lose consumers
a) Cheques c) Forced to close
b) Cash transactions d) Increase sales
c) Debit cards
d) Electronic transactions
15) Which one of the following is done by
11) Another name for E-banking is Identity Thieves?
_________.

a) Electronic banking
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i. Trick consumers into giving them their iv) Seeking legal advice if unsure
personal information through emails or of the explanations of the terms
of a contractual arrangement/
telephone by pretending to be government
agreement.
or business representatives.
ii. Steal consumer’s email in order to obtain
bank, credit card, and tax information. a) All of the above
iii. Break into persons’ homes or cars and steal b) i, ii, and iii only
documents or cards that contain personal
c) i, ii, and iv only
information.
d) ii, iii and iv only

a) i and ii only
b) i and iii only 18) Which of the following are factors that
c) i, ii, and iii hinder the Sustainable Development of
d) None of the above the Region

16) The term ____________ generally i. Shortage of investment capital

refers to products that are assembled, ii. Investing in overseas goods instead of
completed, or manufactured entirely in local and regional goods
another country. iii. Consumers should increase the use of
toxic materials which cause damage to
a) Inflation the country’s ecosystem.
b) Depreciation iv. Consumers should reduce their support
c) Foreign goods of the local and regional tourism industry
d) Exchange rate by vacationing internationally.
v. Adoption of a more frivolous lifestyle in
17) Consumers can protect themselves from order to ensure the Caribbean region
unfair trading practices by doing which of
has a healthier and more productive
the following_______:
workforce.
i) Purchasing only good quality
products. a) ii, iii, and iv only
ii) Keeping receipts as proof of b) i, ii, iii, and iv only
purchase of an item in case it has to c) ii, iii, iv, and v only
be returned.
d) All of the above
iii) Reading warranties and hire
purchase agreements before
purchasing an item and also before
signing contracts.
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19) Which of the following are actions that price of the good and the terms and
consumers may take if their local retailer conditions of the agreement.
sells an item above the recommended
government-controlled price. a) Hire Purchase
b) Purchasing
i. Consumers can refuse to buy the item.
c) Sale of Goods
ii. Inform other consumers about the price
d) Trading
violation.
iii. Let the retailer know the officially
recommended price. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
iv. Inform the Consumer Affairs 1 B 6 A 11 A 16 C
Commission about the price violation. 2 D 7 D 12 B 17 A
3 C 8 B 13 C 18 D
a) ii, iii, and iv only 4 D 9 B 14 D 19 D
b) i, ii, iii, and iv only 5 B D 15 C 20 A
c) ii, iii, iv, and v only
Have a great week!!
d) All of the above

20) The ________________ Act stipulates Charmaine Fuller-Wallace.

that the consumer must be given  E-mail: [email protected]
information about the cash and credit
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Lesson 06

INTRODUCTION TO SBA &

PRODUCTIVITY TOOLS

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

 Use appropriate document formatting features.

 Use appropriate editing features to structure and organise a document.

ll students should have practical exposure to the applications of Information Technology in order

A to narrow the gap between Caribbean and developed nations. Consequently, this programme
of study in Information Technology promotes the development of computer-related skills and
encourages the development of analytical and design skills which are applicable in all subject areas,
the work environment and the wider society. CXC IT Syllabus rationale, pg1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2W0T2qGZ9Dc
– Office 365 tools in 6 mins

Office 365 by Microsoft are online productivity tools that allow

for collaboration. Check them out! Very easy to use and can be
accessed from anywhere.

The productivity tools will be used to complete your School

Based Assessment (SBA). The SBA component will comprise
a practical project testing Section 4, Word-Processing and Web
Page Design; Section 5, Spreadsheets; Section 6, Database
Management; Section 7, Problem-Solving and Program Design; and Section 8, Program Implementation
of the syllabus.

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The Project will carry 50 marks which will account for 25 per cent (25%) of the final grade. This 50 marks
will be distributed as follows: 10 for Word-Processing; 5 for Web Page Design; 10 for Spreadsheets;
10 for Database Management; and 15 for Problem-Solving. The project will be marked by your teacher
in accordance with CXC® guidelines and the marks should be submitted to CXC®. The assignment
should be administered as specified in the instructions contained in the Guidelines to the Conduct of
the SBA, on pages 31–42.

RECOMMENDED SOFTWARE

For the purposes of illustration and demonstration in these lessons, I will be using Microsoft Office
2016.

Here are 2 links to get you started with this week’s lesson:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zw632OQfyh0
– Office 365 Word tutorial
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbXL3rAGi5I
– Word processing features 2:04 mins

ACTIVITY 1
What are some uses of a Word processor?
A: Some uses include:
- creating documents such as letters, brochures, learning activities, tests, quizzes and
students’ homework assignments.

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- help to create resumes, notes, and assignments.

- you can create books, articles, and newsletters

- create edit, transcribe, and convert PDF documents.

MICROSOFT WORD DESKTOP

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You need to get familiar with the desktop area, and the tools available.

INTRODUCTION TO WORD PROCESSING

Most people are familiar with word processing packages such as Microsoft Word (part of the Open
Office suite).

Standard features
All word processing applications allow you to:
► enter and edit text
► save
► print
► cut/copy/paste
► check your spelling

Text formatting
Formatting text makes a document easier to read. You can:
► change font type and size
► change the alignment of text (left, centre, right or justified)
► bold text
► underline text
► italicise text
► create bulleted or numbered lists

Other features
Other features that may be expected include find and replace, which replaces one word with another,
and the ability to import graphics, e.g. from a clip art library. Headers and footers and page numbering
are also very useful.

ACTIVITY 2
A newspaper classified sales clerk writes down this advertisement over the phone:

Laptop for sale, Intel Pentium M 760 Processor 2.0 GHz, 512MB memory, 80GB
hard disk. £225. Excellent condition. Phone John Smith 417639.

Describe five different features of a Word Processing package you could use to
improve this advert.

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ANSWER

► Frame the advert.

► Centre the text.
► Import photos of the laptop or use Clip Art.
► Use different font sizes for important words.
► Make bullet points to list the features clearly.
► Bold and/or colour key words to make them stand out.

ONLINE QUIZ:
Here is a link to an online quiz on WORD PROCESSING and DESKTOP PUBLISHING
that you should complete:
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zjg9q6f/test - word processing

ACTIVITY: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Here are some sample multiple choice questions on Word processing. Read each question carefully
and then select the best option.

1. A typist wants to change many occurrences of one word to another. The

most efficient way to do this is to:
(a) produce a macro
(b) use the search and replace facility
(c) change the template
(d) change the style

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(d) cut and paste

2. A word processor lets you create a standard
combination of text features such as font,
size and colour. This combination can then 6. In which view are Headers and Footers visi-
be applied to any text. This is called a: ble?

(a) template (a) Normal View

(b) macro (b) Page Layout View

(c) style (c) Print Layout View

(d) format (d) Draft View

3. An advantage of using off-the-shelf software 7. The process of removing an unwanted part

is it: of an image is called
(a) is specially adapted to your requirements (a) Hiding
(b) requires no customising (b) Bordering
(c) is easy to contact the programmer for help (c) Cropping
(d) is available immediately (d) Cutting

4. Which of these is an example of generic soft- 8. To apply center alignment to a paragraph we

ware? can press
(a) atmosphere modelling
(a) Ctrl + S
(b) insurance premium calculator
(b) Ctrl + C
(c) a word processor
(c) Ctrl + C + A
(d) traffic light control
(d) Ctrl + E

5. When using a word processor, a mouse

cursor is positioned over an item and then 9. The space left between the margin and the
moved while holding down the left button. start of a paragraph is called
The button is then released. This is called:
(a) Spacing
(a) drag and drop
(b) Gutter
(b) point and click
(c) Indentation
(c) search and replace

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

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JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continued from previous page

(d) Alignment
2. Make sure you identify and understand
thoroughly everything that
your teacher and I emphasise.
10. Text-styling feature of MS word is
Pay particular attention to fundamental
(a) WordColour terms and concepts that describe important
events or features, or that tie related ideas
(b) WordFont and observations together. These are the
items that most commonly appear on multiple
(c) WordArt choice exams.
(d) WordFill
3. As you study your class notes and your
assigned readings, make lists and tables.
Concentrate on understanding multi-step
processes, and on ideas, events, or objects
that form natural sequences or groupings.
TIPS ON TAKING MULTIPLE CHOICE TESTS: Look for similarities and differences that might
be used to distinguish correct choices from
distracters on an exam.

4. The Observer Information Technology

booklet, 3rd edition, highlights vocabulary and
key definitions, be sure that you understand
them.

Do not simply memorise the

book’s definitions. Examiners
will rephrase things in their
To prepare for a multiple choice exam, consider own words as they write exam
the following steps: questions, so you must be
sure you really know what the
definitions mean.
1. Begin studying early
5. Brainstorm possible questions with several
Multiple choice exams tend to focus on other students who are also taking the subject.
details, and you cannot retain many details Practise on sample questions in this lecture
effectively in short-term memory. If you learn series, and past papers.
a little bit each day and allow plenty of time
for repeated reviews, you will build a much
more reliable long-term memory.

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JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continued from previous page

SUGGESTED RESPONSES Shandeen Robinson-White is formerly affiliated

1. B 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. A with Maths Unlimited and Hillel Academy in
Kingston. Her email is teacherrobwhite@hotmail.
6. C 7. C 8. D 9. C 10. C com.

We will stop here for this week. Next week we will

be looking at how to complete mail merge. Keep
reading, researching and revising!
Take care, be safe and stay in touch! Shandeen Robinson-White is affiliated with
Maths Unlimited and Hillel Academy.
Word to the wise True wisdom means know-  E-mail: [email protected]
ing that you truly never know
everything.
 THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, October 17, 2023 Page 24

Lesson 06

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS CELLS

At the end of this lesson Substances tend to move towards a region

students should be able to: where there are few of them. This movement is
considered to be downhill because it does not
I. Explain passive transport
require cellular energy (ATP), as opposed to
II. Define diffusion, osmosis and active active transport that requires energy. Passive
transport transport utilises kinetic and natural energy to
drive the movement of the substance. Even
III. Explain the effects of osmosis on plant though the process does not require energy, it
cells requires cell membrane proteins, which are called
IV. Give examples of osmosis, diffusion carrier proteins, to carry the molecules across the
cell membrane from higher to lower concentration.
and active transport in the human body
and in plants.
DIFFUSION
In order to sustain life, substances need to be
transported into, out of and between our cells. The Diffusion can be defined as the net movement
cells need useful substances such as oxygen and of substances, such as ions and molecules,
nutrients. The cells also need to get rid of harmful from an area or region of high concentration to
waste products such as carbon dioxide and move an area or region of low concentration along a
chemicals that are needed elsewhere in the body. concentration gradient, until everything is evenly
In all living organisms, dissolved substances distributed. Diffusion occurs when particles are
move in and out of cells across the cell membrane free to move. It is a process of passive transport
in three different ways. These processes are in which molecules move from an area of higher
diffusion, osmosis and active transport. concentration to one of lower concentration.
A concentration gradient is a region of space over
PASSIVE TRANSPORT. which the concentration of a substance changes
and substances will naturally move down their
Passive transport is a form of cellular transport, gradients, from an area of higher to an area of
in which substances such as ions an molecules lower concentration. The two types of passive
move down their respective concentration transport are diffusion and osmosis. All living cells
gradient. These substances tend to move depend on diffuion to stay alive.
from an area of high concentration to an area
of low concentration. JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
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JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continued from previous page

Each cell within our body depends on oxygen ● movement of carbon dioxide and waste out
and other substances to survive, hence oxygen of the cells into the blood capillaries.
diffuses from a high concentration in the blood
to a low concentration in the cells. On the other ● the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon
hand, carbon dioxide produced in the cells dioxide) during respiration in the cells
diffuses from a high concentrationin in the cells (cellular respiration).
to a low concentration in the blood stream. Our ● the movement of oxygen and dissolved food
cell membrane is permeable to substances molecules from the blood to the cells.
such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, glucose
molecules, and ions, meaning our cell membrane ● absorption of food nutrients from the small
allows these substances to diffuse across it easily. intestine to the capillaries of the villi in the
small intestine.
We are familiar with diffusion of substances
through the air. If someone is cooking food in a ● The liver breaks down excess amino
kitchen, the smell begins to spread through the acids, caused by too much protein in
house, and everyone will eventually smell the the diet. This produces urea which is
meal being cooked for dinner. This is due to the a toxic substance. Urea diffuses from a
diffusion of the aroma or molecules through the air, high concentration in liver cells to a lower
from an area of high concentration in the kitchen concentration in the bloodstream.
to and area of low concentration in the house.
Example of diffusion in plants
Think about someone opening a bottle of perfume
in a room filled with people. The perfume is at its ● the movement of carbon dioxide into the
highest concentration in the bottle and is at its stomata of leaves `
lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume ● the movement of oxygen out of the leaves’
vapours will diffuse, or spread away, from the stomata and lenticels of the leaves.
bottle, and gradually, more and more people will
smell the perfume as it spreads. OSMOSIS
Another good example of diffusion is food
colouring. If you place a drop of red food colouring Osmosis is the passive transport of water
in a beaker of water eventually the entire beaker molecules only. This process occurs without
of water will have a red tint. The food colouring the expenditure of energy. During osmosis
moved through the water from an area of high the water molecules move downhill similar to
concentration to an area of low concentration until diffusion, meaning they move from higher to lower
it was evenly distributed throughout the water in concentration. Osmosis is the net the movement
the beaker. of solvent (water molecules) from a region or area
of high concentration to a region or area of low
Examples of diffusion in the human body concentration across a selectively permeable
and plants include: membrane or partially permeable membrane.
It can also be defined as the movement of
● Gaseseous exchange in the alveoli of the
water molecules from a dilute solution to a
lungs – oxygen from the air moves from
more concentrated solution through a partially
a high concentration in the air to a low
permeable or semi-permeable membrane.
concentration in the blood and carbon
dioxide moves from a high concentration in
the blood to a low concentration to the air. JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
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Without this element it cannot be considered to You would have observed that the strip placed
be osmosis. During osmosis water molecules in the tap water become hard and stiff or turgid.
spread out so that it is even or equal in Outside the potato has a higher concentration of
concentration everywhere. water and inside the cell has a lower concentration
of water hence, the water moves from outside the
Osmosis is a special type of diffusion. It is the cell to inside the cell by the process of osmosis.
diffusion of water molecules only and not the The pressure inside the cell rises; eventually the
substances dissolved in water. Water molecules internal pressure of the cell is so high that no more
will move in the direction where there is a high water can enter the cell. The cell gains water and
concentration of solute (a substance that will grows larger. In plant cells, the central vacuoles
dissolve in a solvent, e.g., of solute is salt or will fill and the plant becomes stiff and rigid, the
sugar and solvent water) and a low concentration cell wall keeps the plant from bursting.
of water. A little dissolved salt produces a dilute
solution with a high-water concentration. A lot of The strip placed in salt solution loses water by
dissolved salt produces a concentrated solution osmosis, the vacuole and cytoplasm decrease
with a low water concentration. The differing in volume and the cell membrane shrinks away
concentration of water molecules between the two from the cell wall. In this case there are more
sides of the membrane is what drives the water to solute (salt) molecules outside the cell, which
move so as to equalise the concentrations of the causes the water to be sucked in that direction.
two areas. The concentration of salt solution is higher on the
outside than on the inside, causing the central
A pa r t i a l l y - p e r me a b l e o r se mi p e rm eable vacuole to lose water and the cell to shrink
membrane is one that allows small particles such causing wilting.
as water molecules to pass through it, but not larger
particles such as sugar molecules and ions from The cell also shrinks in animals. This is the
salts. As the water molecules passes through the reason why it is dangerous to drink sea water and
membrane, they exert a pressure called osmotic the reason you get thirsty after eating something
pressure. Osmotic pressure is the energy driving salty. The water molecules cross the cell
osmosis and is important for living organisms membrane in both directions (in and out), but this
time more water leaves the cell than what enters
because it allows water and nutrients dissolved in
it. Therefore, the cell will shrink. The shrunken cell
water to pass through cell membranes. Osmosis
is now flaccid or plasmolysed. Shrinkage stops
is a form of passive transport; it does not require
when the cell sap is at the same concentration as
any energy from the cell.
the external solution.
Osmosis can be demonstrated using an Irish
Some examples of osmosis that occurs in
Potato. Cut two strips of equal sizes from an
both plants and animals are as follows:
Irish potato. Make a concentrated salt solution.
Get two petri dishes or if you are doing this ● absorption of water by plant roots from
experiment from home, you can use two small the soil;
saucers. Pour the concentrated salt solution
in one of the petri dishes and pure tap or pipe ● re-absorption of water by the proximal and
water in the other. Place one strip of potato in lope of Henle the nephron in the kidneys to
the concentrated salt solution and the other in prevent its loss in urine;
the pure tap or pipe water, leave for about five
(5) minutes then remove and observe. JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
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● re-absorption of tissue fluid into the venule In active transport, substances move opposite to
ends of the blood capillaries; diffusion and osmosis. Active transport requires
the energy ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to move
● absorption of water by the stomach, small
these molecules. Adenosine triphosphate or ATP
intestine and colon.
is a chemical substance that gives the energy
ACTIVE TRANSPORT required for the active transport process. ATP is
produced in the mitochondria, using energy from
In active transport, particles move uphill, meaning nutrients and is capable of releasing that energy
they move from an area where they are less in to do work in the cell.
number or concentration to an area where they
Examples of active transport in human and plants
are already in greater number or concentration.
As a result of this, the process generally uses 1. The re-absorption of glucose, amino acids
energy (ATP) as the driving force. Active and salts by the proximal convoluted tubule
transport requires energy to move substances of the nephron in the kidneys;
from low concentration of that substance to a high
concentration of the substance. 2. During the digestion of food in the small
intestine. Carbohydrates are broken into
Active transport can be defined as the movement simple sugars, such as glucose and protein
of molecules or ions across a cell membrane into amino acids. The glucose and amino
from where they are low in concentration to acids are absorbed by active transport into
where they are higher in concentration against the villi, to be passed into the blood stream
the concentration gradient. For example, protein and taken around the body.
molecules have to work against a concentration
gradient, meaning they are pumped from areas of 3. Active transport also occurs in the human
low to high concentration. It can also be described nerve cells. Sodium ions are constantly
as the movement of molecules and ions across moving out of the cell into the tissue fluid
a cell membrane using energy. This energy bathing the cells, the sodium ions move
is provided by adenosine triphosphate (ATP). from a region where they are low in
In active transport, particles move against the concentration to a region where they are
concentration gradient and therefore, require an high in concentration.
input of a large amount of energy from the cell.
4. The kidneys use active transport to move
Active transport usually occurs across cell urea and nitrogen from the blood, from
membranes. Active transport is the energy low concentration of urea in the blood to a
demanding transfer of a substance across a cell higher concentration in the kidneys.
membrane against its concentration gradient
from lower concentration to higher concentration. 5. The uptake of mineral ions, such as
Sometimes dissolved molecules are at a higher sodium, potassium and nitrates into the
concentration inside of the cell than on the hair cells of plant.
outside of the cell. Active transport also requires
a specific carrier protein to carry molecules in Leroy Munroe is on staff of the
and out of the cell. Active transport takes place Trench Town Polytechnic College.
only in living organisms.  E-mail: [email protected]
 THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, October 17, 2023 Page 28

JOL PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS continued from previous page

Lesson 06
with
Treisa Cornwall

FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT

VERSES

A manager is someone with responsibility for directing/controlling parts or all of an organisation whereas
management involves the art of organising and coordinating the factors of production (human and non-
human) to meet the organisation’s goals.

There are a number of functions associated with the typical management role, some of these are
outlined below.

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JOL PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS continued from previous page

PLANNING
This management function involves determining what needs to be done and taking the necessary steps
to achieve it. Managers NEED to outline in a clear manner to the relevant stakeholders, the strategic
goals and objectives and how they align with the vision and mission of the business.

ORGANISING
This simply means bringing together all the resources that will be needed (labour, technology, capital)
to ensure the goals of the organisation will be met. It encompasses assigning clear duties and
responsibilities to people and or departments, establishing work schedules and allocation of resources
to the varying departments. There needs to be a clear line of authority to ensure employees know their
specific tasks and who they ought to report to.

DELEGATING
This function involves spreading the workload across the organisation from top managers down to
middle and junior managers, supervisors and employees. Tasks must be assigned to employees based
on their competencies/qualification.

MOTIVATING
This is the process by which workers are encouraged or influenced to take the right action. Managers
may use varying forms of incentives to motivate employees to complete tasks. These include: positive
feedback, opportunity for promotion, bonuses, flexible work hours, recognition through awards, safe
working environment etc.

DIRECTING
This is the process of influencing and guiding the work flow. Directing means that the managers
recognise the potential in individuals and assign tasks to them based on their competencies. There
needs to be an on-going assessment on a regular basis, to ensure work is satisfactory and on target to
achieve the desired outcome.

COORDINATING
This involves ensuring activities that are interrelated are carried out in a structured way to meet the
organisation’s goals.

CONTROLLING
This involves establishing and implementing work performance standards of employees and matching
them with the established standards of the organization. If employee’s performance does not match
that of the desired level of performance, then management is required to take the necessary steps to
address the problem/s.

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JOL PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS continued from previous page

RESPONSIBILITIES OF MANAGEMENT
Managers are accountable to key stakeholders who they represent. The key stakeholders that managers
are accountable to include:
Stakeholders Management Responsibilities
Owner/Shareholders  Maximise profits
 Manage the business resources efficiently
 Provide accurate financial reports
 Make recommendations regarding changes in the structure or goals
of the organisation.
 Ensure the operations of the firm are always within the scope of the
law
 Ensure the firm’s strategic goals are achieved
Employees  Receive fair wages/salaries
 Ensure safe and healthy working conditions
 Receive the necessary materials and equipment to perform their
jobs
 Opportunities for training and career development
 To be treated fairly and with respect
 Comply with the legal requirements of employment laws and regu-
lations
 Employees are given the privileges/right to join trade union organia-
tions
Government  Pay all taxes due
 Pay the necessary statutory deductions collected from employees’
salaries to the relevant parties
 Comply with government regulations relating to the establishment
and conduct of business operations.
Customers  Provide them quality goods/services
 Comply with customer protection law
 Provided with good after-sales support
 Provide product information on items sold
 Process customer complaints in a timely manner
JOL PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS continues on next page
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JOL PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS continued from previous page

Society  Comply with environmental laws and regulations

 Assess the impact that the conduct of the business has on local
communities, animal welfare and the environment.
 Develop a Corporate social Responsibility Plan to contribute to pos-
itive social change, through the provision of support for individuals,
the local community and the environment.

Please see YouTube videos for further

explanation CLASS ACTIVITY
The San Juan General Food mart employs a
https://youtu.be/KBfp4pzBIm8
team of specialists to manage its affairs.
https://youtu.be/_NV7y6E4Ibk
https://youtu.be/GZ2dmbDmB5I a. List FOUR functions of management.
(4mks)
SBA b. Choose THREE of the functions
Starting this week you will be provided with mentioned above and explain why EACH
guidance re: the SBA. This week, the topics and is important in running the food mart.
objectives will be covered. (6 marks)

c. List TWO benefits that the food mart

TOPIC/ISSUE/PROBLEM
can achieve from a team approach to
The component(s) or aspect (s) to be studied
must be clearly and precisely stated. Once this is management.
done, the objectives can be easily formed. (2mks)

d. State TWO responsibilities that the

OBJECTIVES
management team has to EACH of the
This is the specific purpose and focus of the
following:
research project. They must be SMART i.e.
Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and (i) Employees
Time bound (that is, they can be achieved within
a specific time frame) (ii) Shareholders
.
Objectives must be: (iii) Government
1. Directly linked to the topic/issue/problem
(iv) Customers
2. Realistic/doable especially within the (8 marks)
timeframe and requirements of the CSEC
level. Answers will be provided in next week’s lesson
NEXT LESSON WILL BE ON
(Maximum 1,000 words for the report) ORGANISATIONAL CHART.
Next week we will be looking at the
questionnaire. Treisa Cornwall is on the staff of
St Andrew Technical High School.
 E-mail: [email protected]
 THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, October 17, 2023 Page 32

Lesson 06

CONCLUSION OF DAY BOOKS

In today’s lesson, a single comprehensive exam-type exercise will be used to demonstrate the use of
all four journals discussed to date. The student should therefore ensure all aspects of this exercise
are fully understood.

COMPREHENSIVE EXERCISE

Write up the subsidiary books (Sales Journal, Purchases Journal, Returns Inward Journal and
Returns Outward Journal) of Exquisite Traders Ltd. from the following transactions for the month of
May 2023, prepare the individual personal accounts and show the transfers to the general ledger at
the end of the month.

May 1 Sold goods on credit to: B. Mason $250.

7 Bought goods on credit from Best Buy Ltd., priced at $2,000, less 25% trade discount
12 Sold goods on credit to: R. Nevers $400; B. Mason 775
14 R. Nevers returned $50 worth of the goods sold to him on May 12
17 Sold goods on credit to D. Baker priced at $800, less 20% trade discount
20 Bought $3,000 worth of goods from More For Less Ltd., less 33 1/3%
trade discount
22 Goods returned by B. Mason $75.
25 Returned some of the goods bought from More For Less Ltd. on May 20,
(list price) $300.
27 Bought goods on credit from A. Stanley $880
31 Returned goods valued at $80 to A. Stanley

TUTORIAL NOTES
1. Where a transaction is shown at list price, it normally involves trade discount. Therefore,
simply deduct the trade discount applicable then record the net amount of the transaction.

JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continues on next page

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JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continued from previous page

2. Where goods are returned at list price (catalogue price), the same rate of trade discount
applied on the purchase or sale must also be applied on the returns.

3. There should be only one General Ledger containing all four accounts (Sales, Purchases,
Returns Inward and Returns Outward accounts).

SOLUTION

Exquisite Traders Ltd.

Sales Journal (SJ)

Date Particulars Folio Amount

2023 $ c
May 1 B. Mason SL 250 00
12 R. Nevers SL 400 00
12 B. Mason SL 775 00
17 D. Baker SL 640 00
31 Transferred to Sales Account GL 2,065 00
======

Purchases Journal (PJ)

Date Particulars Folio Amount
2023 $ c
May 7 Best Buy Ltd. PL 1,500 00
20 More For Less Ltd. PL 2,000 00
27 A. Stanley PL 880 00
31 Transferred to Purchases Account GL 4,380 00
======

Returns Inward Journal (RIJ)

Date Particulars Folio Amount
2023 $ c
May 14 R. Nevers SL 50 00
22 B. Mason SL 75 00
31 Transferred to Returns Inward A/C GL 125 00
======

JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continues on next page

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JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continued from previous page

Returns Outward Journal (ROJ)

Date Particulars Folio Amount

2023 $ c
May 25 More For Less Ltd. PL 200 00
31 A. Stanley PL 80 00
31 Transferred to Returns Outward A/C GL 280 00
======

Sales Ledger (Accounts Receivable Ledger)

DR B. Mason A/C CR
2023 $ 2023 $
May 1 Sales SJ 250 May 22 Returns Inward RIJ 75
12 Sales SJ 775

DR R. Nevers A/C CR
2023 $ 2023 $
May 12 Sales SJ 400 May 14 Returns Inward RIJ 50

DR D. Baker A/C CR
2023 $
May 17 Sales SJ 640

Purchases Ledger (Accounts Payable Ledger)

DR Best Buy Ltd. A/C CR

$ 2023 $
May 7 Purchases PJ 1,500

JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continues on next page

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JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continued from previous page

DR More For Less Ltd. A/C CR

2023 $ 2023 $
May 25 Returns Outward ROJ 200 May 20 Purchases PJ 2,000

DR A. Stanley A/C CR
2023 $ 2023 $
May 31 Returns Outward ROJ 80 May 27 Purchases PJ 880

General Ledger

DR Sales A/C CR
2023 $
May 31 Credit Sales for
the month SJ 2,065

DR Purchases A/C CR
2023 $ $
May 31 Credit Purchases
for the month PJ 4,380

DR Returns Inward A/C CR

2023 $
May 31 Returns for the
month RIJ 125

DR Returns Outward A/C CR

$ 2023 $
May 31 Returns for the
month ROJ 280

Tedmore Clarke is on the staff of

Quality Academics.
 E-mail: [email protected]
 THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, October 17, 2023 Page 36

Lesson 06

MACHINES AND MOVEMENT

PART 1

Welcome to everyone! This our first lesson in a  Need an input of some kind of energy.
series on machines and movement. For our lesson
today we will be comparing the different kinds of  Utilise this energy to overcome some force.
levers, discussing the principle of mechanical  Make work much easier to accomplish.
advantage and explaining the functions of simple
machines. DISTANCE-MULTIPLIERS are simple
machines that use the small distance moved by
Simple machines have only one part which is the larger effort force to move a smaller load force
created to make work/tasks easier when they (weight) a large distance.
increase the effect of a force. Two examples of simple machines that are
distance-multipliers are the human arm and
1. They spread energy used over a longer time bicycle. In the arm the load is farther away from
– a series of small forces are applied over the pivot (elbow) than the effort in the muscles.
several intervals of time. Stairs is an example
of a simple machine that does this.
2. They re-direct the effort force – pulling an
object downwards is easier than lifting an
object upwards. A single fixed pulley is an
example of a simple machine that does this.
3. They increase the force used by a person or
a device. Simple machines may be force-
multipliers or distance-multipliers.

Five different kinds of simple machines, with

examples, are:
1 GEARS 2 INCLINED 3 LEVERS 4 PULLEYS 5 WHEEL
PLANE AND AXLE FORCE-MULTIPLIERS are simple machines
Bicycles Ladders, Gates Fixed Electric fan, that use a small effort force to overcome a larger
Ramps Tyres (cars) load force.
Cars Staircases Nutcrackers Moving Ferris wheel Examples of simple machines which are force-
multipliers are the single moving pulley, can
opener and wheelbarrow.
Three features common to all machines are that
they:
JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page
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JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continued from previous page

First order lever: pivot is in the middle be-

tween load and effort. Two examples of first-
class levers are the neck of a human and
crowbar.

The mechanical advantage of a machine is the

ratio resulting from the load force compared to the
effort force.
For a machine, the velocity ratio is the quotient
Second order lever: load is between the pivot
of the distance moved by the effort force and the
and effort. Two examples of second-class
distance moved by the load force.
levers are the human foot and wheelbarrow.
Mechanical advantage has the symbol MA.
Force has the S I unit newton (N) but mechanical
advantage does not have any units – the units
cancel each other out. It is obtained using the
formula given below. Velocity ratio has the
symbol VR. Distance has the S I unit metre (m),
but velocity ratio does not have any units – the
units cancel out each other. It is found using the
formula given below.

Third order lever: effort is in the middle

between load and pivot. Two examples of third-
class levers are the tweezer and human arm.

A Lever is a simple machine that rotates about a

fixed point to make work easier.
Each lever consists of a fulcrum or pivot (rotating
point or knife-edge), an effort force applied by the
user and a load force that is being moved by use
of the lever. There are three classes or types of
levers. Below is a table showing the different kinds
of levers. JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page
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JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continued from previous page

An Inclined Plane is a simple machine that uses attached to the load and the effort is applied to the
a sloping surface to make raising a load easier. other end. It has a velocity ratio of 1.
Inclined planes are used to move a load from low Single moving pulleys use an effort force to
level to high level or vice versa. Decreasing the move a load force twice the size. They have a
slope of an inclined plane makes work easier to velocity ratio of 2 (two). For each single moving
do. Hills and winding roads up steep mountains pulley one end of the rope is fixed to a surface and
also make use of this principle. Examples of the load is attached to the free support.
inclined planes are ramps for wheelchairs and
trucks. The velocity ratio for an inclined plane is
given by:

Bolts, wedges and screws are variations of

inclined planes. Screws and bolts are inclined
planes wrapped around a cylinder making them
spiral. Each protrusion is called a thread of the
bolt or screw. The pitch is the distance between
successive threads. Wedges are made from
fastening two identical inclined planes back-to- Compound pulleys are combinations of two/
back. They are used to help in pushing things more fixed and moving pulleys. Three kinds of
apart. Knives, axes, nails, chisels and forks are compound pulleys are block and tackle, swivel
wedges. eye and cone.

ACTIVITY
1. a] Give definitions for simple machine, velocity
ratio, distance-multiplier and inclined plane. 4
mks
b] Calculate the velocity ratio for the simple
machine in the diagram below. 3 mks

A Pulley is a simple machine with a rope lying in

the groove of a wheel.
Pulleys are used to:
1. Change the direction of a force.
2. Gain a mechanical advantage of 1 (one).

Single fixed pulleys use a downward effort to

lift a load. Each single fixed pulley uses an axle
to attach a wheel to a support, which is fixed to
a surface, so it stays in place. When the single
fixed pulley is being used, one end of the rope is
JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page
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JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continued from previous page

c] List THREE features of machines and THREE the process of adding water molecules at each
advantages of machines. (6 mks) link position to split up molecules. Assimilation
is the process by which the absorbed soluble
nutrients are utilized by the body. Peristalsis
occurs when the muscles in the walls of the
2. a] (i) How much is the mechanical advantage
alimentary canal periodically contract and
of a machine that uses 95 newtons to hoist a
relax pushing the food along the canal and
crate that weighs 1026 newtons? (ii) What is a
mixing it with the digestive juices. Egestion is
lever? 4 mks
the process by which faeces is released from
b] Identify the class of lever for the following the body.
simple machines: (i) nutcracker, (ii) seesaw,
(1 mark each sentence) Total 6 marks
(iii) stapler, (iv) baseball bat, (v) pliers, (vi) bow
and arrow. 6 mks b] An enzyme is a biological catalyst that allows
the reactions of the body to take place by
starting or speeding up the reactions. They are
3. Carefully examine the diagram below and proteins manufactured from the amino acids
answer the following questions. 7 obtained through digestion. Do a specific job
mks as each enzyme only works on one substrate.
Are sensitive to pH – acidity or alkalinity.
a] What is a pulley? Which kind of pulley Can be reused as they are not altered by the
reaction they catalyse. Destroyed by heat
as they lose their original form. Sensitive to
poisonous compounds. Helped by vitamins
and minerals.
(1 mark each sentence) Total 8 marks

2) (1 mark each) Total 18 marks

ORGAN pH ENZYME SUBSTRATE PRODUCT
Mouth 7-8 Amylase Cooked starch Maltose
Stomach 1-2 Pepsin Proteins Polypeptides
Duodenum 7-8 Lipase Lipid droplets Fatty acids and
glycerol
is it? Trypsin Polypeptides Dipeptides
Ileum 7-8 Sucrase Sucrose Fructose and
b] Identify the structures labelled A to E? glucose
Lactase Lactose Galactose and
Here are the answers to last week’s activity. glucose
1) a] (i) Chemical digestion is the process of Peptidase Dipeptides Amino acids
breaking down complex insoluble organic Maltase Maltose Glucose
molecules (food nutrients) into simpler soluble
organic molecules. Absorption is the process
by which the final products of digestion are
taken into the blood and lymph. Hydrolysis is JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page
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JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continued from previous page

3) a] A – mouth, B – salivary gland, C – b] Thin epithelium increases surface area

oesophagus, D – liver, E – stomach, F – gall for absorption; blood capillaries absorb
bladder, G – pancreas, H – duodenum, I – glucose, fructose, galactose, amino acids,
jejunum, J – ileum, K – colon, L – caecum, M water-soluble vitamins and minerals;
– appendix, N – rectum, O – anus. (1 mark lacteal absorbs fatty acids, glycerol and fat-
each) Total 15 marks soluble vitamins. (1 mark each)
Total 3 marks
c] Long and filled with many tiny folds which
increase the surface area for the diffusion
of nutrients. The lining of each villus is one
cell thick (very thin) resulting in a shorter
distance to reach the blood vessels.
Millions of blood vessels are in the villi for
the easy absorption of digested food. ( 1
mark each)
Total 3 marks

See how well you did by working out your

percentage.
Score: ___/65 Mark: ____%

b] B produces and releases the digestive juice, Remember our theme. Until next time. God Bless
saliva. D produces bile. F stores bile. G You!
produces and releases pancreatic juice. K
absorbs water and mineral salts. N stores
faeces until it is to be removed from body.
(1 mark each) Total Michelle Smith-Henry is on the staff of
6 marks Excelsior High School.
4) a] (1 mark each label, drawing 3 marks)  E-mail: [email protected]
Total 6 marks
 THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, October 17, 2023 Page 41

JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continued from previous page

Lesson 06

PAPER 01 POETRY

Welcome to Lesson # 6 everybody. 4. You will be tested on TWO poems on Paper

For the past few weeks, emphasis has been placed 01; TEN questions on each poem for a total
on Paper 02 poetry, but this week I will focus on of TWENTY multiple choice questions. You
Paper 01 poetry instead. You might be wondering will not have to compare the two poems. For
why you need to be examined on poetry twice, Paper 02, you will also be tested on TWO
but there are some differences between the two poems, but you will have to compare the two
papers that require you to use different skills when poems (comparative essay). You will only be
answering the questions on each paper. Here are required to write ONE essay.
the major differences between the poetry on each
paper. In a previous lesson (Lesson # 4), I gave some
tips regarding how to study a poem. Most of that
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PAPER 01 AND PAPER 02 information is relevant for the Paper 02 poetry, but
POETRY some of it is helpful for answering the questions
that you might encounter on Paper 01. The
1. Paper 01 requires you to respond to multiple following information should also be helpful with
choice questions, while you should respond to regards to how to answer the Paper 01 questions.
the questions on Paper 02 in essay format.
HOW TO APPROACH PAPER 01 QUESTIONS
2. Paper 01 will feature poems that you did not
study during your preparation for the exam, 1. Consider the title: Too often students
that is why Paper 01 is often referred to as overlook the title, which can give you a wealth
the ‘Unseen Paper’. Paper 02 requires you to of information about the contents of the poem.
use the poems that you studied (prescribed It was deliberately chosen by the poet for a
poems) to answer the questions. reason.

3. The poems that you will be examined on will 2. Do not ignore unfamiliar words: You
be printed on Paper 01 however no poems will might encounter some unfamiliar words in
be printed on the exam paper for Paper 02. the poem, the meanings for which you don’t
You will be expected to write your responses know. If you skip over them, you might not get
from memory. a full understanding of the poem. This might

JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continues on next page

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JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continued from previous page

cause you to select incorrect answers from the

options given. Instead, try to use context clues SAMPLE QUESTION – SECTION B
to determine the meanings of these unfamiliar Read the following poem carefully and select
words. the BEST answer from the options provided.

3. Try to identify the theme: identification of

the theme can go a far way in helping you get CITY BOYS
a better understanding of the contents of the
Narrow valleys
poem, as well as some of the points that the
And filthy gullies
poet wants to make or the messages he wants
Reveal the truths of our youth
the reader to get.
Swimming in the slime that stains the
heart
4. Pay attention to figurative devices: Not
5 Making them cold and stonily hard
only do these devices add colour and flair to
Impermeable, they know not love or
the poems, but you may be asked to identify
warmth.
these, say why the poet chose to use these
and how they add meaning to the poem.
Cold hard cells
With stifling scents
5. There could be more than one meaning: It is
Clothe and caress our sturdy young men
important that you get a general understanding
10 Who idly work in a narrow space
of each poem. It is also important to note that
To receive as payment the curse of
sometimes there could be more than one
another day.
interpretation of a section of, or even the entire
poem.
And in the bowels of Hades
Rots a man with a bullet and a slash
6. Choose your answers carefully: You will be
Becoming one with the soil that his
given FOUR options. Only one is the correct
mother toils
answer. Very often there are TWO options
15 To feed the seed which is born out of
that could possibly be the correct answer. You
need
have to make a decision which one to choose.
That will grow in turn to traverse
This is why the instructions often advise you
Narrow alleys
to choose the BEST answer from the options
provided. And filthy gullies
Here is an example of one of the questions you
might get. The answers will be provided Written by Canute Fagan Teacher of English/
afterwards. Try to answer the questions Dean of Discipline – Calabar High School
without looking at the answers. Then compare Used with the poet’s permission
your answers with my answers to see how well
you did.

JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continues on next page

 THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, October 17, 2023 Page 43

JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continued from previous page

(c) Onomatopoeia
ACTIVITY
(d) Irony

1. The BEST term to describe the setting of the 6. The reader can conclude that the poet feels
poem is: the following for the city boys:
(a) a confined space i) hatred ii) nothing
(b) a dirty gully iii) concern iv) pity
(c) the city streets (a) iii and iv only
(d) a swimming pool (b) i, ii and iii only
(c) i and iii only
2. Why have the hearts of the boys become (d) all of the above
“stonily hard”? (line 5)
(a) They have become hard hearted in an effort 7. Based on the context of the poem, the word
to survive in the difficult world that they live in “impermeable” in line 6 means:
(b) Their hearts are really not hard; they are just (a) easy to penetrate
pretending (b) permanent
(c) People have thrown stones at them (c) tough
(d) They have been living out in the sun for a (d) temporary
long time
8. “Idly work” (line 10) is an example of –
3. What is the figurative device found in the (a) Assonance
following – “Swimming in the slime that stains (b) Comparison
the heart” (line 4). (c) Oxymoron
(a) Rhyme (d) Hyperbole
(b) Personification
(c) Metaphor 9. What happened to the man in stanza 3?
(d) Imagery (a) He committed sins so he died and went to
hell
4) The following expressions can be used as (b) He got a job as a farmer
synonyms for the gullies. (c) He became like the city boys
i) the soil ii) the bowels of Hades (d) He was murdered by the city boys
iii) narrow allies iv) stifling scent
(a) i, ii and iii only 10. What would be the BEST alternative title for
(b) ii and iii only this poem?
(c) ii and iv only (a) Perpetual Hell
(d) ii only (b) The Life of a Child in the City
(c) A Difficult Time
5. “To receive as payment the curse of another (d) Idle Boys
day” can be identified as a/an:
(a) Alliteration
(b) Simile
JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continues on next page
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JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continued from previous page

ANSWERS
How did you do? I hope you got 10 out of 10. The
lesson ends here. Please join me for next week’s
1. B
lesson.
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. D
6. A Simone Gibbs is on the staff of
7. C Shortwood Teachers’ College.
8. C  E-mail: [email protected]
9. D
10. A
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THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, October 17, 2023 Page 45 www.jamaicaobserver.com

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►Management
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SOUTH CAMP ROAD, KINGSTON: Clan Carthy’s Dominique Salom (right)
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(Photo: Garfield Robinson)

LECTURE SERIES (3rd Edition)

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 THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, October 17, 2023 Page 46

Lesson 6

OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNICATION
AND INTERNAL ASSESSMENT

You want to talk to your friends about it but why do

you really want to share the information with them?
Is it to persuade them to watch the show? Or is it
to be their source of entertainment as you share
the events? Whatever your reason, that is what
we refer to as the objective of communication. If
your friend is convinced and decides to watch the
show would you have achieved the objective? If
yes, then bullseye you hit the target! If you did not,
however, you may have to revisit the conversation
another time.

The list below provides the main reasons why

we communicate.
Hi everyone! I know you had fun in last week’s
assessment of the video with the girl at the  To obtain information – this would be you
train station. talking to someone because you want to
find out where you can do classes for SAT.
The answers are as follows:
 To provide information – at this point you
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C
are intent on sharing not only how the
I hope you were able to get all the answers right movie ended but also which category your
and found it very helpful to use it as a review for friend can search to easily find it.
the communication process. Welcome to today’s
 To initiate an action – you want to have
lesson on the objectives of communication. After
your friends begin a study group and you
we look at the objectives, we will look at how you
would go about choosing your topics for your IA. may very well be sharing the benefits to
win their support.
Now that you can identify the process through
which we communicate with each other let us  To prevent an action – in this instance
look at why we communicate with each other. you would like teenagers to stop vaping,
Think about you wanting to share with a friend therefore the flyer you create for your Key
about the latest Netflix film you saw or the latest Club will outline all the dangers of vaping.
episode in one of your favourite series, maybe
season 2 of Bridgerton?. JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page
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 To request for an action – to get individuals

interested in playing a part you may want
to invite people to volunteer. Think about
the 4H Club on a drive to get more youth
volunteers to help with tree planting efforts
so there are different strategies you may
use to call your peers to action.
 To advise or consult – this is where you
would achieve specific information on
how to utilise all the prevention strategies Just before you go, let us look at another important
for COVID-19. The Red Cross Club at part of the subject – the IA. This is what is referred
your school could consult Jamaica Red to as the Internal Assessment (I.A.) or the School
Cross for information to share with the Based Assessment (S.B.A.). The IA/SBA is worth
wider school body or the club could 20% of the overall marks.
have different days where they use the
intercom to communicate (advise) with There are different sections to be covered but in
their peers or place brochures on the today’s lesson we are going to start at the beginning
notice boards to limit different students – selecting your theme. The theme you will select is
touching the brochures. similar to the process for your English A SBA. You
will get a broad area from which to choose and then
 To facilitate learning – this is where group
you will be required to narrow the topic. The example
work can be an important factor for your
teacher who wants you to understand I will look at is Communicable Diseases. This is a
how to write an essay. She may suggest broad topic and you will need to focus on only one
that different members write different area. Have a look at the different communicable
paragraphs and when the group is through diseases below – there are a lot of different types.
then all the paragraphs will be combined
resulting in a complete essay.
 To entertain – watching a roots play is one
way a theatre company can communicate
with its audience to achieve the objective
of entertainment. In the case of you and
your peers you may have someone tell a
few jokes as an icebreaker before the start
of Chess Club, just to relax the mind before
you move into the concentration required
when playing chess. With so many diseases there is no way you can do
your SBA on all so it now means you need to select
I hope you were able to identify with some of the easiest one that you can manage. If you think
the reasons why you usually communicate with influenza is manageable then go ahead and focus
different individuals. This information is going
on that. It does not stop there though, as a matter
to become very useful for the essay question
of fact, you have just started to narrow your focus.
you will get for Module 3 so do not forget to
come back to this page, or just make your own
notes for reference. JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page
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JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continued from previous page

After choosing influenza, you now I leave you with two apps that can help you with brainstorming to
need to focus on one element flesh out your ideas and you can have them saved for future access.
of influenza such as how it is
contracted, what time of year is it
most seen, what age group is most
susceptible to contracting the flu, or
how you treat this disease. Once
you have decided what you want
to focus on specifically then you
are ready to do some research to
see if it is feasible to explore this
topic for your essay. Am going to
share a list of possible themes for
the subject and then you can begin
thinking about an area of focus.

Please note that the topic you have

decided to do comes from one of
the broad themes your teacher
will share and it may not be any of
the ones I am sharing today. After
you have selected your theme, I
will suggest you try brainstorming
different areas to get a specific
topic of focus.

Possible Themes:

Youth Governance

Migration

Human Trafficking
Popplet and Simplemind are available for both Android and Apple
Children and Their Rights devices. Have fun exploring and experimenting. Please read ahead on
Types of Communication as that will be our focus for our next lesson.
Social Media Have a great week and see you on our site soon.

Youth and Sports

Economic Recession
Peta-Gaye Perkins is on the staff of The Queen’s School.
 E-mail: [email protected]
Homeopathic Remedies
 THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, October 17, 2023 Page 49

JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continued from previous page

Lesson 06
with
Jossett Kelly

MOVEMENT TOWARDS
INDEPENDENCE

Welcome to another week of examining Caribbean social status. Quality education was only given
historical issues. I hope you have been enjoying to the privileged white, upper middle class whites
the lessons. This week we will complete the and coloured, while blacks were given basic skills
historical process. in education which could not improve their status
Let us dive in!! in society. Many also lived and worked in squalid
conditions, which led to the spread of diseases
thus leading to high mortality rates.
OBJECTIVES: Most blacks struggled to make a living from
peasantry and huckstering due to colonial
At the end of the lesson, students should be oppression. This was worsened by the decline
able to: of the sugar industry and the failure of most of
the alternative crops introduced. The Great
● Examine the socio-economic conditions Depression, which caused a Wall Street Crash
that plagued the Caribbean prior to in 1929, worsened the economic woes of the
Independence. Caribbean.
● Define the terms adult suffrage, political Blacks had limited opportunity to vote and own
enfranchisement. property, which contributed to much of the
● State the importance of adult suffrage in the hardships faced in the first half of the 19th century.
Caribbean. For example, in order for blacks (men) to vote
● Explain how political enfranchisement they had to have 10 –30 shillings in 1906. Women
were not given the franchise until 1919, but only
supported the movement towards economic
to those who were aged 25, literate and paying 2
independence.
pounds a year in land tax.
● Assess the extent to which economic
The local legislature continued to be dominated
enfranchisement facilitated the movements by planters and other members of the employed
towards independence. class and they passed laws which favoured their
own interests, at the expense of black workers.
Laws were not properly enforced fairly to protect
the masses from exploitation. For example, the
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CONTEXT OF law did not set the level for wages and did not
THE POST EMANCIPATED BRITISH CARIBBEAN offer any protection to workers when employers
decided to cut wages.
With no true sense of freedom and continuous
colonial oppression, many blacks lived a difficult
life. The society was highly stratified and provided
very little opportunity for blacks to improve their JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page
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JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continued from previous page

All these issues made people prepared to demand

and fight for change, so they could have the right
to decide who should be their leaders.

ADULT SUFFRAGE
Following the Morant Bay Rebellion, a Commission
was sent by the British government to investigate
social and economic conditions in the British West
Indies. One of its recommendation was that all
colonies move towards Adult Suffrage, that is,
every adult should have the franchise, meaning POLITICAL ENFRANCHISEMENT
the right to vote. This marked the beginning of This refers to the right of a people or nation to
dismantling the existing political system in the determine their own affairs. (Mohammed 2015)
Caribbean. Adult Suffrage was granted as follows: The first strong challenge to the status quo following
emancipation was the Morant Bay Rebellion in
Jamaica - 1944 1865 in Jamaica. The poor government under
the leadership of Governor Eyre, as well as the
Trinidad – 1945
desperate economic conditions of the vast majority
Barbados – 1950 of people pushed poor peasants in St. Thomas to
British Guiana – 1953 take action and fight for a better life.
Influence also came from Caribbean people, who
t provided a medium of expressing how dissatisfied migrated to different regions to work for better
they were with being neglected under colonial wages. Some went to work on the Panama Canal,
rule and a way to elect their representatives who the modern sugar industry in Cuba, Puerto Rico in
would represent their interests. Adult Suffrage textile factories, the oil refineries of Curacao and
gained support from Nationalist Movements, Aruba and the oil fields of Venezuela.
such as Garveyism and Pan African Movement, Soldiers, who served in the World War, were
the intelligentsia, literary works of writers and the unwilling to settle for their low status in society
media, in the decolonisation process. when they returned home and thus formed their
A gradual process of decolonisation resulted from own organisations to speak out against the
efforts of Caribbean people to push for greater injustices of the society.
rights and freedoms. This process is represented The philosophical ideas of Marcus Garvey’s black
in the diagram below. pride and consciousness influenced many.

Buckley’s riot, 1935

JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page
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By the 1930s people launched protests, riots and

strikes in order to bring about changes. This was
brought on by the Great Depression.
Trade Unions were also formed to enable better
working conditions and treatment of workers, two
of which were the Barbados Workers Union and
Jamaican Industrial Trade Union.
This period also saw the rise of charismatic
leaders such Uriah ‘Buzz’ Butler, Alexander
Bustamante of Jamaica, Arthur Cipriani of Trinidad
and Tobago, Nathainel Crichlow of Guyana and
Grantley Adams of Barbados, who later became
associated with political parties and trade unions

CREATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES

The creation of political parties assisted in the Norman Manley
move towards self-governance and Nationalism.
These are a few examples:

Jamaica – Jamaica Labour Party led by Alexander

Bustamante, People’s National Party led by
Norman Manley

Barbados - Progressive Leagues led by Grantley

Adams

Guyana – The People’s Progressive Party led by

Cheddi Jagan

Trinidad and Tobago - The People’s National

Movement led by Eric Williams Eric Williams

INTERNAL SELF GOVERNMENT

The gradual authority of the Governor under Crown
Colony rule was gradually replaced by increasing
the power of elected members of government. The
impact of World War II on Britain, also made the
British government more willing to release itself of
its colonial possessions in the Caribbean.
Independence was granted to the four larger
territories. This included Jamaica and Trinidad
and Tobago in 1962, Barbados and Guyana in
1966. The smaller territories were granted later.

Grantley Adams
JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page
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JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continued from previous page

their own. They developed activities such as

ECONOMIC ENFRANCHISEMENT saving societies and partner plans. Others also
This is a condition whereby a country or nation established small family businesses like shops
achieves the right to determine how it will develop and laundries. People also migrated to areas
its systems of production. (Mohammed 2015) outside of the region to seek greater opportunities
and to assist family members back home who
depended on remittances

ACTIVITY: TRY THE QUESTION BELOW :

The genesis of this enfranchisement can be

found in the movement of the newly freed people
to establish themselves as new proprietors,
which evolved into the formation of free villages
and the development of the peasantry. The
plantation economy was diversified to include
alternative crops such as banana, cocoa, coffee “Internal Self Government was the most
and arrowroot, which were cultivated by peasant important movement towards independence
farmers on small landholdings. This strategy of in the Caribbean.” Discuss the extent to which
economic diversification attempted to make small you agree with this statement. (30 marks)
farmers more self-sufficient and resilient to face
the economic hardship. It kept them independent See you next week!
of the planters and the low wages offered on
the plantations. It gave them the opportunity to
organise themselves for the export market and
develop some sophistication in making trading
connections with the wider world. Jossett Kelly formerly of
The Hugh’s High School.
ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES  E-mail: [email protected]
Many found creative ways to increase wealth,
achieve economic enfranchisement and develop
self-reliance in order to be able to stand on
 THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, October 17 2023 Page 53

Lesson 06
with Akim Wallace

CAPE PURE MATHEMATICS –

TRANSFORMATIONS OF GRAPHS

In this section, you will learn how to do different How different types of transformations occur in
types of transformations of functions like terms of x-coordinate and y-coordinate have been
translation, stretch, compression and reflection. summarized below.
To ensure you all understand the different types
of transformations, I have explained each kind of SUMMARY OF TRANSFORMATION
transformation with step by step explanation along
with the corresponding figures.

TRANSFORMATIONS - DEFINITION
A very simple definition for transformations is,
whenever a figure is moved from one location to
another location, a Transformation occurs.
If a figure is moved from one location another
location, we say, it is transformation.
Our next question is, how will the transformation
be?
To know that, we must be know the different types
of transformations.
Now, let us get to know the different types of
transformations.

TYPES OF TRANSFORMATIONS
The different types of transformations which we
can do in the functions are
1. Horizontal Translation

2. Vertical Translation
ORDER OF TRANSFORMATIONS
3. Reflection across the x-axis
In transformations of functions, if we have
4. Reflection across the y-axis more than one transformation, we must do the
transformations one by one in the following order.
5. Horizontal Stretch and Compression
1. Stretches/Compressions
6. Vertical Stretch and Compression
JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page
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JOL MATHEMATICS continued from previous page

2. Reflections there is a pre-decided rule for that. According to

the rule, we must make transformation.
3. Translations
The rule that we apply to make transformation
WHAT IS IMAGE AND PRE-IMAGE?
using reflection and the rule we apply to make
When a transformation occurs, the original figure transformation using rotation are not same.
is known as the pre-image and the new figure is
known as the image. Hence, for each type of transformation, we may
It has been clearly shown in the below picture. have to apply a different rule.

HORIZONTAL TRANSLATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

Horizontal translations of functions are the
transformations that shifts the original graph of
the function either to the right side or left side by
some units.
A horizontal translation “slides” an object a fixed
distance either on the right side or left side.
The original object and its translation have the
same shape and size, and they face in the same
direction.
In simple words, horizontal translation means, it
just moves the given figure either on the right or
left without rotating, re-sizing or anything else.
When a figure is moved from one location to
another location, we say that it is a transformation.
Now, there are a few questions generally asked,
such as:

How is this transformation made?

More clearly, on what grounds is the transformation
made?

Is there any pre-decided rule to make

transformation?
Yes, there is a pre-decided rule to make each
transformation.

The rule we apply to make transformation is

depending upon the kind of transformation we
make.

We have already seen the different types of

transformations in functions.
For example, if we are going to make transformation
of a function using reflection through the x-axis, JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page
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JOL MATHEMATICS continued from previous page

Let y = f(x) be a function and ‘k’ be a constant. The graph y = √(x - 3) can be obtained by
In the above function, if ‘x’ is replaced by ‘x - k’, we translating the graph of
get the new function y = √x to the right by “3” units.
y = f(x - k)
Step 4:
The graph of y = f(x - k) can be obtained by the The graph of the original function (given function)
translating the graph of y = f(x) to the right by ‘k’
units if ‘k’ is a positive number.

In case ‘k’ is a negative number, the graph of y =

f(x) will be translated to the left by |k| units.
Moreover, if the point (x, y) is on the graph of
y = f(x)
then the point (x + k, y) is on the graph
y = f(x - k)

For example, if k = 3, the graph of y = f(x) will be

translated to the right by “3” units.
If k = -3, the graph of y = f(x) will be translated to
the left by 3 units.

EXAMPLE
Step 5:
Perform the following transformation to the The graph of the transformed function.
function
y = √x

“a translation to the right by 3 units”

And write the formula that gives the requested
transformation and draw the graph of both the
given function and the transformed function

ANSWER
Step 1:
Since we do a translation to the right by 3 units,
we must replace ‘x’ by ‘x - 3’ in the given function
y = √x

Step 2:
So, the formula that gives the requested
transformation is Akim Wallace teaches at STS Online,
y = √(x - 3) www.accajamaica.com
 E-mail: [email protected]
Step 3:
 THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, October 17, 2023 Page 56

MANAGEMENT
OF BUSINESS Lesson 06
with
Jerome Pitterson

CAPACITY PLANNING

Hi everyone: The fact is that how we use our available space

Welcome to another lesson in this series. We and resources will affect the expected output. If the
are continuing on the broad topic of production class is too large, then the teacher loses the ability
and operations management, and this week we to give every student individualised attention. It
will be focusing on the manufacturers’ capacity to could also affect your ability to keep focused on the
produce. lesson. Therefore, we could conclude that knowing
the capacity of the classroom and the right student
OBJECTIVES: to teacher ratio can impact the effectiveness of the
teaching and learning process.
At the end of the lesson, students should In this lesson, we are going to focus on capacity
be able to: and how firms can plan for and make the best use
of such capacity. The question at this time is
1. Explain the concept of capacity planning. then, what is capacity?
2. Differentiate between design capacity and According to Investopedia.com “capacity is the
efficiency capacity. maximum level of output that a company can
sustain to make a good or provide a service.” To
3. Assess the importance of capacity utilisation. determine what is sustainable requires the firm
to do careful planning and execution of its daily
4. Calculate capacity utilisation. activities. Proper planning will prevent the firm
5. Describe methods of improving capacity from operating either over or too far below its
utilisation capacity. Firms must also make the distinction
between what it is design to produce and what it
6. Discuss strategies to reduce capacity when can produce efficiently. To make this distinction
there is overutilisation. please watch the following YouTube video:
7. Explain the concepts economies and
diseconomies of scale.
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=duneRB3tN7E
Let us examine the school sytem for a moment.
How many students are in your Homeroom/Form The next sub-topic was mentioned briefly in the
class/Subject group? Can you all sit comfortably above video but let us dissect it further here.
or are you basically crammed together? What
impact, if any, does the size of the class have on
your ability to focus and to learn?
JOL MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS continues on next page
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JOL MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS continued from previous page

► Carefully schedule machinery downtime.

CAPACITY UTILISATION Some factories maintain their machinery
This concept refers to the amount, usually in and equipment on the weekends to prevent
percentage, of a firm’s design capacity that is the lost productive time during the week
being utilised. It is calculated as: to do so. Proper maintenance could also
prevent the machines from breaking down.
► Firms could also redeploy resources from
areas where they are not being used to
other areas where they are needed. One
Now let us work an example. such resource is labour.
Mix It Ltd has a designed capacity of 25,000 bottles
of mixed fruit juice per week. For the past month Strategies to reduce capacity.
it has been producing 19,000 juice per week on We must be mindful that some firms may be
average. What is its current capacity utilisation? operating above their efficient capacity. When
this occurs, the firm would end up having serious
bottlenecks and be overworking its resources
(capital and labour). To rectify the issue, the firms
will need to reduce their capacity if improving it
isn’t a viable option now.
This answer shows that the firm is utilising only To achieve this firms could implement any of the
76% of its total capacity. Is it too low? Possibly. following strategies:
The truth is we would need more information to  Outsource some areas of production. This
determine that since firms’ ‘efficient capacity’ is would reduce the strain on the company’s
usually less than their design capacity. resources.
It is important for firms to know their capacity
 Forecast demand thus preventing the
utilisation. To explore some of the reasons for
overproduction of goods.
this please click the link below:
 Use capacity on demand. The firm would
https://www.tutor2u.net/business/blog/qa- only use some of its production facilities
operations-what-is-capacity-utilisation-and-why- when it’s needed. This is especially useful
is-it-important for the job production method.

Methods of improving capacity utilisation

If firms realise that their capacity utilisation is For a quick review of what has been done so far,
below their efficient capacity, they will need to please watch the following video:
take steps to improve capacity utilisation. Let us
examine the steps that can be taken:
► Use promotional activities to increase sales https://www.youtube.com/
thus increasing production. watch?v=9SiNowSrUPs

► If possible, outsource aspects of production

ECONOMIES OF SCALE
especially where this will improve efficiency.
Economies of scale refer to the cost benefits
► Investment in more efficient technology that a firm receives as it increases in size. These
would increase production.
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JOL MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS continued from previous page

benefits are realised because the firm’s fixed Watch the video below for further explanation of
costs are being spread over a larger range of the concept.
output. This is further broken down into internal
economies of scale and external economies of
scale. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fhziks6AJho
Economies of Scale Remember to consult my textbook Management
of Business for CAPE ® Examinations McMillan
Internal Economies External Economies of Publishers Ltd for additional information on these
of Scale Scale concepts.
This occurs because This occurs
of actions taken by independently of the PRACTICE QUESTION
the firm to reduce individual firm’s actions.
costs and improve It is a reduction in cost Read the following case study carefully and then
efficiency. within the industry and answer the questions below:
is caused by external Mix It Ltd has a designed capacity of 25,000
factors. bottles of mixed fruit juice per week. Two years
ago, it had a capacity utilization of 76% and
Types include: Types include: management was not comfortable with that level
• Managerial • Improvement in of utilization. Much to their amazement, however,
transportation the firm has only been able to produce 16,000
• Technical bottles of mixed fruit juice on average for the last
• Education and 8 weeks. “Something is radically wrong, and we
• Marketing training need to fix it. We should be producing 25,000
• Purchasing bottles per week as we are designed to do just
• Technological
that,” shouted the General Manager in a meeting
advancements
• Financial held with staff in the past week.
1. Calculate the current capacity utilisation in
Mix It Ltd?
Please watch the following video that explains
these types of economies of scale. 2. Describe Two (2) possible reasons why the
company is performing below capacity.
3. Suggest Two (2) strategies that can be
https://www.youtube.com/
used to improve the capacity utilisation of
watch?v=ka0YmHAw1K8
the company.

DISECONOMIES OF SCALE 4. Giving reasons for your answer, do you

think the company should really operate at
This is the cost disadvantage accrued to a firm as its design capacity?
it increases in size. The notion here is that the
first has become too large so that its per unit costs All the best guys.
start rising again. There are several reasons for Until we next speak, take very good care of
diseconomies of scale inclusive of: yourself.
• Poor communication
Jerome Pitterson is on staff at
• Loss of control
Immaculate Conception High School
• Lack of motivation/low staff morale.  E-mail: [email protected]