Geometry

Geometry (Line & Angle)

Line and Angle Supplementary angle of an angle is 90° more than

complementary angle.
� Point: Zero dimension figure or a circle with zero
90°
radius.
� Transversal Line : A line which inte rests
(touches) two or more lines at distinct point is
� Line: One dimension figure line is a set of points called transversal lines of the given lines.
having only length with no ends. _________

r
_________ � Parallel lines: two or more line that never

Si
� Line segment: A line with a fixed length. intersects L ��� M

P Q L ���M
L

p
� Ray: A line with uni-direction length. A B d d
M
� Angle: inclination between two sides is called
ta AB ���CD and EF is transversal line

n
angle. AB ���CD EF
io
a
E
at
�ABC = � 2 1
A B
ic

3 4
Pr

A
bl

B 6 5
Pu

C
C D
� Complementary Angle : If sum of two angles is 7 8
90º then they are Complementary to each other. F
on
n

90º Corresponding angles �� �1 = �5, �4 = �8

pi

�2 = �6, �3 = �7
ga
am

Alternate Angles �� �3 = �5, �4 = �6

� Complementary Angle/ � + = 90° �4 + �5 = 180°
Ch

�
�3 + �6 = 180°
Ga

Supplementary Angle : If sum of two angles is � If AB �� CD then find the value of �+�+�?
180º then they are supplementary to each other.
AB �� CD �+�+��
180º
A B
�
�
Supplementary Angles/ � � �+� = 180° �
O
C D
� Angle Complementary Supplementary + + = 360°
� A
a B
43° +90 c
47° 137° C
b
12° 78° +90 168° x
� 90° – � +90 180° – � D
b=a+c+x

3
 Geometry
� A � B
�
LHS �� RHS A a D
m
C D
B E
Sum of angle on RHS = LHS
RHS = LHS n
C F
+ = + b
�
A E
AB DE m
a p = =
BC EF n
B F
an+bm
b q BE =
C G m+n

r
c r

Si
D H

a:b:c=p:q:r

p
a p
= p+q+r
a+b+c
ta
n
io
a
at
ic
Pr
bl
Pu
on
n
pi
ga
am
Ch
Ga

4
 Geometry

Types of Triangles

Triangle � Scalene Triangle

� A triangle is a 3-sides polygon that consists of three A
edges and three vertices.
c b
3
B a C
three unequal sides
� 3 sides, 3 vertices, 3 altitudes, 3 angles
three unequal angles
3 3 3 3
�A��B��C & a�b�c

r
A By Angle

Si
� Acute Angle Triangle
h1
c b

h2 h3
B a C

p
�A+�B+�C=180° ta All three angles < 90° < 90°
� Right Angle Triangle
1 1 1 1
Area � ×a×h 1 = bh 2 = ch 3 = × Base × A
2 2 2 2

n
Corresponding height.
io
a
at
� ah1= bh2= ch3 = constant
B C
ic

1 1 1
Pr

h1 : h2 : h3 = : : One angle is 90°. �B = 90° and �A + �C = 90°

a b c
bl

� Obtuse Angle Triangle

Pu

Type of Triangle

One angle > 90° > 90°

on
n

By side By Angle
pi

� Let �B = largest angle �B

ga
am

By side � side AC = b = largest side

� Equilateral Triangle AC = b =
Ch

A
Ga

c b
B a C
Equilateral triangle has 3 equal sides, each angle
Let �C = smallest angle �C =
60°
� side AB = c = smallest side
60° 3
AB = c =
� Isosceles Triangle
� Inequality of triangle
The triangle inequality states that for any triangle
the sum of the lengths of any two sides must be
� �
greater than the length of the remaining side.
two equal sides
two angle same

5
 Geometry
� |b–c| < a < b+c II. Right Angle Triangle
A A
c b b c
B a C C a B
|a–c| < b < a+c
�C = largest �C =
|a–b| < c < a+b
side c = largest c
� Inequality of Triangle
c =a +b
2 2 2

eg� 4, 9, 15 � not possible � 4 + 9 < 15

III. Obtuse Angle Triangle
5, 10, 15 � not possible � 5 + 10 = 15
A
7, 12, 15 � is possible � 7+12> 15 c
b

r
OR 7+15 > 12 OR 12 + 15 > 7
A C a B

Si
c b �C = largest �C =

B C side c = largest c
a
Sum of any two sides is always greater than 3rd c2 > a2 + b2

p
side. � sides of triangle : 11.7, 16.9, 23.4. which type of �
ta it is?
a+b > c � b > c–a 11.7, 16.9, 23.4. �

n
b+c > a ��b > a–c Take ratio of sides 11.7 : 16.9 : 23.4
c+a > b � � |c–a| < b < c+a io 9 : 13 : 18
a
at
Difference of any two sides is always less than 18 > 9 + 13 �� is obtuse angle triangle.
2 2 2
ic

3rd side. Triplets

Pr
bl

A
�
Pu

� If 10, 17, x are sides of a �, x � integer c b

Then 7 < x < 27
B a C
on
n

� x � {8, 9, 10, .... 26}

b =c +a
2 22
xmin = 8, xmax = 26
pi

(3,4,5), (5,12,13), (7,24,25),

ga

xtotal = 19 values possible 19

am

(8,15,17), (9,40,41), (11,60,61),

� 19 �'s possible 19 (12,35,37), (16,63,65), (13,84,85),
(20,21,29), (28,45,53), (33,56,65),
Ch

Possible values of x = 2×small side –1

(39,80,89), (36,77,85), (65, 72, 97),
Ga

� 2×10–1 = 19
(20, 99, 101)
x 2× –1 � 2×10–1 = 19
multiplication and division on these triplets will
Relation between 3 sides of Triangle
also result in triplets.
3
I. Acute Angle Triangle
(5,12, 13) ���� 2 � (10, 24, 26)
A
(3,4,5) � (6,8,10), (9,12,15), (12,16,20), (15,20,25)

b c Ex: 1�
?
3.5 3

C a B 12 3

�C = largest �C = 7 24 25
side c = largest c �÷2 �÷2 �÷2

c < a +b
2 2 2
3.5 12 12.5 � 3.5 3 , 12 3 , 12.5 3

6
 Geometry
Ex: 2� Angle Bisector
� A
14 ? E
D
32 � 22 = 13
21 C
B
7 ×2 7 ×3 7 × 13 = 7 13 BE � exterior angle bisector of �ABC
Ex: 3� BE � �ABC
2� + 2� = 180°
42 3 6 � 7 � 7 � 3 � 6 7 � 21
? + = 90°
� Angle between internal angle bisector and
18 7 6 7 �3 external angle bisector of an angle is 90°.
3rd side = 6 7 × 21 � 9 = 6 7 × 12 = 12 21
90°

r
Ex: 4�
BD is interior angle bisector of �ABC

Si
9.6 ? 9.6 : 18
BD, �ABC
×1.2 �1.2 � 20.4
8 : 15 : 17 ����
� Vertically Opposite Angle
18
� Exterior angle is equal to sum of opposite interior D A

p
angles.
ta 180– 180–

A+B+C = 180°
B C
A+B = 180° – C

n
� Some other properties
A io
a
at
exterior angle at vertex C
ic
Pr

B C
bl

sum of all exterior angles = 360°

Pu

�+�+� = 3×360° – 180° = 900°

= 360°
� A
Types of Angles
on
n

A
pi

B C
ga

� Acute Angle � 0° < < 90°

am

1 2
B C
�1 + �2 = 180° + �A
A
Ch

� Right Angle � AB � BC =90° � If angles of a � are in A.P., middle angle is always

90°
Ga

B C 60° � A.P. 60°

� Obtuse Angle � (a–d), a, (a+d)
� a–d+a+a+d = 180°
A
3a = 180°
90°< <180°
B C a = 60°
� A + C = 120° & B = 60°
� Straight or line angle �
�A �B �C
= 180°
�
60°– 60° 60°+
C � D C
� Reflex Angle � B
y° z°
A
180°< <360° x°
A
B
�B (internal ) = 360° – (x+y+z)
� Complete Angle � � = 360°
�B (external ) = x°+y°+z°

7
 Geometry
� A A
36° B
21°
C x

19
° D B D
C

x° = 36° + 21° + 19° = 76° AD is the median of side BC AD BC

� BD = DC
D C
x°x 2 b° Perpendicular bisector
x1
y2
� The line segment that is drawn from a vertex to
a° y1 y° the opposite side bisecting it at right angle.
A B

r
a+b = x+y

Si
x1 + y1 = a° A
x2 + y2 = b°
h1
x1 + x2 +y1+y2 = a+b o
x+y = a+b h2 h3

p
B C
� Altitude / Height / Perpendicular ta O = circumcentre
Cevian
The perpendicular drawn from the vertex of the

n
triangle to the opposite side. � Cevian � Any random line which joins vertex to
io
opposite side
a
at
�
ic

A
Pr

A
bl

A Position of cevian
Pu

h
h

C
on

B
n

D C B D
pi

� Angle bisector B C
ga

D E
am

A line that splits an angle into two equal angles.

AD, AE are cevians AD, AE
Ch

� ��ABC is scalene �� ��ABC �

Ga

A A

B D E F C
B C AC > AB
D
� �B > �C
AD is the angle bisector of �BAC, BD and DC need
not be equal � AD will be near to largest among B and C i.e
angle �B and far from small angle �C.
AD �BAC BD, DC
� AD, �B �C �B
�C
Median
AE � Angle bisector of �A
� Line drawn from a vertex to opposite side which
divides the opposite side into equal parts. AE ���A
AF � median i.e. BF = FC
AF � BF = FC

8
 Geometry
� AD � Altitude AD � � In any quadrilateral bisector of �A & �B meet at P.
AE � Angle bisector of �A �A �B P
AE � �A D
C

A P
S Q

R
A
B
B D E C C+ D
APB =
2
�B – �C
DAE = � A B�
2 �APB = 180° – � � �
�2 2�
�A

r
C D
�DAE = – 90° + �B �APB = �
2 2 2

Si
�A + �B + �C + �D = 360°
�A �A �B �C
= – – – +�B �A �B �C �D 360�
2 2 2 2 � � � = =180°
2 2 2 2 2
�A �B �C
+ + =90°

p
�
2 2 2 � �A C D �B �
180° – � 2 � 2 � = �
� � 2 2
�B �C �B –�C
=
2
–
2
=
2
ta Bisector of �C and �D meet at R

n
� A+B+C = 180° �A + �B
io
� �DRC =
2
a
at
A
�P + �R = 180°
ic
Pr

�S + �Q = 180°
bl

� PQRS will be a cyclic quadrilateral.

Pu

I PQRS
2 C/ �
B/ 2 A
on
n

B/2 C/2
B C
pi
ga

�B +�C 180° – �A
am

�A = 180° – (�B + �C) � =

2 2
I
Ch

� �B � �C �
�BIC = 180° – � �
� 2 � B C
Ga

� 180° � �A � �A
= 180° – � 2
� = 90° +
� � 2

A
� BIC = 90° + O
2
�A
� A BIC = 90° +
2
�A
BOC = 90° –
B C 2
AIO will be a straight line and bisect angle A.
O AIO A
A BIC + BOC = 180°
BOC = 90° –
2 BICO will be a cyclic quadrilateral.
�A = 2(90°–�BOC) BICO