ENGINEERING DRAWING (MEng2031) COURSE HANDOUT

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUTION
Definition of engineering drawing
Drawing is universal graphic language as powerful means of communication with others for
conveying ideas on technical matters.
Engineering drawing is a two dimensional representation of three dimensional objects. It
provides necessary information about the shape, size, surface quality, material, manufacturing
process, etc., of the object.
For effective exchange of ideas with others, the drawings prepared by any technical person must
be clear, unmistakable in meaning and there should not be any scope for more than one
interpretation, or else litigation may arise.
Origin of engineering drawing
Technical drawing is not a new concept; archeological evidence suggests that humans first began
crating crude technical drawing several thousand years ago. Through the ages, architects and
designers, including Leonardo Da Vinci, created technical drawings. However, a French
mathematician, Gaspard Monge, is considered by many to be the founder of modern technical
drawing. Monge’s thoughts on the subject, Geometry Descriptive (Descriptive Geometry),
published around 1799, became the basis for the first university courses. In 1821, the first
English–language text on technical drawing treatise on Descriptive Geometry, was published by
Claudius Crozet, a professor at the U.S. Military Academy. Other terms often used to describe
the creation of technical drawings are drafting, engineering graphics, engineering drawings,
and computer aided design (CAD).
Drawing Instruments
The Instruments and other aids used in draughting work are listed below:
1. Drawing board 6. Set of scales
2. Mini draughter 7. French curves
3. Instrument box 8. Drawing sheets
4. Set squares 9. Pencils (Mechanical pencil)
5. Protractor 10. Template

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3. French curve

7. Mechanical pencil

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Drawing Sheet
Engineering drawings are prepared on standard size drawing sheets. The correct shape and size
of the object can be visualized from the understanding of not only its views but also from the
various types of lines used, dimensions, notes, scale etc.
The basic principles involved in arriving at the sizes of drawing sheets are:
(a) X : Y = 1 : 2 , (b) XY = 1
Where: X and Y are the sides of the sheet. For a reference size A0 having a surface area of 1 m2,
X = 841 mm and Y = 1189 mm. The successive format sizes are obtained either by halving along
the length or doubling along the width, the areas being in the ratio 1:2

Title Block
The title block should lie within the drawing space at the bottom right hand comer of the sheet.
The title block can have a maximum length of 170 mm providing the following information.
1. Title of the drawing.
2. Drawing number.
3. Scale.
4. Symbol denoting the method of projection.
5. Name of the firm, and
6. Initials of staff who have designed, checked and approved.

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Drawing Sheet Layout

The layout of a drawing sheet suggested to students is shown in Fig.

Lines
Lines of different types and thicknesses are used for graphical representation of objects.

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LETTERING
Lettering is defined as writing of titles, sub-titles, dimensions, etc., on a drawing.
To undertake production work of an engineering components as per the drawing, the size and
other details are indicated on the drawing. This is done in the form of notes and dimensions.
Main Features of Lettering are legibility, uniformity and rapidity of execution.
Standard heights for CAPITAL letters and numerals recommended by BIS are given below:
1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 6, 10, 14 and 20 mm. Size of the letters may be selected based upon the size of
drawing.

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The following specifications are given for the dimensions of letters and numerals:
(i) The height of capital letters is taken as the base of dimensioning.
(ii) The two standard ratios for d/h, 1/14 and 1/10 are the most economical, as they result in a
minimum number of line thicknesses.
(iii) The lettering may be inclined at 15° to the right, or may be vertical.

Procedure for Lettering

1. Thin horizontal guide lines are drawn first at a distance ' h' apart.
2. Lettering Technique: Horizontal lines of the letters are drawn from left to right. Vertical,
inclined and curved lines are drawn from top to bottom.
3. After lettering has been completed, the guidelines are not erased.

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Dimensioning
Some of the basic principles of dimensioning are given below.
I. All dimensional information necessary to describe a component clearly and completely shall
be written directly on a drawing.
2. Each feature shall be dimensioned once only on a drawing, i.e., dimension marked in one view
need not be repeated in another view.
3. Dimension should be placed on the view where the shape is best seen.
4. As far as possible, dimensions should be expressed in one unit only preferably in millimeters,
without showing the unit symbol (mm).
5. As far as possible dimensions should be placed outside the view.
6. Dimensions should be taken from visible outlines rather than from hidden lines

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Scale
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element of an object as represented in the
drawing, to the real linear dimension of the same element of the object itself.
The complete designation of a scale should consist of the word Scale, followed by the indication
of its ratio as:
SCALE 1:1 for full size,
SCALE X:1 for enlarged scales,
SCALE 1:X for reduced scales.
The designation of the scale used on the drawing should be shown in the title block.

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ENGINEERING DRAWING (MEng2031) COURSE HANDOUT

CHAPTER 2
PROJECTION
A projection is defined as a representation of an object on a two dimensional plane. The
projections of an object should convey all the three dimensions, along with other details of the
object on a sheet of paper.
Type of Projection
There are three main systems of projection:
1. Isometric projection
2. oblique projection and
3. Orthographic projections.
Isometric and oblique projections present the more pictorial view of an object. They are
commonly called as pictorial projections. It is possible to see only two sides and either the top
or the bottom in any one view.
Isometric projection is a method of drawing with instruments which gives a pictorial view of an
object. True isometric projection is an application of orthographic projection. The most common
form of isometric projection is called ‘conventional isometric’.
It is not often used in industry and, when it is, the vast majority of drawings are made using
conventional isometric projection. True isometric is found by taking a particular view from an
orthographic projection of an object.
You will note that there are three isometric axes. These are inclined at 120° to each other. One
axis is vertical and the other two axes are therefore at 30° to the horizontal.
On any object, except the simplest, there are curves or arcs or circles, although it is a fairly
simple operation to draw the circles, it takes a considerable amount of time and, in industry, time
costs money. For these reasons, isometric, oblique and like projections are not used as the
standard projection.
The standard projection used is orthographic projection.
It presents a true picture of each face: circles remain as circles; ellipses remain as ellipses;
horizontal lines remain horizontal; and vertical lines remain vertical. There is no limit to the
number of views that you can draw: if the object that you wish to draw is complicated, it is
possible to show half a dozen views; if it is simple, two will suffice. Equally important is the fact
that, however many views are drawn, they are all related to each other in position.

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ENGINEERING DRAWING (MEng2031) COURSE HANDOUT

1. First angle projection

The method of arranging multi views with the right side view appears to the left of the front
view, and the top view appears below the front view. A first angle projection is drawn as though
the object is between the observer and the projection plane.

First angle projection can be noted on the drawing by placing the symbol shown in figure in the
title block.

2. Third angle projection

The method of arranging multi views with top view drawn above the front view and the right
side view drawn to the right of the front view. In the third angle projection the image is projected
onto a viewing plane that is located between the object and the viewer.
Third angle projection can be noted on the drawing by placing the symbol shown in figure in the
title block.

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CHAPTER THREE
MULTIVIEW DRAWING

Terminology of Multi-view drawing

Multi view drawings are created by configuring the points, lines and planes of an object to create
views that represent the objects features as they would appear if viewed from different points of
view. For example, a mechanical drafter might construct the front, top, and side view of a
machine part. An architectural drafter may draw the front, side, and rear views of a building.

Method of obtaining orthographic views

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Presentation of views

Exercise

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CHAPTER FOUR
PICTORIAL DRAWING
A pictorial drawing is a quickly produced, approximately scaled representation of a component –
a "picture" rather than an accurately scaled line drawing.
There are many different types of pictorial representation. Two of the most commonly used ones
are known as Isometric Drawing and Oblique Drawing both of which are discussed in detail in
this section.
Isometric pictorial drawing
When making an isometric pictorial drawing from orthographic views of a component use an
isometric grid at first, as shown in figure.
All receding lines are drawn at 300.
All lines are drawn full-size.

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Oblique pictorial drawing

An oblique pictorial drawing presents the component with one of its faces as a true shape.
This true shape is drawn on the front face of the oblique box as shown below. The longest face is
usually drawn on the front of the oblique box with full size.

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