D.

8-m:S lASSMALe
Date
Page

ufunc
Unit-3 1 fun tionod DepemdnC Pahal fund
2 1NE 2NE3NF and BCNF
3 Lossles De Co mositiem
A Nox malizaen
5. MuutHualuud Debemdon(muD)Toin Dep (so
6ranSitue daptn.dend 4nt5nf
Urit-4 TyomSackien 3 Sesiali zcbil
2 AID 4 ConEica|vie
S Schedulo ecoNeaablay Cas.cadalessthict
6. Precodemca haph
1 Log-based ecove Shadow Pa9ing
eheck Poinei ng
16 L09le 12 Distaibuded Database
L
De.adlocK t3. Daa hagmendati m
1 4 COnCuamoncy Condal
15 Direcs S

Ui-5 2 Phase locKing

2 Gaph based locking Protocs
3 (Oncuane todnSacdie0
4 Phantom Phenomema
5 Muti pla (anamulai
 Date
Poge
Unit 3

associatie
is am
FUnchonol Dependen
betoeom two atrnbudes s h o Samo toble (elai ion
XY Staty hat wouplez ag09 n h
valuuu in adthbude Xthoy must adso a g n
m valu in
ottri bude y '
B On ena Uu9L Valu

whith the folowi ng is

- RA heCortct
22 (a) AB Cc) Be AX
4 a) AC B
5 33
in
T Can hawe Sam Uoun RHS but Canhot
houe Sam valuu LHSs
CAassitcotiom ED's
iviel Fd =Funchien dabendano Y is
viol And ory YCiY issubset aX
Non- ial F: =THhoho is acHoat h adthbue
in R:uS that is hat past 6ta LHS
AB BC) -Non ivia
LHS RAS

3FLl Cuntional Debendorn dy iuen R ond FD

Ythen Y is fully ncional
dabendot en
th0 ho2uhesu 2 is paapen Subset
Such tha z Y
AB AC N o t full fontiond
De pende
Pahial Dependo/n Gaven a alation R .
f D f dlned On tho odtibudey oROnd K a
a Candicdat Key s a
Pro pen Subset
K Ond X A thon A s Passial dapendss on K
 clASSMAte
Date
Page

RCABCD)
CK AB Patia Dep ent
Fquuvalant FDe
6-1-ChecK foX
ACAC4D EAD E HS
f
1ADC E A3
Fs in 6 ulation
neckingor
rs- f A
A DC
E E AD H
AAC
selodian
Uhec for Ds ih E
NOW E AD_
A C AC 0
AC ACD E EADC
A AD
E H

Fquuvalent
heani y Not
Reloien R Cam be decompaSed
DeCombositjon = A
3 a o l a i m Schemes
o
Callackien a
into a
Aha namalies in onginal
euminad Som
relath en B
is a Aalation and has
= Let R
LoSelou decomposi-ion 8
R I h e decompos ian
Set a F D s
E Ove
s loselegs wyt E R R= R
indoR Ond R Nahul jo in

RABD),f : 1 A B , A C
b3
RLABE) B (A) LaSs les an Lossy 2
2 Xa vsse
LHSNaR taathi em m a
A Tada olpha ho toh
RHS mei eK

-opha daal d0
an Ona Ro w Cotoains álpha
R2
fuuy them t Loelas DeCon

LoSsle Decompo si tHom

OTel ChedK ommam LHS m R\adion

 Poge

FOS=
Canenical
cove%
FE ABC, CA
A8
BC B
BC
ini mal EELA
A, B.CD tha set E Ds
oEDs
-1 R he set
Minimi 2
AGc3 Essenial
Redundant
A BC
A
A AGC
A B J Redundont
A ABC
Chetk CAo sae A B(Delue)
A A B
A 8 A
but do n Redundoart
A 8
t RHS A B8
otkor
AB (Ramove ths alas
CHK om uon
AB
atlons ABt AB

Now Ramad r n
A anove) A A BC

A B
fAnal
A 8 A
&-2 R AB CDeJF=ABC CDE B 0
A
E A Minimize9
ts - A BC Esseid CO Esseiol
A A
D ssesic eA Essaial

wo olo haue
E A
A B o A9 D
B D A C J
uni mal A B

A E
D

A
 alasSMAte
Date
Page

Narmali 20ion = POC o 'organizing data in

th dotabase
) - Miize adyndono m tlodtem
(Ti) - Di vi des Ba table in Smald trbu

1NF Z T h vauos in ha domaun ef each

athibut i ulodion a ado mic OR
Only on ualuu is asociated with each, adtvibut
enoe-hami cantac
A
enoe hamt contnc
1
A 9 ,993 A 99
199
B {199,too3
2 foo

ind Candidat KeH in a Relakio

Q-RABC D) ind all Candida KeuA Relahen R
LosK fox atkmbut hich is ho
ecA P e s e in RHS
AD 6
n cAosus t h a o Cosu
CD B
h n A nd
Combinaie h o t Clos w
ACD

c No

Act ACD B
CK
Bc BAD
C K
CO CD BA
Concah l untienel bep'
NE= Based on dihbL
en-pimt
aaen R' is in 2NE C e
funtionad Debendert h Key R
RNon
is uly Pat
OR dutenmi ha ba by
NO Primg odttibute S heudd
Candidok Ka
Non- Pyima Atibuk = a ta
Pima Aibu -
wic
Pat CK ( D)
u Pan o CK (A)
A B No Paahol fD
RCABCd)
 SSMALE
Date
Page

-1- (A Bco)EAB- 8 D find hd Normal

ind
An- AG ABCD Ck LcK A6J
B' 8D i)-Pima AB
8c 6c D Non Pma =CD

AB C 2 2N F
G D X 2 . NF

So Ôvesnall
&-2 RCABC) F A8 8
-A C.K A ABC
CKA1
Psim attibutt =A
No n- Pyihs BC

2NF A B 2NF
s in 2N F
3 RLABCD)F AB C A D
Ay- A6 ABC KE AB
Pm AB
Non- Pyimi C D
N
A
2N F
&CABC R2 (AD)
A-B
A D
&4 RABCDe) F:iAB SC A D B ES
AB ABCOE CK AB)
Pama= AB
Non- P i a C DE
AB 2NF R (A 8 c)
A D
X2 NE R2 A D)
2 NF R3 B E)
 elASSMAte
Date
NE No Page
3NE A Sulokien shumahansitve Dependam
CA) is in 3NE
Solsies 2NF Omd
nm: Pim odhibute e
Ris dnSitivel
A eohen
deende. 9n Ke
OR is in 3NE E D - 9 Sais
dny n llOuing Conditim
i s is atdvial FDieyCx SUbse A A
- K y than
AD LatAD supo K
is a sube Key nen Ap E
u Let
A Xy tham ) is a pime ctt
AAhbue Preet in N bud rat în X
y- =D A Ss a
3N F
-1RLABC) F: A 8 iB) R in which Nf.
K = A ABC, 1eK=A Pime =A
2d Cond
A 2e 3 N.F NOn-Pima= B
c 3 NF
B
C C ne a Pad P a i me, ott

Nov cheCK or2-NE

A B V2: N In NF bud e
3NF
2N F
3NF

-2-RLA BC DES AB 6 D O e ) Decompose

AB AB CDE CK= AB)
AB 3NF Pme AB
Non i ma=CoE
X3N F
3NF

De copse=

E
R3 (DE) D

3RCABc)F AB e C A which Normal f o m

eK- AB, BC
et = B AB= A BC
BC BCA
3NFF RAaton is in INF2NA
C A N-F P
 Data
Page

- Creatt Relatio nal Schema

psimay Key AG Such
B(A.B.cDwi-h
ha Ris in 2NE
b
hat n 3NE E p lain wh
RCABcD) , Key AB

In 3 N
DI
Not in 3NF
bud m 2N
BCNF Eenslem NE Om Stdck ams
A selation is n BcNE
COnd holds - _otleast_Dni s th
U Y s ataivia E D
X _ em is a Supon Mey
RCABC 1aBC CASRin 3NF DcNE
A = ABC Bc* BCA =

AG C
3N. F and BCNF Doth
A 3NFbut a
im BCNf
A-C APant a CK S Psimo
atkaibu
Eve BCNE is_a 3NR but via-yensc
is
O-2-
RAGCDEFaHIT) Decompose ro BcNE
F IA C A DE f P GH 0T
ABt = ABC DEFGHII CK= AB
Padm =AB
Non Patma = e dEFHS
AB C BcNF
R2 (DE FGAHTs)
AB
 clASSMALe
Unit 4 Date
Page

Transaction Logical u t a Databae

databaa
bo Cong hat indude ene h maR
accesoehaions li K Tnsesrien, Dela tiamn
Seiauzabili E Pxopanty ansactien
3 State
data in Consis+e
wuhich is uSed to eap
executien sanSackioe
ci) To ContAl COncLeat
h odatabase is Consist+d
) - To nsuw that
Swopping fosibla
14ConHict Senializabili ty
yES
ReadtA) ReadA
wHte A on-ficti
Read(A)

wiie A) Read (A)

Schedulo S Gnd S aa
Senializability
Niew
vie equi alo ardS2
T b e a d ai n i i a
vau daa iRmA in S
o) in
dasa l e m A witttm by
2 reads valun e
Kiy
S and ta S2

Ti b waitts Rnal v alua

honSactiors ane eaCtimg
Schadudl Uhem Seenol
5 vasioug
eechien o
Conusamddy thm the ordaa a
Scha.duis
instuciong is Kroun ag
Recoveynobla schaduu
 Date
Poge

Log
Log Bas ed coven tis a
Sequana oLo
CANds, Keps a Src 2c6d
a l updae a t
in the dodabase adiNte
la).
Tistaut> a_ Transaien Ti ba Stassed
(b), <TA jVN =
Ce) Ti Commut = Transacken has Comttes
aoted
is donu ensuno amidta
Two echnigos to maldtin okomiEidtq_
Delnd database modi cation mmedia
Tha Chenges aar haB applied Tho Changscu applied
mmedlasely tha database diecy ts daabase
2he lo e Contai alu ha Chcngas2log e
Cordra h hoth
hat ano to applied on database Ad a wal eu nd
3Concalp bidng Ond Cachirg 3.Shadous Paging
4maadisaduaaga s SquiSes a

CheckPoiringThe hecKPoind i s a ye omechansin

uhsns all tte reuious loga ant moved ham th
ssem and Pentmane ndi stokd tn storaga disK
DeadlocK= A de adbck is a situotoa in uhich
wo es masu ram Sadhons a
uatng ats.
olaaaa h \oc held by othen tansacHON
Mhod to handlt deadlockK=
t.
DeoddoK Preverdion Pmtocal-
Systm ul hu
YIndeocddock.
a Pre- declanoon metho
bPotial ordeing mahe d
imas tam mod
 clasSMAte
Date
Page

2Deaddock DekcHan Wot fpr n p h

de peadlock ocn
w t for lacK CRa)
Recov ey aom deadlocKE
Seladion a uicim
b .Rolback.

C Stouain
A Deadlotk awoidanaa
bAutocommut thansacien_
a Seslod acc
C Ordeacd ubdates d. Rolling back Con Bicting an
noadud
By ooCaHng he locksuheai
Preuendian schemu
schem!
2 wound- uaut
wait -die schem
ondiion for deadlo ck
Neca
3 No Pre-enpion
1 Mutual etcLusien
Cigulan wa
2 old and wat
se =1.Consis+ colla kien e sites
Digtributd Databa
hotuOK
Commui Cotia Ho
tsgethoa oough a
Connecsed
no 2.Het

Ouun oCa dotrbas

Relicokien
2 ach sie hos 18
Acve local and Aobal tson Scction
Pss
3 DDBMS Cam handls boh
froqme nation =1Decompnsitian e ulation irdo
t3 Dacta
diuida
a Singls quL ido
rog mends 2 * Pexmlsts
set udblo quoy Ma Con eoute Panalla)
a
9nfraqmonds
IVerdica fr Hoi2onz fa
No to oCou Dept
Nam Ro Couru e pà|

Subsat o t s i budes
Fo 3
ondohn a
aioa a a ud
Psa k 3 b rid
Dity eal(uwa
asSMAte
Data
Poge

1+ on (unumty Contal- t is a Pocay t

het dda is updattd comey
Con CUUOnd
An
uhan multibl,
hamsochons Qo LAUEV
e0Cded in DBMs.
Avartag =() waiting hm T ) Raponse tin
C Roca uilizatian T Celpi.cienc
NEed o
cCESimutanas RCution a tionsal
Ov a shad daabo Can Ctatt Seeal
doka intanutOnd Consiskmay roblem
3 Problemd au LOSt updatR_ Uncommded
daBa inconsis tent otieNals
Conict wR Rwwu seilizahillty o
ranSa chord
Roading uncommited dota(WR Conicd Ditty hed
A-5 T2
A A+I RCA
wA
RA) 6
bot AB
wB)
Aba
G-soUnopearab Raad (Rw Con tict)
A 10 T T2

RCA lo
A-At S wlA)
AA A5
3 LoS+ ubda W Con i cr)
Dire ca SystemELlis ting of in fomatian aba
Soma cas object Such as Penson
2 USed And intasmatian abouct a
Shaci Aicobjed
 clasSMALe
URt5 Date
Page

Lock H lock is a vaiable associodtd uudth each data

Hem that indicates whuthen tad s wye obanotion

is abplied. Locking s a machamism to ensus
data itgaity uhile adowing matimum ConCuoaant
acceto dota Avoldlashas in
Avoid doadlock Condu iohs 2 Coptuing thaeIOuaa
Read openation Shoed locK
S a t up dat Delate
2 dusive lockOnu omA

Requno ba:th loc and unlocK

= 2 - Phose locking (22P) =
beingdone n two Phaas
Phoja
S h i i n n l g Phasa
n o w i n g P ha^

d New o cKg on ikmy L o K o new lock Can b2

Cam ee ac t d INT acauHA

h2 L PotCa Em torces
Seuauzability but ma dLc
Releo-
Cen ome do to lotairg a o
Lo M Un hRcoadaly
-Holding
Pemolk tD 0thaa thansaedon
(-Lociking to0 easly ii)-
baanet
Vouaios S a i e 2 PL e AcquR ol lock
u a a au ock alhen e Comm
Staas Od
AVoid Cascading ollbatK Deadlock Pre
untiILCom mud
2 S t c 2PL= Eiclusive locK Comt a eloaad
a y OCC Deadlodk
Auoid Coscadirq bol ba cK
v H Con uk
3 RauDUA 2PL= Shaud EAduSue Cant ba eleaaA

y Hapa n Cojcading Shuduula May OC Deodock

T
A A2A) AUotk opunak1 m pRada
,A) (A
A-AO A AL2
w2(a- Umock OpcaclioH
A() UatA
8)
B)
B Btlo we)
 elassmate
Date
Poge
Con Pie
2 Goaph- Based lockig Po tocel = Ensu Seiali
2 at om deadock
3Onocking may
mo ocCu ealuen \h tho qaah bay
ocking Sys tm han an 2 PL
4 Shoe uautng tima inCtae n Conuaency
NoNo RslbacS aquistd
6 Or dus\ve loa ana considinad
Tho Ayst ocK em T Con ba n an data iem bu
a data a Cam n a loced n Tiry ha
Poondd is cu9ant lo CKed ba T
Timi Stamp Based Paotoco