IMPACT FACTOR(ISI): 0.

539 VOLUME 1, ISSUE 5, 2023

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TEXT TYPES IN TRANSLATION

Khayitboeva Zilola Kurbannazarovna

UrDU, Lingvistika(ingliz tili) yo’nalishi
2-bosqich magistranti
Saparbayeva Gulamdon
Ilmiy maslahatchi, UrDU,PhD

Abstract: In this article, the elements of the origin of the translation process, the types
of texts in translation and their comparative analysis, models, their arrival in the context, and
the research and research of translation scientists are mentioned.
Key words: translation, text, translation models, types of context, free and literal
translation, hidden and open translations, etc.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7579531

Introduction
Translation and interpreting is one of the oldest creative fields that have been forming
in the history and culture of the peoples of the world for centuries. Generations of people who
have been living in different continents and regions of the earth for several thousand years have
shown their creative passions, interests, opportunities and interests through the medium of
translation. He turned it into a means of international communication, which he always used
effectively. Through translation and translators, the peoples of mankind became aware of each
other and communicated with each other. At the same time, he gradually developed and
established industries such as trade, handicrafts, housing, road construction, agriculture, and
armaments. People learned from each other how to live a comfortable and safe life, showed
each other the way and showed each other the attractive aspects of various cultures.
The context, i.e. the text, is a language phenomenon that prevents the translator from getting
lost and choosing the wrong words during the translation process. Literally speaking, the
context is the translator's guiding star, beacon. Interrelated meanings of words in the texts are
the most reliable tool of the translator.
In linguistics, there are usually two types of context -linguistic and extralinguistic.
Linguistic context, in turn, is divided into two types - broad and narrow contexts.[1]
The context in the narrow sense can include a phrase and a sentence, and the context in the
broad sense can include a unit larger than a phrase and a whole text. In most cases, the meaning
of a word is determined within a small context in the text. Words used in their own sense and
words used in a figurative sense have their own characteristics of translation. A translation
problem arises when words are not used in the context, i.e. figuratively. In some cases, we need
to understand a whole sentence in order to fully understand the meaning of a word. Context is
important when choosing words that have multiple meanings.

93 FEBRUARY, 2022
 IMPACT FACTOR(ISI): 0.539 VOLUME 1, ISSUE 5, 2023

Take the English word "bus" for example. This word is a shortened form of the word "bus or
trolleybus" in the noun sense, and in the verb sense only in America and Canada it has the
meaning "to transport my child from one region to another by bus". In addition, this word is
used on signs in the student kitchen and has the meaning of "self-service, i.e. take the tray and
take it away with the empty dishes after using it."
Sometimes the linguistic context is closely related to extralinguistic factors. It appears
when the linguistic context does not fully explain the meaning of the word. For example, one
of the characters of Bernard Shaw says: "He warns his interlocutor not to drive him too far, it
is necessary to know that they are both sitting in the parlor and not in any vehicle." The English
verb "to drive" is used here in the sense of bringing to a situation.
When it comes to neologisms, sometimes the linguistic context can be of no help in deciphering
the meaning. A neologism, that is, a new word or phrase, when a new meaning of an old word
that is not shown in the dictionary appears, may not have an alternative version of this word in
the translated language.
There are also three main models of translation used in translation research. The first is
the comparative model, which matches translations with source texts or with parallel (non-
translated) texts and examines the relationship between the two. This pattern is evident in
contrastive comparative studies.
The second is the process model, which maps the different stages of the translation
process over time. This model is represented by communication approaches as well as some
protocol approaches. The third is the variable model, in which translations are described both
in terms of antecedents and as influenced by readers or listeners and cultures. Also, in world
translation studies, four standard (explanatory, descriptive, explanatory and predictive)
hypotheses are stated and described based on the phenomenon of retranslation. A single-
variable model can fit all four types, and it is the most effective model for future dynamic
development in translation studies.
Descriptive hypotheses (such as statements about universals or laws) may have
explanatory power, but almost all causal effects are filtered through the mind of the interpreter,
through the decisions made by the interpreter at a given moment. Most of the traditional
opinions on the typology of translation consist of two opposing directions, "free and literal"
translations. A modern interpretation of this distinction was proposed by Newmark (1981)
based on semantic and communicative translation.[2]
Semantic translation is closer to literal translation, it gives the most optimal priority to
the meaning and form of the original, and is suitable for translations of high-status texts such
as religious texts, legal texts, literature, official speeches. Communicative translation is looser
and prioritizes the effectiveness of the message being sent. It focuses on factors such as
readability and naturalness, and is suitable for translations of "pragmatic" texts that have little
to do with the meaning of the original. These include texts such as advertising, travel brochures,
product descriptions and instructions, and manuals.
The main problem with this type of differentiation is literalness, proximity or distance,
and degrees of freedom. Its single-purpose solution is to analyze and calculate the various
changes (shifts, strategies) from text to text.

94 FEBRUARY, 2022
 IMPACT FACTOR(ISI): 0.539 VOLUME 1, ISSUE 5, 2023

A slightly different type of translation typology was proposed by Juliane House (1977), covert
and overt translations. Hidden translations are not made known to readers about the translators'
names. In other words, they translate so naturally (and they are probably very loose
translations) that the translated text does not differ much from the original.
Examples of this are advertising, technical texts, newspaper texts. On the other hand,
open translations are precise translations, which are closely related to the culture of the sources.
Translations of political speeches, poems, and sermons are examples of this. Electronic text
studies have shown that hidden translations can contain linguistic features with statistically
different distributions compared to untranslated, parallel texts. Therefore, even secret
translations may differ in terms of text from the original, and the translated texts may have
common features. A similar distinction was made by Nord (1991), who contrasted
documentary and instrumental translation.
A documentary translation is a document of a text, which appears as a report of another
speech and is like a paraphrase. Instrumental translation, on the other hand, works as a means
of communication in itself, it works independently of the original text and is evaluated
according to the extent to which it conveys its message. So instrumental translation is a bit like
direct speech. For example, the translation of a computer manual is an example, where it is
important that the reader understands how to set up and use the computer, and it is not necessary
to express the original text as accurately as possible.
It should be mentioned that the typological problem becomes more complicated when
text types are introduced. Reisigl and Vermeer (1984) emphasize that the method of translation
depends on the specific type of text as well as the purpose of translation. Reiss proposed four
main types, the first three of which are very traditional: informational texts, expressive texts,
operative (i.e. persuasive, instructive) texts and audio-visual (multi-media) texts. past [5].
Dubbing and subtitling are the main types of audio-visual translation. However, we must be
careful not to confuse the classifications of text types with the classifications of translation
types, since there are many terminological similarities in the process of text translation. For
example, terms such as "Bible translation", "literary translation" or "poetry translation" really
refer to text types - that is, the type of text being translated.
Summary
In conclusion, the translation of a particular word begins with its analysis in the context
(in the text) and in this translation the relevant and alternative allows you to choose a word.
Different contexts can be helpful in revealing the source language, i.e., the original meaning of
the word used.
The problem of word choice mainly arises when there is a word in the translated
language that is a partial alternative to the word used in the original, and when the alternative
word itself does not exist. Translating words that do not have an alternative creates a number
of problems. A positive solution to these problems requires a translator to have deep
knowledge, skills, and good knowledge of translation models and methods

REFERENCES

95 FEBRUARY, 2022
 IMPACT FACTOR(ISI): 0.539 VOLUME 1, ISSUE 5, 2023

1. I.G‘afurov, O.Mo‘minov, N.Qambarov. TARJIMA NAZARIYASI. «Tafakkur Bo‘stoni»

Toshkent - 2012
2. Juliane House-Translation as Communication across Languages and Cultures-Routledge
(2015) (1) https://www.academia.edu/38151758/.pdf
3. Азатова, Н. А. Tarjimashunoslikda matn va tarjima turlari masalalari / Н. А. Азатова. —
Текст : непосредственный // Молодой ученый. — 2021
https://moluch.ru/archive/354/79245/
4. Nord C. Text analysis in translation: theory, methodology, and didactic application of a
model for translation-oriented text analysis. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1991.
5. Reisigl, M. Rhetoric of Political Speeches. In R.Wodak and V. Koller (Eds), Handbook of
Communication in Public Sphere (pp. 243–269). Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2008.

96 FEBRUARY, 2022