[12/12, 09:33] +260 95 5078080: Introduction to the internet

Compiled by: Nyirongo B@cce2023

Definition - Internet

• is a global network of interconnected computers that communicate using a common set of

protocols.

• providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected

networks using standardized communication protocols

• allows users to access a wide range of services such as email, websites, social media, online
gaming, and much more.

• The Internet is a global network that connects millions of computers together” (Malaga: 2006;
147).

Protocol

• is a set of rules and procedures that govern the exchange of information between devices or
systems.

• defines the format, timing, sequencing, and error control of data transmission over a network.

• Protocols are essential for enabling communication and ensuring that data is transmitted
accurately and efficiently.

There are various types of protocols, including network protocols such as TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), and FTP (File Transfer Protocol).

Common Communication protocols

o HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): transmits hypertext over networks. HTTP is another critical
network protocol used for transmitting web pages and other resources over the internet. It governs how
web browsers and servers communicate, allowing users to access websites and retrieve information

o SMTP(Simple Mail Transport Protocol): distributes e-mail messages and attached files to one or
more electronic mailboxes

o FTP (File Transfer Protocol): transfers files between an FTP server and a computer, for example,
to download software.

o VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol): allows delivery of voice communications over IP networks,
for example, phone calls.

o TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) enables different types of computers

and networks on the Internet to communicate with one another
USES OF THE INTERNET

a) Communication

o Internet has made communication faster and more convenient than ever before.

o Emails, messaging apps, video conferencing, and social media have made it possible to stay
connected with our loved ones, colleagues, and clients from anywhere in the world.

b) Information and Education

o One can access a vast amount of information on any topic of their choice.

o Individuals can access online libraries, research papers, and educational resources that have
made learning more accessible and convenient.

c) Entertainment

o People can now stream movies, TV shows, music, and videos on demand.

o Play online gaming

d) Shopping

o Online marketplaces have made it possible to purchase goods and services from all over the
world.

e) Business and Commerce

o has made it possible to sell products and services online, while social media has made it possible
to reach a global audience.

o Online marketing and advertising have also become essential tools for businesses to reach their
target audience.

f) Government Services

o Used to provide online services to their citizens.

o One can now access government services such as passport applications, tax filing, and health
records online.

g) Banking and Finance

o Client can now access bank accounts, pay bills, and transfer money online.

o Online financial services have made it possible to invest in stocks, mutual funds, and other
financial instruments from the comfort of our own homes.

h) Social Connection

o Social media has become an essential tool for staying connected with

our friends, family, and colleagues.

Navigating the Net

o refers to the process of using various tools and techniques to browse, search, and interact with
the internet.

o include accessing websites, using search engines, utilizing hyperlinks, and engaging with online
content.

o To navigate the net individuals use web browsers such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari,
or Microsoft Edge to access websites and web pages.

Browsing the internet

o refers to the activity of navigating through various websites and web pages on the internet.

o involves using a web browser to access and view content, interact with web applications, and
consume information available on the World Wide Web.

Web Browsers

o is a software application that allows you to access and view websites on the internet.

Examples of browsers

o Microsoft Edge

o Internet explorer
o Fire fox

o Crawler

o Google Chrome

o Safari etc.

Search Engines

• Is a Computer program that searches databases and internet sites for the documents containing
keywords specified by a user.

• a Computer program that searches for and identifies resources in a database on the world wide
web based on the users specified keywords.

Examples of search engines

⊳ Google

⊳ Bing

⊳ Yahoo

⊳ DuckDuckGo

⊳ AOL

⊳ Ask.com

⊳ Crawler

The Web

• short for World Wide Web, is a system of interconnected documents and resources, typically
accessed via the Internet.

• consists of a network of documents and resources, each identified by a unique Uniform

Resource Locator (URL) and linked together by hyperlinks.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL

o is the address used to access resources on the internet.

o is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a
mechanism for retrieving it.
o provide a standardized way of locating and accessing information across different websites and
servers.

Parts of URL

1. Scheme

o indicates the protocol used to access the resource on the internet.

o common schemes include HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), HTTPS (HTTP Secure), FTP (File
Transfer Protocol)

2. Host

o part of a URL identifies the domain name or IP address of the server where the resource is
located.

o The host name identifies the host that holds the resource. www.google.co.zm

o can also include subdomains, such as “www” in “www.example.com”.

3. Path

o component of a URL refers to the specific location or file on the web server.

o follows the host and provides the hierarchy of directories leading to the resource.

o The path identifies the specific resource in the host that the web client wants to access. For
example, /software/htp/cics/index.html.

4. Fragment

o indicated by a hash symbol (#), identifies a specific section within the resource being

accessed, such as an anchor within an HTML document.

scheme://host:port/path?query

Web documents

• is a file or resource that is accessible through the internet.

• can be in various formats such as HTML, PDF, or other multimedia types

Web Pages
• are documents that are designed to be viewed in a web browser.

• can contain text, images, links, and other multimedia elements.

• are written in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and can be static or dynamic.

Website

o is a set of pages of information on the internet about a particular subject published by a single
person or organization.(Cambridge Dictionary, 2016)

o is a collection of related World Wide Web (WWW) files.

o is a collection of related web pages, images, videos or other digital

Website as an Education Tool

A website can be an educational tool if it's designed to help students learn and improve their
educational experience. Websites can be used as online learning tools and can include:

• Online course platforms

• Virtual classrooms

• Digital textbooks

• Discussion forums

• Videoconferencing

• Live lectures

• Printed course materials

WWWW

o The term “www” stands for World Wide Web.

o is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the internet.

hyperlink

o is a word, phrase, image, or button that we can click to jump either to another web page or
another part of the same web page.
o is a reference to data that the reader can directly follow by clicking or tapping

o points to a whole document or to a specific element within a document

[12/12, 09:36] +260 95 5078080: INTRODUCTION TO ICT

Acronym ICT

• stands for Information and Communications Technology

definition

• ICT is defined as a diverse set of technological tools and resources used to transmit, store,
create, share or exchange information.

• These technological tools and resources include computers, the Internet (websites, blogs and
emails), live broadcasting technologies (radio, television and webcasting), recorded broadcasting
technologies (podcasting, audio and video players, and storage devices) and telephony (fixed or mobile,
satellite, visio/video-conferencing, etc.).

Terminologies

1. Information

• Scientifically it is defined as processed data.

• can also be loosely defined as that which aids decision making. It could also be visualized as a
commodity, which could be bought or sold.

• Information is produced when data are processed so that they are placed within some context
in order to convey meaning to a recipient.

2. Data

• is a collection of facts, statistics that can be used for analysis, reference, or calculation.

• It can be in the form of numbers, words, measurements, observations, or descriptions of things.

3. Knowledge
• defined as the understanding, awareness, or familiarity acquired through learning, experience,
or education

• refer to the information, facts, skills, or wisdom acquired through education or experience

• or the fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or
association.

4. Communication

• The exchange or transmission of ideas, information, opinions, or thoughts transmitted

electronically or by gestures, speech, or writing.

the process of transmitting information and common understanding from one person to
another.(Keyton, 2011)

• It involves a sender, a receiver, a code and a language that is understood by both the sender and
the receiver.

• It is not a one-way affair. There must be a sender to transmit the message, and a receiver to
make appropriate decisions on how the rest of the exchange should continue. (James, et al., 2004)

5. Technology

• refers to the use of scientific knowledge to invent tools that assist human beings in their efforts
to overcome environmental hazards and obstacles to comfort.

• Is the use of scientific knowledge to solve practical problems, especially in industry and
commerce.

• Use of specific methods, materials, and devices used to solve practical problems.(refers to the
things like the computer, telephone, cell phone, GSM handsets, television, radio, etc.

ICT can be broken down into;

o Information Technology - IT

o Communications Technology-CT
a) Information Technology

o is a technology which uses computers to collect, process, store, retrieve, protect and transfer
information electronically or manually.

o The major component of electronic information technology is the computer

b) Communication Technology

o is a collection of facilities for the transmission and reception of information

o The major components of electronic Communications Technology are computers and

telecommunications facilities (transmitters, fax machines etc)

What is a computer?

o An electronic device that stores, retrieves and processes data and can be programmed with
instructions.

o it is an electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data, perform calculations and
present results based on a program given to it by a programmer. (Tiamson, 2006)

The computer consists of:

◦ hardware – are the physical parts of a computer and

◦ software – set of commands or instructions that directs a computer to perform specific tasks

◦ and can exist in a variety of sizes

i. Hardware

Refers to all the physical parts of a computer that can be seen or felt

◦ i.e. The keyboard, mouse, monitor, system unit, hard drive, CPU, RAM

Systems Unit

o The system unit is a crucial component of a computer that houses the motherboard, CPU
(Central Processing Unit), memory, power supply, and storage devices.

o casing that houses most internal components of a computer

o primary function of the computer system unit is to hold all the other components together and
protect the sensitive electronic parts from the outside elements.

o The computer system unit is the enclosure for all the other main interior components of a
computer.

o It is also called the computer case or computer chassis.

[12/12, 09:36] +260 95 5078080: The monitor

◦ Also referred to as a Visual Display Unit(VDU)

◦ is a display unit of a computer. It displays information in visual form, using text and graphics.

◦ The part of the monitor that displays information is called the screen.

Types of Monitors

1. Cathode Ray Tube ( CRT) Monitor

◦ uses CRT tube which creates an image on the screen using a beam of electrons.

◦ CRT consists of one or more guns that fire a beam of electrons inside the screen.

◦ A cathode-ray tube (CRT) is a specialized vacuum tube in which images are produced when an
electron beam strikes a phosphorescent surface.

2. FLAT PANEL Monitors

◦ Use much less power than CRTs. notebook, PDA, and Cellular phones use flat panel monitors.

◦ There are various types of technologies used in flat panel display screens.

(a) LCD Monitor

 These screens contain a substance called liquid Crystal.

 LCDs provide a sharper picture than CRTs and emit less radiation.

 A liquid crystal is a substance that has properties of both a solid and a liquid.

 LCD monitor uses fluorescent backlights to illuminate the screen

(b) LED monitors

• The light-emitting diodes (LED, acronym) are small semiconductor emits visible light when an
electric current passes through them

• Use LEDs (light-emitting diodes) to illuminate the screen.

(c) OLED

◦ Organic Light Emitting Diode

◦ made of organic material (such as carbon, plastic, wood, and polymers), that is used to convert
electric current into light.

◦ disadvantages of the OLED monitor right now are its short life expectancy than LCDs and LEDs

◦ should protect the monitor from water as it can damage the OLED screen

◦ Quality pictures compared to LCDs/LEDs

◦ LED monitor uses light-emitting diodes for backlights

(d) Gas Plasma Display

◦ Uses Gas plasma technology(technology uses a layer of gas between two glasses.

◦ Provide higher display quality than LCDs

◦ fluorescent lights like a tiny neon light- red, green, and blue lights. that produces a superior
contrast ratio, along with the intensity of these lights also vary accordingly.

(e) Touch Screen

◦ Are used for input as well as output.

◦ Data can be entered by touching icons or menus on the screen.

[12/12, 09:36] +260 95 5078080: The Mouse

is an input device a computer user pushes across a desk surface in order to drive the cursor to
point to a place on a display screen and to select one or more actions to take from that position.

It has mostly two buttons; the left and the right

◦ The left button is the primary mouse button, and it is used to perform common tasks like
selecting menu commands, pulling down menus and double-clicking.
◦ The right button is a secondary mouse button usually used to display a list of things you can do
with the item(selected). For example, when you right-click the Recycle Bin on your desktop, you'll see a
menu with options to open it, empty it, delete it, or see its properties

◦ The mouse also has a SCROLL wheel

is used to scroll up and down on any page without using the vertical scroll bar on the right hand side of a
document

[12/12, 09:36] +260 95 5078080: [13:50, 08/12/2023] Awisi Towela: BUS

• is an electronic pathway through which data can be transferred in a computer

• pathway uses signals that move at different speeds and are sent through different channels to
communicate information between components within a computer

2. The Mouse

is an input device a computer user pushes across a desk surface in order to drive the cursor to point to a
place on a display screen and to select one or more actions to take from that position.

It has mostly two buttons; the left and the right

◦ The left button is the primary mouse button, and it is used to perform common tasks like
selecting menu commands, pulling down menus and double-clicking.

◦ The right button is a secondary mouse button usually used to display a list of things you can do
…

[13:57, 08/12/2023] Awisi Towela: Basic Functions of a Computer

A computer performs several basic functions that are essential for its operation. These functions include:

1. Input

• This is the process of entering data and instructions into the computer.

• Input is also data that is entered into the computer

• Devices used to input data such as keyboards, mice, and touchscreens are referred to as input
Devices
Input Devices

• are hardware components that allow users to input data into the computer.

• There are various types of input devices, each serving a specific purpose in capturing and
transmitting user input to the computer.

a). Keyboards

• are one of the most common input devices used for typing text, entering commands, and
navigating through software interfaces.

• They consist of keys representing letters, numbers, symbols, and function keys.

c) Mouse and Pointing Devices

• such as trackpads and touchscreens are used to control the movement of the cursor on the
screen, select items, and interact with graphical user interfaces.

d) Scanners

• are input devices used to convert physical documents or images into digital format.

• They capture the content of documents or images and transfer them to the computer for
storage or further processing.

e) Digital Cameras

• serve as input devices by capturing still images or videos and transferring them to a computer
for editing, sharing, or storage.

f) Microphones

• are input devices that capture audio signals and convert them into digital format for recording,
voice commands, or communication purposes.

g) Joysticks and Gamepads

• devices are primarily used for gaming applications, allowing users to control movements and
actions within video games.

h) Touchscreens

• enable direct interaction by detecting touch gestures on the display, making them versatile
input devices for various applications including smartphones, tablets, and interactive kiosks.

i) Barcode Scanners

• scanners are used to capture data from barcodes on products or documents, providing a quick
and accurate method of inputting information into a computer system.

j) Biometric Input Devices

• such as fingerprint scanners or facial recognition systems capture unique biological traits for
authentication and identification purposes.

k) Graphic Tablets

• allow users to draw or write directly onto a digital surface using a stylus or pen-like device,
making them popular among artists and designers.

2. Processing

• Processing refers to the manipulation, transformation, or handling of data in order to produce a

desired output.

• Once the data is input, the computer processes it using its Central Processing Unit (CPU).

• The CPU performs calculations, executes instructions, and manages the flow of data through the
system.

3. Storage
• Computers have various types of storage devices such as hard drives, solid-state drives, and
memory (RAM) that allow them to store data and programs for later use.

Input Devices

• are hardware components that allow users to input data into the computer.

• There are various types of input devices, each serving a specific purpose in capturing and
transmitting user input to the computer.

1. Keyboards

• are one of the most common input devices used for typing text, entering commands, and
navigating through software interfaces.

• They consist of keys representing letters, numbers, symbols, and function keys.

2. Mouse and Pointing Devices

• such as trackpads and touchscreens are used to control the movement of the cursor on the
screen, select items, and interact with graphical user interfaces.

3. Scanners

• are input devices used to convert physical documents or images into digital format.

• They capture the content of documents or images and transfer them to the computer for
storage or further processing.

4. Digital Cameras

• serve as input devices by capturing still images or videos and transferring them to a computer
for editing, sharing, or storage.

5. Microphones
• are input devices that capture audio signals and convert them into digital format for recording,
voice commands, or communication purposes.

6. Joysticks and Gamepads

• devices are primarily used for gaming applications, allowing users to control movements and
actions within video games.

7. Touchscreens

• enable direct interaction by detecting touch gestures on the display, making them versatile
input devices for various applications including smartphones, tablets, and interactive kiosks.

8. Barcode Scanners

• scanners are used to capture data from barcodes on products or documents, providing a quick
and accurate method of inputting information into a computer system.

9. Biometric Input Devices

• such as fingerprint scanners or facial recognition systems capture unique biological traits for
authentication and identification purposes.

10. Graphic Tablets

• allow users to draw or write directly onto a digital surface using a stylus or pen-like device,
making them popular among artists and designers.

There are several types of storage, including:

1. Random Access Memory (RAM)

• RAM is a type of storage that is used to temporarily store data and applications that are
currently being used on a computer or device.

• It is called “random access” because the computer can access any location in the memory
directly, rather than having to read the data in a particular order.

2. Read-Only Memory (ROM)

• ROM is a type of storage that is used to store data that does not change, such as the basic
input/output system (BIOS) of a computer.

• It is called “read-only” because the data cannot be changed or written to.

3. Hard Disk Drives (HDD)

• HDD is a type of storage that uses magnetic disks to store data.

• It is a non-volatile storage, meaning that the data remains even when the power is turned off.

4. Solid-State Drives (SSD)

• is a type of storage that uses flash memory to store data.

• It is faster than HDD and is becoming increasingly popular due to its high performance and low
power consumption.

5. Cloud Storage

• Cloud storage is a model of data storage where data is stored and accessed over the internet,
rather than on a local storage device.

6. Flash memory devices

a) Pen drive

• also called a USB drive since it has flash memory and a built-in USB interface.

• These devices can be immediately connected to our desktops and laptops, allowing us to read
data into them even more quickly and efficiently.

b) SSD

• refers to Solid State Drive, a type of mass storage technology similar to hard disc drives.

c) Memory card

• used to carry lots of data and comes in a variety of sizes.

• memory card reader is required to use a storage device on a computer.

• Eg. SD cards – Secure Digital

7. Optical storage devices

• is an internal or external computer disk drive that uses laser beam technology to read and write
data

CD (Compact Disc)

• s a portable storage device that stores digital data.

• Usually has 700 MB capacity

• Two types CD R / CD RW

• CD R – Compact Disc Recordable

• CD RW – Compact Disc Rewritable

DVD( Digital Versatile Disc)

• are data storage discs that are round and flat.

• Usually has the capacity of 4.7Gigabyte

• Two Types DVD R/ DVD RW

4. Output

• a piece of hardware that receives data from a computer and converts it into a form that humans
can perceive

• After processing the input data, the computer produces output through output devices such as
monitors, printers, and speakers.

• This output can take the form of text, images, sound, or other media.

Examples of Output Device

Monitor • Printer • Speakers • Projector. Plotters.

[12/12, 09:36] +260 95 5078080: The computer consists of:

◦ hardware – are the physical parts of a computer and

◦ software – set of commands or instructions that directs a computer to perform specific tasks

◦ and can exist in a variety of sizes

i. Hardware

Refers to all the physical parts of a computer that can be seen or felt

◦ i.e. The keyboard, mouse, monitor, system unit, hard drive, CPU, RAM

1. Systems Unit

o The system unit is a crucial component of a computer that houses the motherboard, CPU
(Central Processing Unit), memory, power supply, and storage devices.

o casing that houses most internal components of a computer

o primary function of the computer system unit is to hold all the other components together and
protect the sensitive electronic parts from the outside elements.

o The computer system unit is the enclosure for all the other main interior components of a
computer.

o It is also called the computer case or computer chassis.

i. Motherboard

• A motherboard is a circuit board inside computers that stores electrical components and helps
them communicate

The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

This Is The Most Important Component Of The Computer Hardware.

It Contains The Following Fundamental Parts Each Performing Different Functions:

The Control Unit – CU

• Controls all functions of the computer e.g.

• Interprets stored instructions in sequence

• Controls operations of input/output (i/o) systems.

• Configuring and optimizing RAM to ensure that it works efficiently.

Arithmetic And Logic Unit – ALU

• Performs arithmetic and logic operations

• Arithmetic means addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

• Logic is comparing things so as to make appropriate choices.

CMOS Battery (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor)

• provides power to the CMOS chip on the motherboard in order to store information like the
system time and date, BIOS settings ETC

Random Access Memory – RAM

• Ram Slots: connect the ram in the computer.

• RAM (Random Access Memory) is a type of computer memory that is used to store data and
program instructions that are currently being used by the central processing unit (CPU).

• RAM is “random access” because the CPU can access any location in the memory directly, rather
than having to read the data in a particular order.

ii. Hard Drive

• is the hardware component that stores all of your digital content and data on computers.

[12/12, 09:36] +260 95 5078080: Types of keyboard

1. Dvořák 2. QWERTY 3. QWERTZ 4. Azerty 5. Colemak 6. Backlit keyboards 7. Cherokee
keyboard layout

8. JCUKEN 9. Maltron

[12/12, 09:36] +260 95 5078080: Computer Network

• is a group of two or more computing devices connected via a form of communications

technology
• has two or more computers or other electronic devices that are connected together, usually by
cables or Wireless.

• Some computer networks will have a server.

• A server is a powerful computer that often acts as a central hub and provides for services in a
network, eg emails, internet access and file storage.

• Each computer connected to a server is called a client.

• A computer that is not connected to a network is called a standalone computer.

Benefits of a network.

Using a network allows you to:

• share data e.g. Records in an organization can be shared in a centralized database

• share tasks - co-workers in an organisation can collaborate on tasks to speed up processing.

• To share computer resources - expensive resources, such as hardware, hard disk drives, printers
and software programs can be shared on a network and this greatly reduces acquisition and
maintenance costs.

• To make communication more efficient and effective –makes life easier and cheaper for people
to communicate.

Network topologies

• There are many ways in which computers can be networked.

Topology is;

• the arrangement or pattern, in which all nodes on a network are connected together or

• the schematic description of a network arrangement, connecting various computers through

lines of connection.

• the way in which constituent parts are interrelated or arranged in a network

• A logical topology is how devices appear connected to the user.

• A physical topology is how they are actually interconnected with wires and cables

• Physical topology should not be confused with logical topology which is the method used to pass
information between workstations
Examples of Network topologies

i. BUS

- a network layout where all nodes are connected along a linear link/backbone known as a bus. A linear
bus topology consists of a main run of cable with a terminator at each end.

ii. STAR

- a network where each node is connected to a central switch.

iii. Ring topology

- network configuration in which device connections create a circular data path.

iv. Tree topology

- a combination of a star network topology and a bus topology. A tree topology combines characteristics
of linear bus and star topologies. It consists of groups of star-configured workstations connected to a
linear bus backbone cable

v. Mesh topology

- has all the nodes connected to every other node.

- all the network nodes are individually connected to most of the other nodes.

- There is not a concept of a central switch, hub or computer which acts as a central point of
communication to pass on the messages.

vi. Hybrid topology -

[12/12, 09:36] +260 95 5078080: Word Processing

• Word processing software is used to manipulate text and apply a basic design to your pages.

Definition of Terms

1. word Processor

• word-processing program used primarily for creating documents such as letters, brochures,
learning activities, tests, quizzes and students' homework assignments.

• used to create and edit documents such as resume, applications, and letters, school or college
assignments professionally.

• In short its a device or program used to perform word processing

2. Word Processing

• Is the production of typewritten documents (such as business letters) with automated and
usually computerized typing and text-editing equipment such as a computer.

Examples of Word Processors

• Microsoft word

• Corel WordPerfect

• Google docs

• Pages - apple

• AppleWorks

• OpenOffice

• LibreOffice

• Abiword.

• Apple TextEdit

Functions of Word Processors

Some of the functions of word processing software include:

• Creating, editing, saving and printing documents.

• Copying, pasting, moving and deleting text within a document.

• Formatting text, such as font type, bolding, underlining or italicizing.

• Creating and editing tables.

• Inserting elements from other software, such as illustrations or photographs.

• Correcting spelling and grammar.

Application of Microsoft Word

1. In Business and workplace

• Can be used to create all types of official documents letterhead samples, bills and cash memos,
joining letters, receipts, letterheads, and all various types of accounts management related work.

• You can send an email by using a mail merge that helps you to send one document to thousands
of people with name and address.

2. in Education

• Used as a teaching tool for teachers.

• Used to create a lecture script by using text, word art, shapes, colors, and images.

• can be used to prepare assessment papers such tests assignments.

• used to create various educational materials such posters, charts etc.

3. Homes

• can create a birthday, invitation card by using pre-defined templates.

• Used to type different kinds of letters.

• Used as a diary for personal use, you can type and print the shopping list in the paper.

4. create resumes, notes, and assignments

• create notes and assignments

6. create books, articles, and newsletters

• used by for document writing.

• can create e-books or pdf documents

7. Used to create edit, transcribe, and convert PDF documents

• create and edit PDF documents.

• transcribe the video into a word file

• used by data entry operators, assistant and typist more often to enter and format text in a word
file.