TECHNICAL ENGLISH ESSAY

IN THE HOUSE

Arranged by :

GROUP 8 :
1. Pesatuan Zebua Nim :219902026
2. Kriman ziduhu Zai Nim :219902018
3. Melpian Zebua Nim :219902023

Supporting lecturer :
Afore Tahir Harefa S.Pd , M,Hum

INSTITUT KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN IKIP

GUNUNGSITOLI
FAKULTAS PENDIDIKAN TEKNOLOGI DAN KEJURUAN
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK BANGUNAN
T.A. 2021/2022
 TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................i
CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARY..........................................................................1
A. Background ...............................................................................................1

CHAPTER 2 DISCUSSION...............................................................................2

A. Tiles development....................................................................................
1. Tile Type.............................................................................................
2. Ceramic Tile Motif..............................................................................
3. Ceramic Tile Raw Material................................................................
B. Ceramic Tile Making Process.................................................................
1. Ceramic Tile Installasion Tool............................................................
2. How To Install Ceramic Tile...............................................................

CHAPTER 3 CLOSING...............................................................................3

A. Conclusion................................................................................................

REFERENCES..............................................................................................4
 CHAPTER 1

PRELIMINARY

A.background

Floor tiles are one of the building materials used in the construction of a

building. These tiles are used instead of floor plates to make the floor more

comfortable to use and look better. There are many types of tiles, there are

ceramic and tile types. In this research, floor tiles will be made. The floor tiles

that are made must be able to guarantee the strength and function of the tiles

themselves. The strength of the tile must be able to withstand the load that passes

on it. So it must be calculated the right thickness in order to have high strength, so

that it can see the possibility of the material. These floor tiles are made like

mortar, but in the form of tiles. Made by mixing portland cement, fine (sand),

added materials (shards of tile) and air into a single unit, then hardening within a

certain period of time. Commonly observed properties are compressive strength,

tensile strength, and flexural strength. These properties depend on several factors,

including the quality of the basic material for making tiles, composition, age and

weather conditions or environmental factors. But in areas where it is difficult to

get sand and gravel, the price of concrete becomes expensive.

1
 CHAPTER 2
DISCUSSION

A. TILES DEVELOPMENT

Tiles or tiles are thin objects that are usually square or rectangular in shape. Tiles

are pieces manufactured from a hard hardwearing material such as ceramic, stone,

metal, baked clay, or even glass, which are generally used to cover or coat roofs,

floors, walls, or other objects such as tabletops. Tile can also sometimes refer to

similar objects made of lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and mineral

wool, usually used for walls or ceilings. The word tile is also used for square-

shaped objects or arrangements that resemble tiles in game terms (eg mahjong,

dominoes and others). The word comes from the French tuile, and also from the

Latin tegula, which means roof tile made of burnt clay.

Tiles are often used for wall and floor cladding, ranging from simple square to

complex tile or mosaic shapes. Tiles are generally made of pottery, usually glazed

for internal use and unglazed for roofing, but other materials are also commonly

used, such as glass, cork, concrete, stone and other composite materials. Tile is

usually made of marble, onyx, granite or slate. Thinner tiles are widely used in

walls to make them more durable and withstand impact. While terracotta is a

traditional material used for roof tiles.

 1. Tile Type

• Natural Stone Tiles

Tiles can be cut from natural stone, such as marble or granite, offering a distinct

and beautiful look. However, natural stone has its drawbacks:

– It is porous, so it is easy to stain;

– Can be very brittle and will break more easily than porcelain; and

- Very expensive.

• Ceramic Tiles

Ceramic tile is the oldest known flooring material. It has been produced the same

way for centuries: a mixture of clay and other natural materials mined from the

earth, shaped, colored and fired at high temperatures.

Various clays are mixed with a fine powder and pressed together to form the tile

body. The clay body is pressed and then dried to reduce the moisture content. For

glazed tiles, one surface is coated with a colored glaze made from a glass

derivative called Frit. The glaze is permanently bonded to the tile surface by

heating it to a temperature of 2000 degrees Fahrenheit, forming a finished product

that is strong, with a water-resistant surface.

• Porcelain Tiles

Porcelain is a form of ceramic tile made from an excellent mixture of clay and

minerals – much different from ordinary ceramics – formed under very high

pressure and heated at a higher temperature than standard ceramic. The result is a

material that is stronger and more durable. durable than standard ceramics and

highly resistant to moisture and stains.

Superior porcelain tiles are highly resistant to scratching, staining and fading, and

never require sealing.Through the form of porcelain tiles are stained along the

entire length of the tile, so there is little danger of loss due to wear of color.

Porcelain is the best overall value in tiles because:

• Available in various styles and is a natural stone replication;

• Non-porous (unlike standard ceramic tiles or natural stone);

• More durable and stain resistant than natural stone, and

• Much more affordable than natural stone.

2. Ceramic Tile Motif

There are several models of floor tiles that we can use to decorate the house,

including the following:

• Natural Model Floor Ceramic

Natural Model This model is mostly used by homes with classical, ethnic

architectural styles, because the ornaments are mostly dark, old colors. In its use,

the colors are usually not uniform with each other. The impression of an old /

ancient building is increasingly felt by you because this ceramic model has an

uneven surface, a bit wavy. This ceramic texture looks classic, many properties

are used with classic concept designs, hotels, offices.

• Pattern Floor Ceramic Tile

Patterned Model This model is used by those of you who want to combine

modern and ancient styles.

• Glazed Ceramic Floor Tiles

Glazed models are usually installed in the bathroom. The choice of ceramic

patterns can be adjusted to your liking.

• Mosaic Model Floor Tiles

Mosaic Models - Usually ceramic models with this style contain lots of pictures

and ornaments so they tend to give a full impression. However, if affixed to a

building will display a bright impression.

• Minimalist Model Floor Ceramic Tile

Minimalist model The last, of course, ceramics with a minimalist style, this is one

model that is currently booming in the world of architecture. The model is simple,

there are not many colors, the surface is smooth, and there are no unnecessary

additions.

3. Ceramic Tile Raw Material

The manufacture of ceramic products occurs with a wide variety of raw materials

to match the diversity of various ceramic products. Materials such as sedimentary

clay, schistous clay and clayey clay are commonly used for the manufacture of

bricks, tiles and clay pipes. Organic additives, such as sawdust, paper binders,

plastics and inorganic materials such as pearlite can be added to obtain larger pore

volumes. In brick and tile production, metal oxides such as MnO2, TiO2, Fe2O3,

chromites, and minerals such as CaCO3, CaMgCO3 are added to obtain the

desired color and to increase the porosity of the finished product.

 B. CERAMIC TILE MAKING PROCESS

In general, the process of making ceramic products is as follows:

1. The raw material is mixed then pressed or extruded into the desired shape.

Water is used for mixing and shaping, this water evaporates in the drying kiln.

2. The resulting product is then placed into the kiln either by hand or by means of

conveyance. An irreversible ceramic structure is achieved during the combustion

process in the kiln. Accurate temperature is very important during the combustion

process.

3. After that controlled cooling is necessary, so that the ceramic product can

release its heat gradually and does not lose its ceramic structure.

4. The product is then packaged and stored for shipping. Based on the firing

temperature, ceramics can be classified as follows:

• Clay Products (Clayware): 900 °C – 1000 °C

• Stoneware & Earthenware: 1100 °C – 1300 °C

• Porcelain: 1300 °C – 1450 °C

• Refractory Products: 1500 °C – 2100 °C

• Special Ceramics: up to 2500 °C

1. Ceramic Tile Installation Tool

Equipment for installing ceramics as follows:

1. Wear safety glasses, thick leather gloves, and overalls, especially when

dismantling old ceramic tiles. Ceramic shards and other debris can cause cuts, if

you're not careful.

2. Tape measure, tile spacer, elbow gauge and bubble level.

3. Hammer, putty knife, and squeegee (preferably notched), and rubber grout

float.

4. Tile cutters (which can be rented) and tile pliers.

5. Mortar material such as thin set mortar, or choose from a number of available

tile adhesives.

6. Tiling grout and sealant. Tiling grout is available in a variety of colors so you

can choose the one that matches your design.

2. How to Install Ceramic Tiles

Here are simple steps you can do:

1. Make sure your ground floor is strong and level, usually for floors that have

been installed with concrete or cast concrete rebates. If you feel that the floor is

strong, then the first step in installing ceramics is making a guide line as a guide

for installing ceramics on the floor to be installed. You can make auxiliary lines

by making threads or chalk lines. Making an angled line in the two directions of

the axis which is the starting point for installing ceramics is usually placed at the

corner of the room entrance. If you've got the angled line, draw the thread line in

both directions of the axis at the level of the surface of the ceramic to be attached.

Make sure the thread height from the ground floor is in accordance with the

thickness of the mortar and the thickness of the tiles. Avoid heights that are too

large which will require too much mortar. Laying the starting point is usually

done on – laying the tile without adhesive to ensure the tile fits properly.
2. Install the tiles starting from the wall near the door on a bare floor surface (no

mortar / mortar), install the tiles in a row and use spacers between each tile to get

each side of the tile to be uniform and keep the same distance on all tiles that you

installed. This is intended to get the full number of tiles in 1 row.

3. When you reach the other end of the room and can no longer fit 1 full size sheet

of tiles, take a long block and place it perpendicular to the row of tiles. The

provision of this beam is intended so that the ceramic does not shift. Use a screw

gun to nail the block to the ceramic side.

4. Based on the length of the remaining space on the sides of the room, determine

how much you need to move the row to achieve the same border on both sides of

the room, so that the cuts on the left and right edges will be the same width. If you

don't want too many pieces, you don't need to shift the starting point, where you

will only cut the ceramic residue on one side only. But if you want the rest of the

tiles on both the left and right sides, you have to move the guides at the measured

point and the first guideline is no longer needed.

5. After you have got the ceramic installation line, the next step is to start the

installation of ceramics on adhesive or special mortar / mortar. Adhesive pouring

must be done regularly and should not be done on a too wide area. It is

recommended to put the mortar on the installation of the ceramic area between 4-

5 ceramic sheets. If you put the mortar too wide, it is feared that the mortar will

dry quickly so that the bond is not very good. Besides, it will also interfere with

your movement to pair the ceramic. Use a notched trowel to evenly distribute the
adhesive surface over each area that you will install. After you feel the surface of

the mix is even, place the ceramic on the adhesive surface slowly and adjust its

upright position on the auxiliary thread line that you have made.

6. When you start installing ceramic tile, where will you start installing the mortar

mortar adhesive. Use spacers to make sure the tiles are evenly spaced. Use a level

level to make sure the ceramic surface is completely flat. You can use a rubber

mallet or wooden block to knock or press the ceramic down, do it gently and

slowly until the surface is completely flat, and at that time you must still check the

firmness of the flat plane based on the existing guideline. If when you knock on

the ceramic, if you hear a buzzing sound, you should check if there is a possibility

that the ceramic is not sticking to the mortar, this is probably due to the lack of

mortar so that it does not bond to the ceramic base. Make repairs by lifting the

ceramic slowly then add the mortar on the surface of the mortar until it is smooth,

then put the ceramic back on. If the previous mortar has dried, you must also

remove all the mortar and replace it with a new one. This method you do every

time you install each ceramic sheet. For the next row, it will be easier for you to

check the alignment and distance between the spacers by following the ends of the

tiles in front and beside them.

7. If at the end of the row you need to cut a tile, get it just above the last full tile

and adjust its placement to the wall boundary so that you get the tile to cut. Mark

on the ceramic to be cut and make a cut line. If you feel the cut will be the same in

the next row (uniform cut), this size can be used as a reference for the next cut.

That means you don't have to wait for the size every time you make a cut.
8. To cut ceramics, you can use a tile cutter or glasscutter. Perform ceramic

cutting in a safe place. Never cut tile on the surface of the newly installed ceramic

tile. Choose a safe table to carry out the ceramic cutting.

9. Once all the tiles are laid and the adhesive has set, you can proceed to the

grouting phase. Mix the grout according to the manufacturer's recommendations.

Apply the grout with a rubber float at a 45-degree angle, working into the ceramic

side.

10. Wipe off any excess grout on the ceramic surface with a sponge. Be careful

not to let the grout come out of the side spaces between the tiles. After the grout

has been cleaned, you can again clean the surface of the ceramic from the rest of

the grout using residue. To keep the ceramic surface solid and strong, mop the

surface of the ceramic floor for the first 3 days with ceramic medicine, then brush

the grout with a silicone sealer.

Classification of Tile Types according to Room

The first step you can do is classify the nature of the room in the house. For

example, a bedroom or work space that is usually accessed specifically for

residents of the house is included in a group of private areas. Once grouped, you

can apply the following guidelines in tile selection:

1. Tiles for private areas can be more flexible according to the tastes of the

residents of the house. However, still prioritize comfort.

2. Tiles for public areas choose those that have a smooth texture. Or choose one

that has a high aesthetic value because the spaces here are often visited.
3. Choose a strong tile for the kitchen with a smooth surface for easy cleaning of

dirt and stains after cooking.

4. Tiles for the bathroom choose a rough textured in order to reduce the risk of

accidents in the bathroom such as slipping.

5. Tiles for outdoor areas such as terraces, can use tiles made of granite or

limestone. Choose weather-resistant tiles.

6. Tiles of the same color are suitable to be placed in narrow spaces, while for

large spaces you can use tile compositions with variations in colors and motifs.

7. Tropical-style homes can use tiles made of natural stone. Can also use

terracotta tiles made of clay.

8. Minimalist-style dwellings can use white tiles, to make it look wider.

2.15 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ceramic Tiles

The advantages of ceramic as a floor covering material:

1. Stronger and durable.

2. Low water absorption.

3. Maintenance is relatively the easiest.

4. Available in various sizes, motifs and colors.

5. Healthier than floor carpets because dust is reluctant to stick.

6. Easy to get.

7. Ceramics offer a timeless aesthetic and can adapt to both traditional and

modern accents.

Disadvantages of ceramics:
1. Ceramic material delivers cold so that it is sometimes less comfortable on the

feet.

2. The connection between ceramics (grout) is sometimes difficult to clean

because of accumulated dust or dirt.

3. It is easy to break so you need to be more careful during the installation

process.