NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AGARTALA

Structural Analysis-I
(UCE04B01)

RICHI PRASAD SHARMA

Professor in Civil Engineering
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AGARTALA
Email: [email protected]
[email protected]
Mobile:+919436463474

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 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I

(UCE04B01)
Total Credit: 03 Contact Periods: 03 (2L+1T+0P)
Module-1
Introduction: Classification of Structures, Stress resultants, Static and Kinematic
Indeterminacy.
Analysis of Plane Truss: Classification of Pin jointed Determinate Trusses, Analysis
of determinate plane Trusses by method of joints and sections.
Module-2
Strain Energy: Strain energy due to axial load, bending and shear, theorem of
minimum potential energy, principle of virtual work, law of conservation of
energy, 1stand 2nd Castigliano’s Theorem, Betti’s & Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem,
Deflection of Beams using Strain Energy Method and Unit load method.
Rolling Load and Influence Lines: Rolling loads, influence line diagram (ILD) for
beams and trusses, absolute maximum bending moment.

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Module-3
Analysis of Arches and Cables: Analysis of Arches, three hinged
parabolic arch, moving loads & influence lines. Analysis of Cables
under point loads and UDL, analysis of Suspension bridges.

Module-4

Indeterminate Structures- Compatibility Methods: Analysis of Fixed

beam, Continuous beam and simple frames with and without
translation of joints by method of Consistent Deformation. Three
moments Theorem for continuous beams, Analysis of Propped
Cantilever, Two-hinged Arches.

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 Module-5
Beams curved in elevation and plan, bending and torsion in
horizontally curved beam, calculation of deflection using
Castigliano’s method.

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 References:-
Sl. No. Name of Book Author Publisher

1. Structural Analysis, Fifth Edition Aslam Kassimali CENGAGE Learning, USA

2. Basic Structural Analysis Reddy, C. S. Tata McGraw Hill

3. Elementary Structural Analysis Norris and Wilbur Tata McGraw-Hill

4. Theory & Analysis of Structures Vol. Jain, O. P. and Jain B. K. Nem Chand &Bors.,Roorkee,

I&II India

5. Structural Analysis Coates, R. C., Coutie, M. G. & English Language & Book

Kong, F. K. Society & Nelson

6. Structural Analysis Ghali, A & Neville, M. Chapman & Hall

7 Structural Analysis vol – I & II Devdas Menon Alpha Science

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 Introduction:
Structure is interconnected member which is
constructed to serve some useful function. For
example, bridges are required to carry the
traffic across a river, where as building or
sheds are to provide covered spaces for
shelter or storage of materials and so on.

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Structural analysis and design is a very old art and is known to human beings
since early civilizations. The Pyramids constructed by Egyptians around 2000 B.C.
stands today as the testimony to the skills of master builders of that civilization.
Many early civilizations produced great builders, skilled craftsmen who
constructed magnificent buildings such as the Parthenon at Athens (2500 years
old), the great Stupa at Sanchi (2000 years old), Taj Mahal (350 years old), Eiffel
Tower (130 years old) and many more buildings around the world. These
monuments tell us about the great feats accomplished by these craftsmen in
analysis, design and construction of large structures. Today we see around us
countless houses, bridges, fly-overs, high-rise buildings and spacious shopping
malls.

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 Planning, analysis and construction of these buildings is a science by itself. The main
purpose of any structure is to support the loads coming on it by properly transferring
them to the foundation. Even animals and trees could be treated as structures. Indeed
biomechanics is a branch of mechanics, which concerns with the working of skeleton
and muscular structures. In the early periods houses were constructed along the
riverbanks using the locally available material. They were designed to withstand rain
and moderate wind. Today structures are designed to withstand earthquakes, tsunamis,
cyclones and blast loadings. Aircraft structures are designed for more complex
aerodynamic loadings. These have been made possible with the advances in structural
engineering and a revolution in electronic computation in the past 60 years. The
construction material industry has also undergone a revolution in the last four decades
resulting in new materials having more strength and stiffness than the traditional
construction material.

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 Classification of Structures:
All structural forms used for load transfer from one point to
another are 3-dimensional in nature. In principle one could
model them as 3-dimensional elastic structure and obtain
solutions (response of structures to loads) by solving the
associated partial differential equations. In due course of time,
you will appreciate the difficulty associated with the 3-
dimensional analysis. Also, in many of the structures, one or
two dimensions are smaller than other dimensions. This
geometrical feature can be exploited from the analysis point of
view. The dimensional reduction will greatly reduce the
complexity of associated governing equations from 3 to 2 or
even to one dimension.

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 This simplification will yield results of reasonable and acceptable accuracy. Most
commonly used structural forms for load transfer are: beams, plane truss, space
truss, plane frame, space frame, arches, cables, plates and shells. Each one of these
structural arrangement supports load in a specific way.

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 Beams are the simplest structural elements that are used extensively to support
loads. They may be straight or curved ones. One of the simplest structure is a simply
beam, supported on a pin at one end and a roller at other, which is quite stable and
statically determinate and transmits the load to the supports mainly through shear
axial force and moment.

i j
𝐿𝑖𝑗 ,EI

(a) Simply Supported Beam

𝐿𝑖𝑗 P
2 M

i j
𝐿𝑖𝑗
(b)Fixed Beam

(c)Continuous Beam
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 Flanges take
Bending

Stiffeners Web
Hinge allows prevent takes Slide
rotation buckling shear bearing
against shear

(d) Steel Girder Bridges

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 Top Stirrups to
Cracks reinforcement resist shear

Bottom Concrete
reinforcement takes takes
tension compression

(e) Reinforced Concrete Girders

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 P

(d) Curved beam

Fig. 1.2 beams

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 CROSS SECTION
For multiple span road bridges Stiffened steel Plates
provide torsional stiffness

Box Girders: Concrete and Steel

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 Axial force structures:
For longer spans, a truss may be employed in place of a beam.
Here applied load transmit to the support primarily by axial
forces in the members.
Plane Truss: when all the members of a truss lie in one plane is
known as plane truss.
Space Truss: Three dimensional trusses , known as space truss.

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 Plane Frames:
Plane frames are also made up of beams and columns, the only
difference being they are rigidly connected at the joints. Major
portion of this course is devoted to evaluation of forces in frames
for variety of loading conditions. Internal forces at any cross
section of the plane frame member are: bending moment, shear
force and axial force. As against plane frame, space frames
members may be oriented in any direction. In this case, there is
no restriction of how loads are applied on the space frame.

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 Single Storey Frame Multi Storey Building
Frame

Industrial Frame
1.4 Plane Frames
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 Space Frame

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 ARCH is another type of long span structure. From the structural
point of view, arches are characterised by high axial thrust and
relatively low bending moment which result from its
distinguished shape as well as the horizontal reactions that
develop at the support points. Almost similar in structural
behaviour and equally efficient in transmitting forces is the cable
structure. However, in this the forces are in tension instead of
compression as in the arches,

Two Hinged Arch Three Hinged Arch

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 Main Cable
Hangers

Unyielding Anchor
Strong Support
Flexible Bridge
Deck

Suspension Bridges

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Unstiffened Suspension Bridges
L
A B
H H
Suspension Cable
𝑅𝐴 𝑌𝐶 𝑅𝐵
D
C
𝑞 𝑥 𝑦
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

Hanger
Carriage way

V V
Tower
Tower

𝑞
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

Fig. 1.2
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Stiffened Suspension Bridges

𝑦 𝑌𝐶

A B
𝑥 C
P

Fig. 1.5
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 Tension Strong Pylons
Cables

Bridge Deck To very

strong and
Cable Stayed massive
Bridge foundations

Cable-Stayed Bridge

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In addition to being assembled by discrete straight elements, structures such as shells
can be made up of continuous surfaces. Like arches, shells derive their strength mainly
from their respective shapes. The analysis of shells is generally complicated because of
this surface geometry and the three-directional interaction of material.

Cylindrical Shell Structure

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 What is Structural Analysis?

Structural Analysis comprises the set of

physical law and mathematics required
to study and predict the behaviour of
structures.

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 Primary Goals of System Analysis
are:

(a) Judge the integrity of the particular

system based upon its ability to
withstand loads.
(b) Computation of deformations,
Internal forces and stresses

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 In practice, structural analysis can be
viewed more abstractly as a method
to drive the engineering design
process or prove the soundness of a
design without a dependence on
directly testing it.

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 Load Carrying Mechanisms
Three Basic Load Carrying Mechanisms

A) Axial Force

B) Bending

C) Shear
Stress distribution
 Analysis and Design:-In a broad sense, the design of
structure consists of two parts: the first part deals with the
determination of forces at any point or member of the
structure and second part deals with selection of suitable
sections to resists these forces so that the stresses and
deformations developed in the structure due to these loads
are within permissible limits.
The first part can be termed as “structural analysis” and second
part as proportioning or dimensioning of members.

Therefore the intended purpose of any analysis

is to know how the structure responds to a
given loading and thereby evaluate the
stresses and deformation.
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 Loads:
Loads may be due to the self –weight of structure (IS 1911),
due to any object, static or dynamic, supported by the
structure or due to some external causes like winds,
earthquake, snow, temperature variation etc.
Live load on building (IS:875) i.e. loads imposed upon the
structure during its service, such as weights of stored
materials, furniture and people.
Live loads on bridges are prescribed in the Indian Roads
Congress (IRC) Standard Specifications and Codes of Practice
for Road Bridges: section II. The loadings have been classified
as class AA, class A and class B.
Earthquake forces are considered as per the Indian
Standard Recommendations Criteria for Earthquake Resistant
Design of Structures (IS: 1893)
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Elastic and Linear Behaviours of Structures:-
Materials of structure obeys Hooke’s Law and the load
deformation relationship is linear.
i.e. linear behavour of structure is assumed

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Principle of Superposition:-
Due to linear behaviour of structure, principle of superposition is
valid. This principle states that the displacement resulting from
each of a member of forces may be added to obtain the
displacements resulting from the sum of forces.
As an example, consider the cantilever beam as
𝑃1
1 2 3
∆11
∆21

𝑃2 ∆31
1 2 3
∆12
∆22

∆32

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 𝑃3
1 2 3
∆13
∆23

∆33

𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃3
1 2 3

∆2 = ∆21 + ∆22 + ∆32

∆1 = ∆11 + ∆12 + ∆13

∆3 = ∆31 + ∆32 + ∆33

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 Example 1.1: Determine the displacement at node 1,2 and 3 for the cantilever
beam shown in fig.1.1 using the principle of superposition.

20 𝑘𝑁 15 kN 10 𝑘𝑁
1.5 𝑚 1.5 𝑚 1.5 𝑚
1 2 3
E= 200 × 106 kN/𝑚2
I=60× 10−6 𝑚4
∆2 =?
∆1 =?
𝐹𝑖𝑔. 1.1
∆3 =?

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 20 𝑘𝑁 1 30 22.5
1.5 𝑚 1.5 𝑚 1.5 𝑚 𝜃11 = 𝑉1′ = − 2 × 1.5 × 𝐸𝐼 = − 𝐸𝐼
1 30 2 22.5
2 3 ∆11 = 𝑀1′ = − × 1.5 × × × 1.5 = −
1 2 𝐸𝐼 3 𝐸𝐼
1 30 22.5
30 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 − 𝜃21 = 𝑉2′ = − 2 × 1.5 × 𝐸𝐼 = − 𝐸𝐼
1 30 2
30/𝐸𝐼
∆21 = 𝑀2′ = − × 1.5 × × 1.5 + × 1.5
2 𝐸𝐼 3
1′ 2′ 3′ 56.25
=−
Conjugate beam 𝐸𝐼
1 30 22.5
𝜃31 = 𝑉3′ = − 2 × 1.5 × 𝐸𝐼 = − 𝐸𝐼
1 30 2
∆31 = 𝑀3′ = − × 1.5 × × 3 + × 1.5
2 𝐸𝐼 3
+𝑣𝑒 𝑉 90
=−
𝐸𝐼

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 15 𝑘𝑁 1 45 1 22.5
1.5 𝑚 1.5 𝑚 1.5 𝑚 𝜃12 = 𝑉1′ = − 2 × 1.5 × 𝐸𝐼 − 2 × 1.5 × =
𝐸𝐼
50.625
−
2 3 𝐸𝐼
1 1 45 2
45 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 − ∆12 = 𝑀1′ = − × 1.5 × × × 1.5
2 𝐸𝐼 3
1 22.5 1 42.1875
22.5/𝐸𝐼 − × 1.5 × × × 1.5 = −
45/𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 3 𝐸𝐼
1 45 67.50
1′ 2′ 3′ 𝜃22 = 𝑉2′ = − × 3 × = −
2 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
1 45 2 135
Conjugate beam ∆22 = 𝑀2′ = − × 3 × × ×3 =−
2 𝐸𝐼 3 𝐸𝐼
1 45 67.50
𝜃32 = 𝑉3′ = − 2 × 3 × 𝐸𝐼 = − 𝐸𝐼
1 45 2
+𝑣𝑒 𝑉 ∆32 = 𝑀3′ = − × 3 × × 1.5 + × 3
2 𝐸𝐼 3
236.25
=−
𝐸𝐼

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 10 𝑘𝑁 1 45 1 30
1.5 𝑚 1.5 𝑚 1.5 𝑚 𝜃13 = 𝑉1′ = − × 1.5 × − × 1.5 × =
2 𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼
56.25
− 𝐸𝐼
1 2 3
1 45 2
45 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 − ∆ 13 = 𝑀 1′ = − × 1.5 × × × 1.5
2 𝐸𝐼 3
30.0/𝐸𝐼 15/𝐸𝐼 1 30 1 45
− × 1.5 × × × 1.5 = −
45/𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 3 𝐸𝐼
′ ′ ′ 1 45 1 15 90
1 2 3 𝜃23 = 𝑉2′ = − × 3 × − × 3 × = −
2 𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
∆23 = 𝑀2′
Conjugate beam
1 45 2 1
=− ×3× × ×3 − ×3
2 𝐸𝐼 3 2
15 1 157.5
× × ×3 =−
+𝑣𝑒 𝑉 𝐸𝐼 3 𝐸𝐼
1 45 101.25
𝜃33 = 𝑉3′ = − 2 × 4.5 × 𝐸𝐼 = − 𝐸𝐼
1 45 2
∆33 = 𝑀3 = − × 4.5 ×
′ × × 4.5
2 𝐸𝐼 3
303.75
=−
𝐸𝐼
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 As per principle of superposition
𝜃1 = 𝜃11 + 𝜃12 + 𝜃13
22.5 50.625 56.25 129.375
= − 𝐸𝐼 − 𝐸𝐼 − 𝐸𝐼 = − 𝐸𝐼
129.375
= − 200×106 ×60×10−6 = 0.01078125 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 (clockwise)

∆1 = ∆11 + ∆12 + ∆13

22.5 42.1875 45 109.6875 109.6875
= − 𝐸𝐼 − 𝐸𝐼 − 𝐸𝐼 = − 𝐸𝐼 = − 200×106 ×60×10−6 = −9.140625 ×
10−3 𝑚 = 9.140625 𝑚𝑚 (downward)

𝜃2 = 𝜃21 + 𝜃22 + 𝜃23

22.5 67.50 90
= − 𝐸𝐼 − 𝐸𝐼 − 𝐸𝐼
180
=−
𝐸𝐼
180
= − 200×106 ×60×10−6 = 0.015 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 (clockwise)

∆2 = ∆21 + ∆22 + ∆33

56.25 135 157.5 348.75 348.75
=− − − =− =− = −0.0290625 𝑚 =
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 200×106 ×60×10−6
29.0625 𝑚𝑚 (downward)

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𝜃3 = 𝜃31 + 𝜃32 + 𝜃33
22.5 67.50 101.25 191.25
= − 𝐸𝐼 − 𝐸𝐼 − 𝐸𝐼 = − 𝐸𝐼
191.25
=− = 0.0159375 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 (clockwise)
200×106 ×60×10−6

∆3 = ∆31 + ∆32 + ∆33

90 236.25 303.75
= − 𝐸𝐼 − 𝐸𝐼 − 𝐸𝐼
630 630
=− = − 200×106 ×60×10−6 = −0525 𝑚 = 52.50 𝑚𝑚 (downward)
𝐸𝐼

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 Example 1.2: Determine the displacement at node 1,2 and 3 for the cantilever
beam shown in fig.1.2 using the principle of superposition.

∆3 =?
∆1 =? ∆2 =?

30 𝑘𝑁𝑚 15 kNm 10 𝑘𝑁𝑚

1
2 3 E= 204 × 106 kN/𝑚2
1.5 𝑚 1.5 𝑚 I=60× 10−6 𝑚4
1.5 𝑚

𝐹𝑖𝑔. 1.2

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 Rectangular Coordinates showing +ve direction
Y, v, y, My

X , u, x , Mx

Z, w, z, Mz

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SIGN CONVENTION:
1. Axial Force:-An axial force is considered positive when it
produces tension in the member. A compressive force is
therefore, negative.

2. Shear force:-Shear force is considered positive when left

of section tends to move upward or for a clockwise couple on
a segment

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 3. Bending Moment:-There are two conventions used for bending
moment
(1) The beam convention based on the nature of stress the moment produces
and
(2) The static sign convention based on the direction the moment tends to rotate
the joint or end of a member.
In the beam convention, the moment which produces compressive stresses in
the top fibres or tensile stresses in the bottom fibres is positive.
In the joint convention, the moment that tends to rotate the joint clockwise or
the member end anti-clockwise is denoted positive.

1) Positive moment 1) Positive moment

(beam convention) (Joint sign convention)

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 Quite often the analysis is carried out using the joint sign
convention but moment diagram is drawn base on the beam sign
convention.
4. Twist:-The twist moment is considered positive when it acts on a member end as
shown in figure below. The convention thus corresponds to the right-hand screw rule.

Positive Twist

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Several types of homogeneous boundary conditions are as follows:

Y,𝑣

𝑣 𝑎 = 0;
X,𝑢 𝑢 𝑎 =0
𝑑𝑣
𝑎 = 0.
𝑎 𝑑𝑥
Clamped Support

Y,𝑣

𝑣 𝑎 = 0;
X,𝑢 𝑑2 𝑣
𝑀 𝑎 = 𝐸𝐼 2 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑑𝑣
𝑎 ≠ 0.
Pinned Support 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑎 =0

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 Y,𝑣

𝑣 𝑎 = 0;
X,𝑢 𝑑2𝑣
𝑀 𝑎 = 𝐸𝐼 2 𝑎 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑢 𝑎 ≠0
𝑑𝑣
Roller Support 𝑎 ≠ 0.
𝑑𝑥

Y,𝑣

𝑑2𝑣
X,𝑢 𝑀 𝑎 = 𝐸𝐼 2 𝑎 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑3𝑣
𝑉 𝑎 = 𝐸𝐼 3 𝑎 = 0.
𝑎 𝑑𝑥

Free end

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 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AGARTALA

Internal Forces:
 Free body diagram External
Externally
F1 F1 Loads/Active Forces
Active Forces

Cutting Section F2
F2

Reactive Forces
Support

 Active and reactive forces keep a body Free Body Diagram

51
in equilibrium condition.
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 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AGARTALA

Internal Forces: Active Forces

F1
 Free body diagram F2

S1 S2 S3 S1, S2 and S3 are

Free body diagrams S1 S2 S3
internal forces

R1

R2
Reactive Forces
The external and internal forces keep a body part in
equilibrium condition.
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 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AGARTALA

Concept of Stress: ∆𝐹
Stress (at a point)= lim
 Definition of stress ∆𝐴→0 ∆𝐴

 Normal Stress Stress at a point in X direction 𝜏𝑥𝑥 =𝜎𝑥𝑥

 Shear stress = lim 𝑥
∆𝐹
Y ∆𝐴→0 ∆𝐴
∆𝐹𝑌
ΔFY Stress at a point in Y direction 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = lim
∆𝐴→0 ∆𝐴
F1 ∆𝐹
Stress at a point in Z direction 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = lim 𝑍
ΔF ∆𝐴→0 ∆𝐴

ΔA
ΔFx First Subscript Plane
0
ΔFZ
X
𝜏𝑥𝑦 Second Subscript Direction

Z F2
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 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AGARTALA

Y
ΔFY
F1
ΔF The symbol 𝜏 𝑜𝑟 𝜎 signifies
‘normal stress’, which is either
ΔFx
0
ΔA
X
tensile or compressive in
ΔFZ nature, when its two subscripts
are same, otherwise it signifies
Z F2 ‘shear stresses’. Hence, the
normal stress acts
perpendicular to the plane,
whereas, shear stress acts
parallel to the plane.
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 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AGARTALA

General state of stress at a point:

Externally
F1 Y
Active Forces
𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧
F2 𝜏𝑧𝑥
𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝜏𝑦𝑥𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑦 dy
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑧
𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑥
O 𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑧
X
𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝜏𝑦𝑥 dz
Support dx
Z 𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝜎𝑦𝑦

Fig. 2

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 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AGARTALA
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS (Code: UCE03B01)

Stress Resultant:
Stresses multiplied by the respective areas on
which they act give forces. At a section the vector
sum of these forces, known as stress resultants
keeps a body in equilibrium. In a problem of
‘Mechanics of Solids’ we are interested to
evaluate the stress resultants and from those
stress resultants we compute the values of the
stresses in a body which are subjected to different
kind of loads. Stress Resultant 𝐹 = 𝜎𝑑𝐴

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 Stress resultants:
Stress resultants are simplified representations of the stress state in structural
elements such as beams, plates, or shells.The geometry of typical structural
elements allows the internal stress state to be simplified because of the
existence of a "thickness'" direction in which the size of the element is much
smaller than in other directions. As a consequence the
three traction components that vary from point to point in a cross-section can
be replaced with a set of resultant forces and resultant moments. These are
the stress resultants (also called membrane forces, shear forces, and bending
moment) that may be used to determine the detailed stress state in the
structural element. A three-dimensional problem can then be reduced to a one-
dimensional problem (for beams) or a two-dimensional problem (for plates and
shells).

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 Stress resultants are defined as integrals of stress over the thickness of a structural
element. The integrals are weighted by integer powers the thickness coordinate.
Stress resultants are so defined to represent the effect of stress as a membrane
force N (zero power in z), bending moment M (power 1) on a beam or shell
(structure). Stress resultants are necessary to eliminate the z dependency of the
stress from the equations of the theory of plates and shells.

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 Method of Structural Analysis

Force Method Displacement Method

(Unknown are forces) (Unknown are Displacements)

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