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PI Lecture 16

The document discusses different methods of temperature measurement including mercury thermometers, bimetallic thermometers, and pressure-spring thermometers. It provides examples of problems calculating changes in mercury levels and curvature of bimetallic strips due to temperature changes. It also describes the components and operating principles of industrial bimetallic thermometers and liquid-expansion pressure-spring thermometers.

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10 views

PI Lecture 16

The document discusses different methods of temperature measurement including mercury thermometers, bimetallic thermometers, and pressure-spring thermometers. It provides examples of problems calculating changes in mercury levels and curvature of bimetallic strips due to temperature changes. It also describes the components and operating principles of industrial bimetallic thermometers and liquid-expansion pressure-spring thermometers.

Uploaded by

pk2003158
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CH2007D

PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION
Lecture – 16
Temperature Measurement – 3
Problem (1)
• A mercury thermometer is made from an Invar tube, 0.050 in inside
diameter. It is evacuated and filled with mercury to a height 5.0 in at 68°F.
Using the simple law of liquid expansion, find the height of the column
when the thermometer is completely immersed in a liquid of temperature
600°F. The coefficient of volumetric expansion for mercury is 1.819 ×
10−4 /°𝐶.
• Data Given: Inside diameter of thermometer tube di = 0.050 in
Mercury height, h1 = 5 𝑖𝑛 at temperature 𝑇1 = 68 °𝐹 = 20 °𝐶
Final temperature 𝑇2 = 600 °𝐹 = 315.556 °𝐶
𝜋𝑑𝑖2
• 𝑉1 = × h1 = 0.00981748 𝑖𝑛3
4
• We have 𝑉1 = 𝑉0 1 + 𝐵𝑇1
• Substituting the values, we get 𝑉0 = 0.00978189 𝑖𝑛3
• Similarly, 𝑉2 = 𝑉0 1 + 𝐵𝑇2 = 0.01034337 𝑖𝑛3
𝜋𝑑𝑖2
• i.e. × h2 = 0.01034337 𝑖𝑛3 . Therfore, h2 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟖 𝒊𝒏
4
Problem (2)
• A bimetal element formed with stainless steel and invar at 100°C is
raised to 200°C. Each strip has a thickness of 0.0107 cm. Calculate
the radius of curvature. The coefficients of expansion for stainless
steel and invar are 1.6 × 10−5 /°𝐶 and 1.7 × 10−6 /°𝐶, respectively.
The Young’s moduli of the materials may be assumed to be equal.
• Data given:
𝑡
The thickness of each strip, = 0.0107 𝑐𝑚
2
Initial bonding temperature, 𝑇0 = 100°𝐶
The measured temperature, 𝑇 = 200°𝐶
The coefficients of expansion for stainless steel, 𝛼2 = 1.6 × 10−5 /°𝐶
The coefficients of expansion for invar , 𝛼1 = 1.7 × 10−6 /°𝐶
2𝑡
• We have, 𝑟 =
3(𝛼2 −𝛼1 )(𝑇−𝑇0 )
• Therefore, the radius of curvature = 9.98 cm
Industrial Bimetallic Thermometer
• The bimetal is wound in the form of a helix, with one end fastened permanently
to the outer casing and the other end connected to the pointer stem.
• A pointer is attached to the upper end of the stem and sweeps over a circular dial
to indicate the temperature.
• When the temperature surrounding the whole stem changes, the bimetal
expands and the helical bimetal rotates at its free end, thus turning the inside
stem and pointer to a new position on the dial.
• A thermal well may be used for protection against
corrosion and breakage.
• The range is –40 to 800°F.
• The accuracy is about ±1 per cent of span.
• Ambient temperature effect is negligible.
• Speed of response is comparable to a mercury-in-glass thermometer.
• The stem should be inserted in deep enough to minimize immersion error.
• The speed of the flowing medium should be high enough to ensure rapid heat
transfer.
Pressure-Spring Thermometer
• Filled-in systems
– Liquid expansion
– Gas expansion – constant
volume
– Vapour actuated
• Elements
– Bulb – PSE
– Capillary and armour
– Pressure spring
– Recording/indicating element
• The size of the bulb depend on
– the type of filling medium
– the temperature span of the instrument
– the length of capillary tubing with which it is used
Pressure-Spring Thermometer
• The materials of the bulb
– chosen according to the requirements of the particular application as to corrosion,
strength, wear, and so on.
– Mercury-filled thermometer – stainless steel
– Other filled-in system thermometers – copper, steel, stainless steel, and Monel
• Thermal well may be used with the thermometer bulb
– where the temperature of fluids under pressure is to be measured
– where extra corrosion protection is desired
– where extra mechanical strength is required
• Capillary and Armor
– The distance between bulb and instrument is generally restricted to 200 ft or less because
of the high cost of systems with greater lengths of capillary.
– For protection against damage or against corrosion the capillary is enclosed in armor tubing
or other protective covering.
• Receiving element
– Convert the fluid pressure or the volumetric expansion in the thermal system into motion
which can be amplified by mechanical linkage to operate a pen or pointer.
Liquid-Expansion Pressure-Spring
Thermometer
• A liquid-expansion pressure-spring thermometer utilizes the
volumetric expansion of a liquid caused by temperature changes to
operate the spiral and thus indicate the temperature.
• The thermal system is solidly filled with the thermal liquid at a high
pressure, care being exercised to eliminate all entrapped air.
• A temperature increase at the bulb results in an expansion of the
liquid, which is forced up the capillary tubing, causing the spiral to
expand.
• The scale shape of most liquid-expansion thermometers is nearly
linear.
• The temperature limits of the mercury-filled pressure thermometer
are about -35°F to 1000°F.
• The boiling point of mercury is elevated to over 1000°F by filling and
sealing the thermal system under high pressure.

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