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Public Administration by Radhika (B.a Sem 1 Prog)

The document summarizes the history and structure of the civil services in India. It discusses how the civil services originated under British rule to administer their territories in India. Key reforms introduced the Indian Civil Service through competitive exams, initially recruiting only from Britain but later also in India. The civil services were divided into covenanted and uncovenanted categories. Over time, reforms improved salaries, introduced rules against corruption, and allowed Indian candidates to join the civil services.

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Public Administration by Radhika (B.a Sem 1 Prog)

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Public Administration in Ind
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Important Questions
with Answer

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public administration in india

table of contents

Unit 1 - Indian Administration

Unit 2 - Decentralization

Unit 3-

(a) Concept of budget and budget cycle in India

(b) Types of Budget: Line Budget, Performance Plan Budget, Zero Based Budget

(c) Budget: Role of the Ministry of Finance

Unit 4 - Technology and Public Administration in India

UNIT 5 - SOCIAL WELFARE ADMINISTRATION

(a) Education: Right to education

(b) Health: National Health Mission Unit 6

- Problems and Controversies of Indian Administration

Question 1- What has been the structure of civil services in India? And what have been the terms of his

promotion?

Answer -

Introduction

The East India Company, established in 1600 AD, had its own civil service which was responsible for carrying out

commercial functions. The Lasha Kanshivalis introduced the civil service in India during the British rule, which led to the

better administration of the British territories in India. Can be done Cornwallis introduced stricter regulations for officials,

increased their salaries to free them from corruption, and linked promotion to seniority. These efforts turned the civil service

into a highly sought after profession. Fort William College opened in Calcutta in 1801 to train young civil servants

Went.

In the year 1854, the Macaulay Committee provided India with the first modern civil service. This committee recommended

that the patronage based system of the East India Company be replaced by a quality permanent civil service through

competitive examinations. After 1855, recruitment to the Indian Civil Service (ICS) became purely on the basis of merit.

Initially, candidates were recruited for this service only from Oxford Cambridge (London), but after 1922, this examination

was also organized in India.

Structure of Civil Services

At the time of the British East India Company, the structure of the civil services was divided into three categories :

military, naval services and commercial affairs.

Charles Cornwallis (Governor General of India 1786–1793), at that time a British army general and officer, was the first

person to 'bring the civil services into existence'; This is the reason why he is also known as the father of Civil Services

of India.

Since the time of Warren Hastings (Governor General of Bengal 1773-1785), the Company had commercial affairs. In

those days civil servants were not appointed through any competition, rather they were nominated through the Court

of Directors.

The civil services were divided into two categories -

• Covenanted: In civil services it means 'high pay' and it is applicable only to British

Used to be for

• Uncovenanted : The non-covenanted services meant the 'bottom rung' of the civil services and

It was not only for the British but also for the Indians.

Some reforms in civil services

At that time corruption was increasing day by day, so to end the corruption, Cornwallis took many steps.

As such, he raised the salaries of civil servants. Civil servants could not engage in private business of any kind;

So, he made some strict rules for that and strictly enforced the rules against private business. In addition, the

Cornwallis promoted civil servants on the basis of seniority within 5 to 6 years.

Like Cornwallis, Richard Leslie (Governor General of India, 1798-1805) also introduced several reforms to the civil

service. He established the Fort William College (July 10, 1800) in Calcutta to train civil servants appointed to India.

After his retirement in 1806, the Court of Directors disbanded his Fort William College and established another

college for the civil service at Haileybury, London, to train new recruits.

Changes after the implementation of the Charter Act (1853) -

• The recruitment of civil servants was put through open competition and hence it

Open competition was introduced.

• To conduct the examination, a body was formed, the Civil Services in London in 1854

The commission was established.

• These examinations were being conducted from the year 1855, but this examination was conducted only in London

and at that time the age limit for appearing in it was fixed at 23 years only. • After the Charter Act 1853, Indians

could also be a part of this civil examination and they could also join the covenanted services in 1861. • The Indian

Civil Service Act was introduced in the year 1861 under Lord Chancellor. it did something

Provided reservation to officers in contract services.

• This exam was conducted only in the English language and it is based on the classical education of Greek and Latin.

rate based.

• Till 1855, the age limit for appearing in this examination was 23 years, which was reduced to 22 years in 1860.

Was released.

• Till now these examinations were conducted in London.

In 1863, Satyendranath Tagore, the elder brother of Reindranath Tagore, became the first Indian to pass the

Indian Civil Service examination. At that time, he was only 21 years of age. After this, in 1866, the age limit for

appearing in this examination was reduced to 21 years. But in spite of this, four Indians passed this examination in the

very next year. In 1878, Lord Wilton reduced the maximum age limit for this examination from 21 to 19 years. Only 1/6

of the covenanted positions could be filled by Indians, who were nominated by the local government but this subject

was approved by a night secretary and viceroy. After some time, it failed miserably and was scrapped.

Steps taken by the Indian National Congress -

In 1885, the Indian National Congress was formed, and it raised several demands related to civil service reforms. For

this reason, it superseded the Government of India Act 1919. In 1924, the 'Lee Commission' also recommended some

reforms in the civil services, it was proposed to have an equal number of British and Indian members in the civil services.

In this, according to the Lee Commission, it should be 20% Indians promoted from provincial services, as well as 40%

Indians through direct examination.

Recruitment should be done through medium and direct recruitment for civil services should also be the same

percentage as 40 per cent.

According to William G. Torrie, “Promotion refers to the movement of an employee from one position to a higher

grade and salary.” However, there are certain elements of a promotion and it changes the following: are:

responsibilities, duties, salary, tenure or position.

The types of promotions are enumerated below:

• From Lower Service to Higher Service: From Night Civil Services to Indian Administrative Service

• From lower grade to higher grade: From junior typist to senior typist • From lower

grade to higher grade: It ranges from Vilvik/Kalish to Executive class

These promotions are mainly based on three principles which are based on seniority, merit, seniority merit.

Apart from this, there are some words which are commonly used in promotion, they are as follows:

i. Transfer: Means a vacancy within the same category and category

II. Re-assignment: When there is no change in rank with a change of job in the same agency.

iii. Advancement : It refers to the increase in pay.

Conclusion - It provides non-partisan advice to the country's political leadership even in the midst of political

instability. The service provides effective co-ordination between different institutions of governance and also between

different departments, bodies etc.

It happened in the year 1885 during the Vivatash rule. During the British rule, civil service officers had wide

powers and their main work was to maintain law and order, administer justice and collect taxes. Today's civil service

works in a democratic set up whose main work is development and progress. Civil Services as a career is of great

interest to many youths and parents who

Let's envision a bright future, has been a subject of fascination. Indian Civil Services is considered as one

of the most exclusive service which offers a very challenging and lucrative career opportunity to an

ambitious, capable and aspirant person with variety of tasks, immense authority and power than any other

service. Vanavahat happens.

Question 2- Review the colonial legacy in Indian administration?

Answer -

Introduction - The Indian administrative system is as old as the Indian social and cultural system.

Indian administration also came into practice first and then became part of the study area. The way

the study area developed after the practical study of social, cultural, economic, political systems and

the need for administrative structures and organization arose for the operation and management of all

these systems. Administration is the focal point of all systems. The evolution of Indian administration

remained practical from ancient times to modern times and thereafter took the form of a discipline.

Compulsive Administration

If an unbiased study of the present Indian administrative system is done, it would appear that most

of India is a legacy of British rule. Till 1858, the British administration in India was mainly under the

East India Company. Although the British government tried to control the Company administration by

passing Acts from time to time. The emperor took over the company completely in 1858. When the

British started trading activities from 1600, foreign powers like Portuguese, China and French were

already engaged in trade.

This was possible because of the decline of the Mughal Empire and the devastating wars between

the Rajas and the Naabs. For example, after winning the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and by the Treaty

of Allahabad in 1765, he obtained the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Along with this, he also got

the right of administration and revenue collection on these provinces. For example, between the Battle of

Plassey in 1757 and the Mutiny of 1857, the British conquered the whole of India in these hundred years

and soon India became a jewel in the British crown.

Indian administration a legacy of troubled times

The present Indian administrative system is considered to be the legacy of the British rule because at the time of

transfer of power in 1947, we had accepted the British administrative structure as it was, in which very few

amendments or additions have been made. The Indian administration, controlled by the East India Company and

British laws, was continuously developed and modified for almost 200 years. The processes or traditions that

developed during this period, their effect is clearly visible even today on the Indian administrative system, which

are as follows-

Indian Civil Services :- The 'Indian Civil Services', the Indian Civil Services and the All India Civil Services

were started by the British Government to run the administration in India. Lasha Kanshivalis is considered the

father of civil services in India. . Even after independence, the system of All India Services was continued and at

present there are three All India Services viz. Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS)

and Indian Forest Service (IFS) . These services were the mainstay of the British Raj.

The development of other public services is also a gift of the British rule, apart from the IAS that migrated by the

name of steel frame, which is as strong as steel. The tradition of setting up residential colonies of high officials

away from the residences of general public in the form of 'civil lines' was developed by the British. In 1772, the

office of the District Collector was created. Warren Hastings was the first district collector of India.

Secretariat System :- Secretariat is the higher administrative organization in which the political minister or

secretary (administrative officer of the department) and his other personnel are stationed. Developed during the

British rule, the secretariat is still an important part of policy, law and program formulation and control, which was

mainly created to give advice to the ministers in their work. Many other types of executive organizations like

Directorate, Board, Commission and Corporation etc. have been organized to practically implement the policies

and laws made by the Secretariat.

Rigid Bureaucracy: - Rigid functioning of laws, rules and procedures and 'file system' for the

performance of administrative duties started in the dark ages. Because the British officers used to

harass the common Indian by calling them liars, idiots and complex people. Therefore, in every

administrative work, the processes of taking lengthy forms, certificates, character certificates,

certificates from gazetted officers, etc. were prescribed, which are still continuing in the Indian public administration.

Unitary and Federal System with Unitary Elements :- There is no doubt that the British had made a

successful attempt to unite vast India. Uniform laws, strict discipline, social reforms and All India Services

etc. have been helpful in this endeavour. The federal structure had started in British rule by dividing the

governance operations at the center and provincial level. Similarly, the important functions of national

security and unity, such as the army, foreign relations, railways, postal and telecommunication, etc. were

handed over to the central government, so that there would be no danger due to disparity at the provincial

level. Administrative functions or subjects are divided into federal, provincial and committee lists, which are

affected by the Act of 1935. Although India is a country with a federal system of government, still single

citizenship, nomination of the governor by the center and more powers of the center. He rules the system.

Revenue Administration :- 'Finance' is an important resource to operate the administrative system, so

in order to collect the revenue (tax) charged by the government and to operate the revenue

administration, the Britishers first collected revenue related to land and agriculture. Organized the

collection system. In the year 1786, the first Board of Revenue was established in Bengal. Boards of

Revenue function as statutory and independent bodies in most of the states after independence. Land

revenue collection and land laws are implemented through District Collector, Tehsildar, Kanango and

Titari. Administrative structures of other types of revenue such as income tax, sales tax, customs etc.

are functioning from the beginning, which can be said to be the modified and developed nature of the

organizations formed during the British rule.

Self-Government :- In addition to the federal and provincial governance system in India, the local self-government,

that is, the municipalities and the rulers, in Bombay and Madras Presidencies in 1864, gave the constitutional

authority of Nyaya Panchayat to the panchayats. On May 12, 1882, Laish Rin, who is considered the father of local

self-government in India, introduced the system of elected representatives in rural local bodies. The 'Decentralization

Commission' of 1909 recommended village, tehsil and district-level local government.

The first Municipal Corporations were established in Madras in 1687 and later in Calcutta and Bombay in 1726,

but in other cities, the replacement of Municipal Corporations started after the policy of Lash Rin. After

independence, on October 2, 1959, the decentralized structure of rural local self-government was introduced in

India, which was given constitutional status in 1992-93. The idea of democratic decentralization These institutions

are an important part of the development of modern India.

Conclusion - It is important to remember that the history of the development of Indian administration has left

a decisive impact on its present structure and administrative functioning. These administrative legacies are linked

to the Indian administrative reality in such a way that they cannot be separated from the present day Indian

administration. These legacies are effective and provide continuity to the administration because of the difference

in habits of Indian administrators over the centuries. Even today, British administrative influence can be seen in

various aspects of Indian administration. This influence can be seen in the important areas of Indian administration,

among them are secretariat-system, district and regional administration, public services, work-process, parliamentary

system, judicial system, local self-government etc.

Question 3 – Explain the role of Indian Prime Minister and Cabinet Secretariat.

Answer -

Introduction

As per the Indian constitution, we have adopted the parliamentary system of government. The source of this

system of governance is the British system of governance, but the makers of the Indian constitution implemented

it in India by adding republican values to the British parliamentary system. It means that the Indian parliamentary

system has transformed the Chief Executive to the President-elect. The chief executive of India is the President

(constitutional) but the real power is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. Both these

presidents work on the principle of balance of powers.

We can say that the President of India is the theoretical head and the Prime Minister is the

practical head of the governance system. These two chairpersons cannot do their work unless they

get administrative support because there is a need for data management for decision making and

implementation and this requirement is provided by administrative institutions.

Apart from the Group of Ministers, the Central Secretariat plays an important role in coordinating the administrative

work of other Ministers of the Cabinet. The central governance system of all these secretariats and offices is

considered to be the basic basis. Therefore, in this unit, a detailed mention has been made of the main secretariats

and offices of the central administration along with the location of the constitutional and political presidents.

Prime Minister

In the parliamentary system of government, the Prime Minister gets the central position. It is the basic foundation of

the entire governance system and the focal point of national politics. The prime minister is the de facto chairman of the

executive. Apart from this, he is the supreme leader of his party and people and the main spokesperson of the country.

In the words of Dr. Ambedkar, "The prime minister is the pivot of the whole system in the government." The place of the Prime

Minister is very important in India's parliamentary governance system. He is called the political or practical administrator of the country.

goes. He is considered the spokesperson of the country's home policy, financial policy and foreign policy. He is

considered the fate-maker of the Indian political system.

Role of Prime Minister

The Prime Minister of India, established as a functionary of religious and political nature, is the focal

point of the aspirations of the people of the country, the criticisms of education and the infinite powers

of governance. While being in the heart of the Prime Minister, he has to perform a variety of roles.

As a Democratic Ruler of the country

India is a welfare state having faith in democratic values where the system of governance of parliamentary

democracy prevails. The actual establishment of democracy in the country, the redressal of the sufferings of the

common man and the implementation of the constitutional instructions are mainly influenced by the working style of

the Prime Minister and other ministers of his cabinet. In majority of the cases, the Prime Minister is a senior and

capable politician of a political party supported by popular mandate, who through governance, ensures political and

administrative goals.

As a Policy Framer

In a parliamentary democracy, the prime minister and the council of ministers are a part of the

legislature. Thus the Prime Minister plays an influential role in both the executive and the legislature. The

Prime Minister is the person who formulates the basic policies for national problems, programmes, plans

and socio-economic development. However, these policies are highly influenced by the beliefs of the party

of which the Prime Minister is a member. The role of the Prime Minister in policy-making is decisive and decisive.

As a Development Leader

India is ranked among those countries where efforts are made to achieve the goals of socio-economic

development through the planning system. As the chairman of Niti Aayog, the vision and initiative taken by

the Prime Minister in the course of development definitely plays a crucial role in the overall development of the

nation. With the nation's problems, people's aspirations, available resources and efficient administrative system

Only the Prime Minister who establishes long-term coordination can give new dimensions to development.

Prime Minister's policies, working style and relations with bureaucracy affect his development-oriented

leadership. Different political parties have different approach towards development.

As a Politician in Parliament

The Prime Minister is a member of the Lok Sabha. Being the agreed leader of the majority party, he has

to face political-ideological differences with the leaders of other political parties ie education and natural

governmental pressure due to being the prime minister. The working style of the Prime Minister is clearly

visible in the bills, proposals and general budget to be presented in the Parliament. Similarly, at the time of

question hour, trust vote or no-confidence vote, etc., the Prime Minister has to answer in the debate from both

the point of view of the ruling party and the country's political agenda. It is a difficult task for any Prime Minister

to face criticism of education and factual allegations. In the Parliament, the Prime Minister not only plays the

defensive role of defending his government but also plays the role of a shrewd politician at times.

Vishashasht also prepares Rinivat in form. Being the Prime Minister, he also has to solve the regional

and personal problems of the MPs of his own party, allies and development parties because the Prime

Minister is in a way the troubleshooter of all. Together with the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Prime

Minister has a lot of contribution in making the agenda of the meetings and establishing order in the

House.

As a Representative of Nation at International level

international level)

Due to the polarization happening in the fast moving world, the image of any country is also affected by

its factions. Through the Non-Aligned Movement, the Rashtramil and the SAARC, India's image is to a

lesser extent that of a fair and peace-loving nation. For this, the ideology of all the Prime Ministers and the

economic status of India in international forums have been important. Prime Minister's role is important in

clarifying India's position in the course of UN meetings and other international problems.

Cabinet Secretariat

The Cabinet Secretariat is a body that plays an important coordinating role in the high level

decision making process and works under the direction of the Prime Minister. Since independence, the

Executive Council of the Viceroy or the Khush Gunsher Journal used to play the role of the Cabinet

Secretariat. Lord Wellington (1931 - 36) was the first Gunner General. Experienced ICS due to partition

and independence of India. As a result of shortage of officers, the Binet Secretariat was merged with the

Prime Minister's Secretariat. After independence N. R. Villa I's cabinet secretary was appointed. He

went to London and studied the structure and functioning of the British Binet Secretariat and came to

India and provided necessary advice to the government. Ministry of Grievances and Pensions". The

composition of this type of Bennett Secretariat has been continuously changing.

Role/Functions of Cabinet Secretariat

The cabinet is the focal point of the central administration of the secretariat. Its functions can be

described under the following heads:

1. As Cabinet Secretariat

2. As an Initiative Department
3. As a coordinator, and (As a Coordinator)

4. As an Implementor of Cabinet
decisions)

Cabinet as Secretariat: It provides secretarial assistance to the Union Cabinet and its committees

in the day-to-day work. This secretariat prepares the agenda for the meetings of the cabinet, maintains

records of its debates and decisions and prepares knowledge on the subjects that come before it.

This secretariat serves as an information center to transmit necessary information related to various

government organizations, central cabinet committees, and national and regional organizations.

Is. It also communicates the decisions of the cabinet meetings to the concerned departments. It forwards to

various concerned institutions by preparing monthly reports on the decisions taken on major subjects.

As a initiator department: In this form, the Cabinet Secretariat does three types of initiation work-

First, the appointments of ministers, ministers of state, candidate ministers and parliamentary secretaries

in the cabinet, distribution of their portfolios, suspension ceremony, suspension, resignation, etc., come

under this.

Secondly, under the provisions of Article 77 (3) of the Constitution, to make such laws which help in carrying

out the functions of the government conveniently. This happens in the Cabinet Office.

Thirdly, its important preparatory work is to oversee the departments concerned with the implementation

and coordination of government policies.

In October 1945, the Coordinating Committee was formed in the Viceroy's Executive Council as a

coordinating department. Its mandate was to coordinate civil and military affairs. The secretary of this

committee had no executive authority, yet he did the following on behalf of the committee:

• Helping to coordinate the major administrative policies and activities of the government

Doing.

• Administrative between the Ministries of the Government of India or between the State Governments and the Central Government

To assist in the removal of deadlocks or differences or difficulties in the field. •

Acting as a coordinator when a dispute arises between various ministries • Monitoring the progress

of important administrative matters related to more than one ministry. • To place before the Co-ordination

Committee of the Executive Committee those matters where the orders of the Committee

To observe

For efficient implementation of government policies in any administrative system, coordination between the

departments is very important. Many methods have been adopted for this. The department dealing with

cabinet subjects is one such agency which functions for effective coordination. Many types of units work in

the Government of India; Like Ministries, Departments, Corporation Boards, Companies, New Committees

etc.

Coordinating these different units is a difficult task. The Cabinet Secretary being the Chairman of

various Cabinet Committees plays an important role in coordinating various departments. This secretariat

also does co-ordinating work between the center and various states.

In the form of implementing the policies of the cabinet, this secretariat, mainly through the cabinet

secretary, gives advice to the prime minister and, when necessary, to the ministers on the formulation and

execution of policies related to important subjects from time to time. It has to assist the Majyantra Mill and

do necessary work in respect of all the subjects placed before the Majyantra Mill; Such as preparing

proposals to be submitted to the Parliament for arrangements , matters related to contracts and

agreements with foreign countries, etc., consideration of proposals for commencement of sessions of

Parliament, adjournment and dissolution of Lok Sabha, appointment of public inquiry committees and

Consideration of the reports of such committees, reconsideration, etc., of any intelligent decision taken by the Committee.

One of the important functions of the cabinet secretariat is to see whether the decisions taken by the

cabinet or its committees are being implemented or not. For this work, this secretariat prepares a monthly

report, in which the work of each ministry is reviewed and to what extent the decisions have been implemented.

If it is observed that no ministry is making progress in implementing the decisions of the cabinet, then the

matter is taken up at a higher level so that the implementation of the decisions can be expedited.

Conclusion

Thus we can say that the position of Indian Prime Minister depends on his personality. The Prime Minister

takes the help of the Prime Minister's Office, the Cabinet Secretariat and the Central Secretariat to carry out

his functions. The Principal Secretary in the Prime Minister's Office, the Cabinet Secretary in the Cabinet

Secretariat and the Secretaries of various Ministries in the Central Secretariat give final shape to the decisions

and policies of the country's welfare. Therefore, the central governance system is a collective decision-making

body which, by establishing coordination with various systems, plans and manages development and elections in

a successful manner.

Q4 - Define the concept of decentralization in India after 73rd amendment.

Answer – The meaning of Panchayat is the institution of self-government which has been established to work in

rural areas under Article 243B of the Constitution. There are about 2.55 lakh elected Gram Panchayats in the

country with more than 28 lakh elected members (June, 2017). Its main features are as follows:

Structure and composition of the three-tier system: Under Part IX of the Constitution, the three

Tier system has been envisaged. Village Panchayat, Madhyamik Panchayat (where the population is more than 20

lakhs) and District Panchayat (wherever the population of less than 20 lakhs will be implemented only in the case of

wards or union territories). It has also provided for the formation of Gram Sabha (voters registered in general

assembly constituencies who reside in the area of Gram Panchayat) which has been formed as a platform or

organization for direct participation of villages in local governance.

To fill the posts of Panchayat, the selection will be done through direct elections under the three-tier

system. In addition, the president of the panchayats can be elected from among the members of the secondary

village panchayats. The term of the elected members and organization of the Panchayats will be 5 years. There is

a stipulation with this that in the event of violation of the notification of any commission, it will be mandatory to hold

elections within a period of six months.

Reservation of Scheduled Castes / Scheduled Castes and Women: Under the Constitution (Seventy-

third Amendment) Act, arrangements have been made to provide reservation to (a) Scheduled Castes,

(b) Scheduled Tribes according to their population ratio. 1/3 of these reserved seats or some of the

seats reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes is mandatory to be

selected. In addition to this, at least 1/3 of the total number of seats in each panchayat shall be filled

through direct elections to the seats reserved for women.

Powers, Responsibilities and Financial Resources: Through the Constitution (Seventy-third

Amendment) Act, the Legislatures of the States have provided for conferring on the Panchayats such

powers and authority as may be necessary for them to function as institutions of self-government They

can perform their responsibilities such as (a) prepare plans for economic development and social

justice, (b) implement plans for economic development and social justice, and (c) Can work in relation

to 29 subjects mentioned in the Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution. The panchayats shall be

authorized to receive appropriate grants and funds for carrying out their functions. They have been

authorized to levy and levy appropriate taxes, duties and tolls, etc.

Formation of Finance and Election Commissions: Through this Act, the state governments have

been given the power that they will not constitute an election commission only for conducting elections

to the panchayats, instead a state finance commission will be constituted for a period of every 5 years.

Power has also been conferred to The purpose of setting up the State Finance Commission (SFC) is

to make recommendations on the distribution of financial resources between the state and local

governments (both for urban and rural areas), while formulating rules for them. Can send its

recommendations to the Governor for the levy of taxes, duties, tolls, taxes and fees, etc., between the

governor and the panchayats.

He shall determine the taxes, fees, toll taxes and fees which he may provide or provide grants-in-aid to the panchayats

from the adjusted fund of the night as may be required by the panchayats to improve their financial condition, It will be

his responsibility to complete all the measures.

governing body of panchayats

The Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act provides constitutional status and infrastructural rights to panchayats

in India, it is a positive and important step in building panchayats, it provides a significant contribution in dynamizing

local democratic institutions and empowering rural people. It is a very important arrangement for the ongoing

democratic and development process. State governments are bound to carry out the measures provided under the

Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act. But many differences have also remained between the various states

regarding giving grants to the panchayats for the idea of autonomy, these differences are very important in this regard.

Federal Ministry of Panchayati Raj: The federal ministry implements the provisions of the amended Act in the states and

Union Territories are working to play an important role in implementing, encouraging, guiding and supporting. The

Ministry of Panchayati Raj (MoPR) was formed in the year 2004. Its primary objective was to ensure enforcement of

the provisions of Part IX of the Constitution. The Ministry also sponsors training programs for people working in

Panchayati Raj Institutions, with the objective of capacity building and developing governance skills to enable them to

realize their full potential.

Panchayati Raj is the subject area and therefore, the Ministry of Panchayati Raj collaborates and implements

with the Raj to promote, promote and carry out various schemes and support the Panchayati Raj. There is a very

ambitious e-Chanchayat which aims to benefit 2.2 lakh people. This scheme has been focused on the operational level

of the internal working process of the panchayats. In addition to this the ministry is also committed to provide software

in which the service computers are integrated.

The Ministry has created some organizations with the main goal of preventing proper development of

manpower and issues such as lack of manpower, deficiencies in structures or lack of capabilities,

which result in poor functioning of the panchayats. I have to face extreme obstacles.

Apart from this, the 14th Finance Commission has been set up (for the period from 2015 to 2020)

with the objective of providing opportunities for formulating flagship schemes at the local level with a

focus on social and economic empowerment. Its most important element is that provisions have been

made to give central grants directly to all panchayats. All these nights will not be given through the

government, that is, the central government will directly provide them to the panchayats.

Criticism of Panchayat system -

Decentralization ensures the governance to be effective which mainly targets directly to the citizens to

supply the services. But after careful review of the Panchayat system, it has been found that the

Panchayati Raj system is suffering from many weaknesses.

First, many states have many panchayats with very small populations. Therefore, they do not have

their minimum resources available to provide basic services and functions autonomously, as a result

of which they are not getting any benefit. These nights are so dependent on the governments that they

look up to them for financial and administrative support. They not only alter their autonomy but also

introduce elements of uncertainty into the programs effected.

Second, the elected members especially women do not show participatory approach, it is very lacking

in them that they do not remain active, they hesitate to come forward or participate in socio-economic

activities. In addition, the elected members and chairpersons, who are elected from the village

panchayats, have poor enrollment percentage and poor academic proficiency. In this way their

functional role is very weak.

Question 5- What are the main problems of Panchayat Raj? How can they be resolved? Give suggestions.

Answer

Introduction

In a country like India where 80% of the population resides in villages, the importance of rural local governance popularly

known as Panchayati Raj is self-evident. The Panchayat is considered to be one of the oldest political formations of India.

With the launch of the Community Development Program on October 2, 1952, this plan is considered to have started. The

day of October 2 has been chosen because it is the birth date of Gandhiji. Gandhiji used to give utmost importance to the

interests of the villages.

He considered the reconstruction of rural life possible only with the re-establishment of village panchayats . The

framers of the Constitution of India were also well aware of this fact, so adequate attention was paid to the rural governance

situation in order to realize our independence and make it permanent. Our constitution directs that the Raj shall take steps

for the formation of village panchayats and endow them with such power and authority that they (village panchayats) may

function as units of self-government.

Gandhiji rightly said: “If villages are destroyed, India will also be destroyed.” That would not be India either, its message

to the world would be over.

Development of Panchayati system –

The bill was presented in 1989, 1990 and 1991 to establish the structure of local institutions, rights and functions in the

constitution for rural development, but due to some reasons the act could not be held. The Panchayati Raj Act was passed

by the Lok Sabha on 22 December 1992 and the Raj Sabha on 23 December 1992 and was sent to the states for

ratification. On 20 April 1993, after the signature of the President, the 73rd Constitutional Amendment was implemented in

the country of India from 23 April 1993. The Seventh Amendment Act of 1956 by Section 29 of the Constitution inserted

the original Part 9 by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 with effect from 24 January 1993. Articles 243 to

243(16) in Part IX of the Constitution of India

Mention has been made in the subject of Panchayati Raj. Article 243ZD of the 74th Constitutional

Amendment Act provides for the formation of committees for district planning.

Challenges of Panchayati Raj-

For the development of the rural people, schemes of development are formulated and implemented from

time to time by the central, state and local governments, but due to the challenges in the implementation of

the functioning of the Panchayati Raj, the benefits of these schemes do not reach those villagers. Which is

needy in the state, behind this challenges are increasing day by day due to mechanisms related to

administrative implementing agencies. The problems of development are as follows:-

1- Challenge of qualified administrators and experts :- We all know that planning work fails in the

absence of qualified administrators and experts. At the time of financial plans, experts and

administrators came into administration but they did not get the place they should have got. Therefore,

they feel disappointed and frustrated with their self and at the same time their morale to work

continuously falls and they leave the place of work and start working in other places. If by chance any

skilled administrator or expert tries to do developmental work with his honesty, dedication, hard work,

then he cannot do the developmental work even if he wants to, coming under pressure from political

and high command pressures, due to which day by day The shortage of administrators and experts is increasing day b

,
2. Lack of accurate and reliable facts Without facts and figures, no plan can be made, nor can

any realistic vision be made, because the administration lacks data. Figures are found in all

the subjects but they are not found correct and reliable. For example – Vidhya Pension Yojana

or Rural Housing Scheme. Until the administration does not get the data of correct and reliable

facts, it will be futile to plan the developmental works of rural development and to imagine their

implementation and actual results.

3. Challenge of relations between officers and functionaries :- Where the policy making and coordination

is done, it acts as a bridge in the development programs of the district, due to which the development work

becomes stagnant. There are difficulties in the work of preparation and implementation of development plans

and the development does not become proper. Later it became clear from direct observation that due to lack

of relations departmental tension, estrangement, jealousy develops. Due to which the lack of mutual

cooperation and coordination increases day by day.

4. Irregularity in the implementation of developmental schemes:- In Panchayati Raj and district planning

committees, most of the amount goes into the pockets of planners and the remaining amount goes into the

pockets of administrative officers and political claimants and the remaining amount is spent in developmental

works. Is imposed, which is only about 15 percent. Development plans and programs are made on the basis

of this remaining amount, and the amount gets exhausted in half the programme.

5. Increasing effect of red-tapism:- There is unnecessary delay in completion of developmental works due

to increasing effect of red-tapism. Sometimes the files of developmental plans remain pending for months.

Due to which the common man remains deprived of the fruits of development. For example, if a letter

submitted for building construction tax, road construction etc. is sent to the District Magistrate or the

Metropolitan Magistrate, it remains pending for months. Not only this, they start making rounds again and

again for pending work, due to which bribery and corruption get promoted.

6. Lack of public participation:- The schemes to be implemented by the Panchayati Raj system require

public cooperation for thorough implementation and compliance. Whether it is the plan of the Gram Panchayat

or the District Council. The scheme implemented by the central government is completed through the officials

related to the Panchayati Raj system. But due to the lack of public cooperation in the implementation of these

schemes, many problems have to be faced in the successful implementation of the schemes. Plans and

annual plans cannot be successful without public cooperation.

7. Laxity in the implementation of the plan:- The work does not end with the formulation of developmental plans for the

development of any area. The real meaning and importance of a scheme lies in its successful implementation. Many long and wide

developmental schemes are made by the central, state and local government. Work, that is, the implementation work of those

schemes does not start at all, due to which the development of that area remains only imaginary due to laxity in the implementation

of necessary programs and schemes in rural areas.

8. Spoil Method / Individualism in the implementation of schemes:- The preparation and implementation of any local scheme is

done keeping in mind the personal interests, interests, in the formulation and implementation of plans for local development i.e.

district planning Along with personal interests, there are serious problems like favoritism of officers, misuse of resources, nepotism,

etc., due to which the planning of the district is neither done properly nor its implementation.

9. Lack of democratization in the administrative machinery:- There is a lack of democratization in the administrative machinery

involved in formulation and implementation of district plans, as a result of which the administrative machinery has failed to achieve

its goals.

10. Lack of dialogue:- Due to public dialogue, the government has failed to reach the plans of rural development to the rural

people, due to which the rural people do not get to know about the plans properly and those plans are implemented and the rural

poor Uneducated and helpless people waste all their time waiting for the scheme to come and they remain deprived of the benefits

of the schemes.

Suggestions for solving problems

The following suggestions have been made to solve the problems of Panchayat Raj Institutions

1. Decentralization - The recommendations of the various commissions are that for the decentralization of administration, the

responsibility of arrangement of power should also be handed over to the municipal bodies. . Ram Manohar Lohiya had said that the

institutions of self-government should have absolute authority in their respective areas. Of course these institutions

There should be an increase in the liabilities as well as in their means. Municipal bodies should be given more powers than

other institutions.

2. Increase in resources - It is necessary that their means of income should be increased. The government should give more

share of tax received from that area to the local bodies. The grant received for primary education should be adequate and

timely.

3. Increase in rights - At present, the self-governance practices are not widespread in any way. The control of the state

government sometimes hinders their limited rights. Along with giving them comprehensive rights, a clear policy should be laid

down in this matter.

4. Improvement in source of income - Most of the institutions do not discharge their liabilities due to lack of financial

resources. Generally the following are the sources of income of the townspeople

i. Taxes and Octroi II.

State grant. iii. Income from

business activities.

iv. Income from specialized services.

These powers are very limited as far as taxation of municipalities is concerned. Therefore, the municipalities will have to take

some such measures, so that they can increase their income without burdening the poor people with less tax.

a) A certain percentage of the total income of the State Government should be earmarked so that the civic amenities of that

area can be systematically increased. b) Business functions - to enable autonomous government institutions to perform

certain types of business functions

Inspiration should be given so that their income can increase.

5. Administrative Decentralization - There should be administrative decentralization in the country, if that decentralization is

done in a scientific manner.

6. Change in the attitude of the officers - At present, the attitude of the government officers towards the institutions of self-

government is not polite and productive. They think it is an extra burden. The officers should recognize that these institutions

are very important for the life of the citizens in the future.

There should be coordination between officials and non-official representatives and both should work in coordination. If this

harmony is not there, then there is a hindrance in the work of these institutions. Self. The commission constituted under the

chairmanship of Mr. Savdak Ali has emphasized this point in its report.

7. Changes in the tax system - Adequate income to the local self-government institutions from the current tax system

It doesn't happen. It is necessary to have decentralization in the system of taxes and to make available a wider area for taxation

to the institutions of local self-government. Self-governing institutions feel hesitant in levying taxes. This hesitation needs to be

removed.

8. Red-tapism - At present, red-tapism is rampant in the administrative system. The State Government's Department of Self-

Government also has no special interest towards these institutions. There should be co-ordination which will reduce red tape.

9. Civic sense - Citizens need to be made aware of the institutions of self-governance. There is apathy among the citizens

towards these institutions. Indifference is also visible in paying taxes. For years the tax remains with the taxpayers.

10. Improvement in financial condition - It is necessary to improve the financial support of the institutions of autonomous

governance. Most of their work stops due to lack of sufficient funds.

11. Improvement in the economic condition of the municipal employees - The salary of most of the municipal employees

is not enough to lead their life. This salary is very less than that of night workers. It affects the functioning of local self-

government. Some of the deserving people who go elsewhere will also start joining the service of these institutions after getting

respectable salaries.

12. Eradication of corruption - Corruption prevails in all spheres of administration and society, due to which huge amount of

public money is wasted every year. To stop this, it is necessary to eradicate corruption. There are two ways-

i. People working in the administrative field should understand their responsibilities very well. II.

Public opposition to corruption.

Public should be given training to oppose corruption. The administrative machinery should take such measures so that corruption

can be controlled. Corruption in the institutions of self-government needs to be controlled as it affects the life of the citizens. When

corruption is eradicated, there will be an increase in working efficiency.

13. Uniformity in the conditions of service and qualifications etc. of the employees - The qualifications and conditions of

service of the employees of the institutions of autonomous government are not uniform. If there is unity in these, then people with

equal qualifications will be available to work in the institutions of complete self-government.

The qualifications for appointment and the conditions of service of the employees of the institutions of self-government are not

uniform. If there is unity in these, then people with equal qualifications will be available to work in the institutions of complete self-

government.

14. Filling of interest in the employees - The employee has been working half heartedly, so it is necessary that interest should

be generated in his heart towards these institutions.'

The main problem of Panchayat Raj is that how and to what extent the officers of the district and the chief officers of the district

should participate in the panchayat?

Shri B. . Krishnachari wrote in his report that the litigants should take an active part in working to aid the Panchayat Raj and

should pay attention to the following reforms –

i. The litigants working at the district level should assist the Zilla Parishad Panchayat Samiti and the Development

Officers. His job is to inspect the work done in the local areas.

II. The Development Officers should work under the supervision of the Area Development Officer and should get

the help of the Panchayat Samiti.

iii. The development officers should be trained, so that they can assist the village servants.

Conclusion - It has become necessary to say that the government and the public should actively try to fulfill

their responsibilities and responsibilities. As long as the people and the government do not play their active

role, the dream of realizing Gandhiji's dreams will remain incomplete, so it is necessary that the people and the

government should understand their role.

Question 6 - What do you understand by Bill? Describe its various objectives.

Answer -

Introduction - Budget is a plan made for the future, which is made by estimating the revenue and other income

and expenses for the whole year. In which, by the Finance Minister, estimating its expenditure before the

government, making several plans for the coming year, presents it to the public during every financial year.

There is no ideal budget in which no one is interested. In that budget, the best plans have been made and

spent and invested by the government for people, business, government, country, multinational organization,

for a person, family, group.

Meaning and definition of Bill -

Each executive calculates the income expenditure in the form of budget to run the government works every

year. The word budget is not mentioned in the Constitution of India, but Article D-112 of the Constitution states

that the President shall lay before both the Houses of Parliament an annual financial statement in respect of

each financial year. This annual financial statement, in which the receipts and expenditure of the government

are detailed, is called the budget. In general terms, it can be said that the budget is a statement of annual

income and expenditure.

Budget is an important part of financial administration. The size and type of budget and its details

are prepared by the ruling party on the basis of its assessment. The policies of the ruling government

are reflected in the budget. According to some people, budget is a statement of estimated income and

expenditure. According to some others, the budget period is an estimate-based statement of any funded

expenditure and receipts during a specified period of time.

The budget is presented in a comprehensive and organized form and also contains all the past

accounts of government expenditure and details of its status. Apart from this, it also contains the details

of the treasury's financial condition and revenue. Thus the budget is actually more comprehensive than

the estimated estimates of revenue and expenditure.

The bill is the document by which the executives present themselves before the authorities involved in

raising and spending money and submit a complete report on all the methods by which the expenditure

and money raised for government work in the previous financial year . In this, the present condition of

the government exchequer is also described and it is also told about the plans for the coming year, as

well as how these plans will be financed in the coming year, it is also mentioned.

The origin of the word bag is from the French word bozte, buge or buje, which means a leather bag.

The word was first spoken in the Parliament of England in 1733 as a sarcasm, which is currently

prevalent all over the world. At the time when the Finance Minister (Sir Robert Walpole, term - 1721

to 1742) presented his financial plan in the Parliament, a member sarcastically said that the Finance

Minister has opened his budget i.e. leather bag. Prior to this, early budget documents in medieval

England were called Doomsday Books or Homestead Books. This document promulgated by Emperor

William (1086) contained details of land and property.

According to Willoughby - the budget is not just an estimate of income and expenditure, but it is or

should be a report, an estimate and a forecast. It is an accountant through which the executive comes

in front of the organization and presents the present and future financial position with the idea.

According to Rene Stomt- Budget is a document in which preliminary plans of public revenue and expenditure

are presented.

. . . It has been said about the budget by the budget that a broad outline of the entire government receipts and

estimates. In which there is also an order to collect some receipts and spend some.

According to Baylor- “The budget is the master financial plan of the government.

According to King - "Budget is an accurate plan, by which budget is balanced with income."

Main Objectives of the Bill

1. Purpose of Accountability - In any democratic country, the government should be responsible for its

accountability towards the public. Because the public has the right to know how the public money is being

utilised. This gives information whether the clearances are being followed or not. This objective can be met

through the budget.

2. Economic control - In the absence of budget, various ministries and departments start doing their arbitrary.

Because of which public funds (money) are not used properly. Through the budget, the Parliament formulates

policy keeping proper control regarding the receipt and use of these public funds.

3. Fiscal Instruments - Let us tell you that instead of the details of income and expenditure for the budget, there

is such a tool in the hands of the government which ensures the economic and social progress of the country.

Under the budget, the government achieves the necessary goals related to economic development, full

employment and social justice through taxation expenditure and debt policy.

4. Economic stability - One of the objectives of the budget is to maintain economic stability. Actually the nature of

economic sublimation is seen in capitalist economy. The budget plays an important role in reducing these

highs.

5. Administrative efficiency - In the budget, after estimating the needs of each sector and

department, approval is given to spend accordingly. Full care and control is taken to ensure that

all public expenditure is done as per the approvals. The purpose of budget formulation is to

maintain administrative efficiency in this way. 6. Provisions related to schemes - Budget

provisions related to various schemes are kept in the context of economic development. Where

there is a provision to meet the targets of development in the financial year. And efforts are

made to get them.

Conclusion: It is a planned approach to promote government activities, which demand mobilization

of vast resources. Changes in the budgetary process can be well explained by changing public

opinion about the government over the years.

Question 7 - What is Bill? Describe the process/process of preparation and implementation

of the bill in India?

Answer - Budget is a plan made for the future, which is made by estimating the revenue and other

income and expenditure of the whole year. For this, it prepares several plans and presents them to

the public during every financial year. There is no ideal budget in which no one is interested. In that

budget, the best plans have been made and spent and invested by the government for people,

business, government, country, multinational organization, for a person, family, group.

According to Willoughby, the budget is not just an estimate of the income-expenditure of the

government, but it is a report, an estimate and an effect, all three or it should be, it is such an

accountant through which the agenda comes in front of the system and the idea Presents the

reporting of past, present and future financial positions with

A budget, according to Remo Storm, is a document in which preliminary plans for public revenue and expenditure are presented.

In a way, the budget is a comparative system in which one arranges for the arrival of more money and on the other hand, the

expenditure of different funds is estimated. Not seeing the meaning of the budget in a limited way, the government should take care

of the future while arranging it in the present with the background of history.

Building Process in India

1. Statement of Estimates

The financial year in India starts from 1st April and ends on 31st March. At the beginning of every financial year, every department

starts the work of preparing the income-expenditure statement. For this, the department sends a letter to each administrative

department to fill the following entries-

(a) the title and title of the appropriation

(b) Annual income of the last financial year

(c) Estimated expenditure of the current financial year

(d) Statement of revised income of the current financial year

(e) estimated income for the current financial year, and

(f) Other necessary details

2. Departmental Examination of Estimates

All the estimates prepared for the budget are scrutinized on administrative grounds. The budget estimates prepared

by the regional or local branches of the administrator are sent to the central office of the department. The controlling

officer at the headquarter of the department, thoroughly scrutinizes and reviews these estimate sheets and reviews

them according to the estimates of the department and division.

The head officer of the department, if considered appropriate and necessary, can make amendments or

restatements in any item related to the estimated expenditure. After this, all the estimates are forwarded to the secretariat

division of the concerned department. The Secretariat office re-thinks and reviews these letters and by the end of

November these letters are sent to the Ministry of Finance.

3. Examination by the Financial Court

Following the above procedure, each administrative department sends the details of its expenditure estimates to the

Ministry of Finance. The Finance Ministry takes a fresh look at all estimates. The Ministry of Finance, along with

considering the basis of expenditure, considers the departmental estimates on the basis of limited income and economy

of means. Along with this, he can also reduce the departmental estimates as per the requirement. But he makes this

deduction only after talking to the concerned departments of the Finance Ministry.

In case both the departments do not agree regarding the deduction, the controversial matter is presented before the

Majyantra Mill. In this matter, the decision of Mantramil is considered final. The Finance Ministry prepares the budget

by compiling the estimates of all the departments together. Two parts related to income and expenditure are introduced

in the budget. The draft of the entire budget is prepared by December.

4. Approval of the Cabinet

Finance Ministry and the Prime Minister, after the draft of the budget is prepared, review the budget together with other

cabinet members in a meeting and decide the policies related to finance and revenue. Thus the budget, after being

approved by the entire cabinet, is presented to the Parliament.

5. Parliamentary Procedure

According to the Indian Constitution, public money cannot be spent in the absence of statutory approval and

new taxes cannot be imposed. The budget is presented in the Parliament on this basis. The budget takes

several decisions till it is presented in the Parliament. The budget is presented in the Parliament in the month

of April. The time for which the Parliament considers the budget is called the budget period of the Parliament.

Authorizes the Finance Minister to present the President's Budget in the first week of February. Parliament

procedure is as follows -

(a) Normal debate: A date is fixed after one week instead of the day of presentation of the budget in the

Parliament. The general debate takes place only on the basic principles and policies of the budget on a given

date. The objections of public opinion are also presented in this decision. Normally the time of dispute is fixed

for two or three days. This debate takes place in both the Houses of the Parliament.

(b) Voting procedure: After the general debate, the demands related to the expenditure of each department

are considered in the Lok Sabha. Members of Parliament are given sufficient time for this. Voting is done after

the debate is over. Voting is started even if the debate is not over by the specified time.

Demands approved in the voting process are called "grants". The Lok Sabha can reduce or modify the

demands of any department, but cannot increase them. A reduction in demand is called a "reduction effect".

This deduction is policy related, economy related and symbolic deduction.

after the approval of the Appropriation Bill approved by the Parliament. Later, an Appropriation Bill is presented

in the Lok Sabha to spend the required funds on the Permanent Court. In relation to this bill also, the

procedure related to general legislators is followed. But at the time of the Appropriation Bill, there is no debate

on the financial demands because the House has already approved them. After the Appropriation Bill is

approved in the Lok Sabha, it is sent to the Raj Sabha.

(d) Presentation in Raj Sabha: No financial bill is introduced in Raj Sabha. The Raj Sabha cannot retain

any bill for more than 14 days. The Finance Bill is deemed to have been approved by the Rajya Sabha after 14

days. The Raj Sabha does not have the right to reject the Finance Bill, but it can debate or submit suggestions

within the stipulated time. The Lok Sabha is not bound to accept these suggestions. In Raj Sabha, the Raj

Sabha does not have any important authority regarding finance.

(e) Finance Bill : If the Appropriation Bill allows administrative departments to spend money or receive

money from the treasury, the Finance Bill details the means of collecting money. The Finance Minister

introduces this bill in the Parliament. This bill is introduced in the same way as ordinary bills. Even the Raj Sabha

cannot stop this bill for more than 14 days. After the bill is approved by both the Houses and the President, the

administrative departments get the right to levy taxes and use the means by which revenue is collected.

(f) Signature of the President: In the federal or presidential system, the President receives financial powers

in a broad way, but in the parliamentary system, these powers of the President are a formal authority.

Theoretically, the President gets the right to accept or reject the bill, but in practical terms, the President often

gives his approval. The budget is formed when the appropriation and finance bills are passed and the assent of

the President is signed.

(g) Supplementary grant: In every country, there is a provision for supplementary grant in the

constitution. When the funds approved by the Appropriation Bill are exhausted, supplementary demands are

presented to the Parliament to meet the current expenditure. In the Constitution of India, a provision has been

made to introduce a bill for such supplementary demands. This bill also has the same process as that of

ordinary legislators. It is only the Parliament that conducts it.

conclusion

Financial administration provides an important basis for the development of any country. An important tool of financial

administration is budget formulation and budget implementation. The work of budget making is given in the hands of the people's

representative, so that the interests of the people are taken care of in the collection of revenue and its use. In financial

administration, an important role is played by the Ministry of Finance in the budget making process. Along with budget formulation

and implementation, effective control over the budget is also necessary, for which the Controller General of Accounts and the

three main committees of the Parliament (Public Accounts Committee, Estimates Committee and Government Enterprises

Relations Committee) play an important role.

Question 8 - Defining E-Guinness, explain its different models and explain the policies

related to E-Guinness.

answer introduction

There was a time when people used to spend whole day in government offices to get their work done

and still their work could not be done. Not only this, for many works people had to visit government

offices for many weeks. Realizing these problems of the people and taking advantage of the advantages

of computer and internet, the government had started e-Ginance in the country. So that with the help of

this people can easily do their work. Not only this, with the help of e-Ginance, government works have

also increased a lot.

Definition -

The full name of e-Governance i.e. full form is Electoral Governance. The word 'e' in this word stands for

electronic. Those things are called electronics which run with the help of electricity. Electronics include

things like computers, phones, laptops and so on. No, Governance is called Shashan in Hindi, which

means making rules and norms for something and making sure that it works well.

E-Governance is such a system that along with transparency in government work, all

services are being delivered to the common man immediately:

Models of E-Governance

1. Dissemination Model- The model is based on dissemination/dissemination of industrial

governance information, which is in the wider public domain with ICT and convergence

media in the public domain. And convergence is in the wider public domain with the

media. The strength of the model rests in the fact that a more informed citizenry is able to

judge the functioning of the existing governance apparatus and form an informed opinion

about them. The broad application of this model corrects 'information failure conditions' by

providing relevant information relating to the governance sector for people to form informed

opinions and influence governance processes. 2. E-Advocacy/Mobilization and

Lobbying Model- This model builds on the momentum of real world processes by mobilizing

the opinions and concerns expressed by virtual communities. This model helps global civil
society to influence global decision-making processes.

3. Vehicle Flow Model- The model is based on channeling disseminated information of

significant value to the target audience or to the wider public domain with ICT and

convergent media. The strength of this model is that ICT renders the concepts of 'distance'

and 'time' meaningless when information is hosted on digital networks, and is used to

deliver critical information instantly to its strategic user groups anywhere or within its reach.

can be done profitably by transferring To make it freely available in the wider public domain.

4. Comparative Analysis Model- This model is very important model for developing countries

and it can be used to empower people. Essentially, the model assimilates best practices

in successive governance areas and then uses them as benchmarks for evaluating other

governance practices.

5. The strength of this model lies in the infinite capacity of digital networks to store and disseminate various

information across all geographies and the strength of this model lies in the infinite capacity of digital networks to

store various information and to receive and disseminate it instantaneously across all geographic and hierarchical

barriers. 6. Interactive-Services Model- It is the way for direct participation of individuals in governance processes

Opens up and brings greater objectivity and transparency in decision making processes through ICT. Basically,

ICT has the ability to bring everyone into a digital network and enable interactive (two-way) flow of information

between them. Under this model, various services offered by the government become directly available to its

citizens in an interactive manner.

Policies related to e-Ginance

1. National E-Ginance Plan - The National E-Ginance Plan was launched in 2006. It aims to ensure efficiency,

privacy and reliability by providing access to all government services to common citizens through Common Service

Centres. It may be noted that today various services are being made available digitally with the help of Common

Service Centers (CSCs). Make it easier for the common man to access the services of the country, especially in

rural areas. These centers have led to the empowerment of the targeted sections of the society and created

employment opportunities for the people. No, it has given a boost to all the entrepreneurs including village level

women entrepreneurs. The CSC through Stree Swabhiman Initiative has created awareness about menstrual

health among women and has also set up more than 204 sanitary napkin units. 2. Digital India - integration of the

entire system of public services through the use of information technology

To make the transformation, the Government of India launched the 'Digital India' program in 2015. This program

has taken the definition of e-governance to a higher level. Where technically different policies were implemented,

the adoption of platform based approach in place of project based approach led to the development of public digital

platform based environment and citizens started getting many common services jointly.

i. Direct Benefit Transfer: Direct Benefit Transfer transfers the benefits provided by the government

directly to the bank accounts of the beneficiaries. II. Digital Payments: Many new digital payment

tools like BHIM AI, BHIM Aadhaar, Bharat QR

Koi, National Electoral Official All Collections etc. were started. There has been an 8,000-fold increase in

digital payment transactions including BHIM UBI from October 2016 to March 2019.

iii. Jeen Pramaan : This allows pensioners to get their life proof at any time and in any

It helps to send or deliver digitally at the location. 2.58 crore pensioners have sent their life certificates

using Jeevan Pramaan.

iv. e-Courts Mission Mode Project: Supreme Court, High Courts, District Courts and

Promotes automation in district courthouses. Under this, many services like case status, cause list, court

officer, vet search, etc. are included. Under this, the National Geophysical Data Grid was also started.

3. National Scholarship Portal - It facilitates multiple scholarship schemes through a single online portal and

includes submission of applications by students, verification by school administrations, acceptance by officials

and disbursement through DBT.

4. E-Hospital- Hospital Management Information System facilitates automation of activities like patient registration,

IVF, pharmacy, blood bank in hospitals through more than 20 modules. Presently 322 hospitals are connected

with e-Hospital.

5. Country wide network- Government launched NIC NET network as a countrywide communication network with

the aim of achieving the goal of e-Governance. Today NIC NET is a communication network from one government unit

to another government unit and between citizens and government and business. Forest is playing an important role in

communication.

6. National Knowledge Network - Government has taken an important initiative in the field of e-Governance

in the form of National Knowledge Network, which is a comprehensive technology hub through 10G backbone.

Provides national network. It also provides high-speed connectivity to premier research and

academic institutions of the country.

7. Data Center - It provides robust, secure and flexible infrastructure for e-Governance

applications, web portals and website with availability of central services. It may be recalled that

currently support for 10,000 different e-business projects is being provided through data centers and

national cloud.

8. Geospatial Technology - Geographic Information System (GIS) has improved the availability of

various e-governance services by providing location based narrowing, performing various activities

at the work place itself. Not only this, programs like Digital India have also used geospatial technology

to provide services effectively.

9. E-mail Services- Under the goals of Digital India campaign, the government has provided secure

e-mail service for all official communication. Today email services provide a variety of security

features including geo-fencing. SMS service has also been started to connect people with these

means of communication more effectively.

10. Video Conferencing - NIC is providing Video Conferencing service for the purpose of

connecting the administration with each other units. This service is being provided since 1995.

More than 1,852 video conferencing sites have been set up so far and are an integral part of

government work and processes. Video conferencing is used extensively in all levels of governance

system i.e. Center to Raj, Raj to District and District to Tehsil and to establish communication between

the government and the public.

11. National e-Governance Awards- The Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Grievances

of the Government encourages e-Governance by giving National Awards for e-Governance every

year. Recognizes best practices from Government to Government, Government to Citizen,

Government to Business.

conclusion

Citizen Centricity and Benchmarking showcase the journey of e-Services towards Governance.

Governments across the country have laid more emphasis on integrated service delivery due to which

more number of e-services are being introduced through integrated/centralized portals. The main objective

of e-governance is to develop good governance , because it is very easy to stop corruption, but as it has

been said that the government has to do a lot of work in this direction to make the governance process

more effective through e-governance.

Question 9 – What is social welfare? Explain the different approaches to social welfare.

Answer - Introduction

Social welfare refers to the services that are provided to individuals, groups or communities that have

been left behind by development and strive to bring them into the mainstream of society. Therefore, the

service provided for the development and welfare of those who are physically, mentally, socially or

economically handicapped and are relatively isolated from other sections of the society due to their

handicap is called social welfare.

social work and Social welfare is interlinked. Social work is the process by which the work of

social welfare is done. Ultimately, the social work profession is based on social welfare and both

can be considered as an organized effort to solve the problems of life in an industrial society.

Definition of Social Welfare:

“Giving necessary social support to meet the basic needs of the citizens is called social welfare.”

“The objective of social welfare is to provide service to such population of weaker sections who are

unable to avail social services provided by the society due to specific physical, mental, economic and

constraints or who have been mutually excluded from availing these services Is."

To make the social welfare administration even more clear, we can refer to the definitions of some

prominent scholars –

“Social welfare administration may be defined as contributing to and assisting in the furtherance of those

activities. Which is mandatory for doing direct service by any social organization.

Dinham- “Social administration is related to the study of welfare system and it is mainly from the study

of social services organized by the government.”

Poster-“Social welfare to social agencies and administration related to government welfare programs

Says administration. Although its methods, methods, methods, etc. are also similar to public

administration or business administration. But there is a fundamental difference in this that keeping

in mind the values and democracy at all levels, the administration related to such persons or groups

is done, which are obstructed.

Raja Ram Shastri – “Social welfare administration is a process of converting social policy into social

services.”

Different Approaches to Social Welfare

1. Women 's Welfare: The Central and State Governments and Union Territories launched several programs

to improve the social and economic status of women and to maintain their continuity in the Women's Decade,

intensified their progress and dissemination efforts. Many state governments have taken up the centrally

supported Integrated Child Development Services for their implementation in their states, recognizing the

role of integrated delivery of early child services. These have an impact on the lives of babies and mothers,

the proof of which is the increase in the weight of the baby at the time of birth.

There is a decrease in the incidence of HIV, an increase in vaccination, a decrease in the incidence of infant mortality and

birth rates.

2. National Child Policy: The subject of various welfare schemes is an important guide to the government's policy

towards children. The recommendations of the Children's Program Formulation Committee (1968) and the preparation of

an eight-point draft on child welfare in 1973 by the Indian Child Welfare Council This gave further impetus to the efforts

which finally led to the adoption of the National Policy for Children in 1974. In the formulation of the policy, children are

considered as the most important asset and their welfare and their concern is our responsibility. Under this policy, it is the

responsibility of the state to ensure complete physical, mental and social development of children and to provide adequate

services to children during the period of pre-birth and post-natal development.

3. Integrated Child Development Project: Integrated Child Development Services Project was launched on 2 October

1975 in the country. The focal point for providing services related to the Integrated Child Development Services Scheme,

there is an Anganwadi in each village or slum area of the city. The anganwadi is run by an anganwadi worker who is an

unpaid female volunteer worker from the community. Her work is looked after by the head teacher/teacher. Some

Integrated Child Development Services projects are also using "CARE" and World Food Program assistance to supplement

diets.

Its objectives are-

ÿ To improve the health and behavior of children in the age group of 0-6 years ÿ To

lay the foundation for proper psycho-physical and social development of the child, ÿ To reduce the

incidence of child-mortality, morbidity, malnutrition and school drop-out To reduce poverty, ÿ Effective

coordination of policy and implementation among various departments to promote child development

to establish

ÿ Appropriate diet and nutrition to take care of the child's general health and nutritional needs

Capacity building of mothers through health education.

4. The need for the welfare of the elderly: The United Nations had adopted the International Action Plan for the Elderly in the

World War General Assembly held in Vienna during 1982, expressing its concern towards the elderly. Between 1950 and 2025,

the number of people over the age of 80 will double in developing and developed countries. This calls for major policy revisions

from national governments. 5.Pension Trust Fund: A suggestion for a new idea of pension to the 4th Pay Commission was

given by the 'Common Co'.continuation

In this idea payment
lies the idea of developing
of pension a pension
in proportion trust
to the fund.ofInservice
length this fund, theemployee
of the government willtotal
or his make a

pension on retirement. This trust will guarantee at least 10 percent interest, which the pensioner will get as monthly payment.

Whenever a new installment of dearness allowance is given, it will be deposited in the pensioner's account. The fund will be

managed by a board of judges consisting of people of repute and investment experience.

6. Welfare of Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Tribes: Majority of Harijans reside in rural areas. Until sometime in the world,

Harijans did not dare to come out of their homes, but due to agricultural development in some parts of the country (especially the

green regions), industrial progress in some regions, rapid urbanization and populist system. Due to the disintegration of Harijans

have become dynamic Gish. They are the poorest of the poor among those who live below the poverty line. Although there is

discrimination and discrimination among other sections of the population as well, the majority of the population, steeped in gross

poverty, abject ignorance and formation superstition, is from the Scheduled Castes. Even among the deprived people, Harijans

have been leading a life of servitude, pride and absolute isolation for centuries.

7. Scheduled Castes Development Corporation: Secretaries of Social Welfare/Scheduled Castes Welfare

Departments, senior officers and managing directors of Scheduled Castes Development Corporations, Reserve

Bank of India, State of India, NABARD, Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation in the conference of

Scheduled Caste Development Corporation and representatives of banking institutions, Ministry of Welfare and Department

of Rural Development, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Commission and Scheduled Tribes Commissioner participated.

8.Constitutional Safeguards: To provide safeguards for the Scheduled Castes and Tribes and other weaker sections in the

constitution especially or to develop their educational and economic interests and to remove their social disabilities by giving

recognition to their rights as civil Uttarakhand Open University Has been done.

The main safeguards are-

1. Abolition of untouchability and ban on its practice in any form. 2. Advancement of their

educational and economic interests and their protection from all forms of social injustice and exploitation

Security.

3. To open Hindu religious institutions of public nature to all classes and categories. 4. As regards the use of shops,

restaurants and places of public entertainment, wells, ponds, roads and places of public rest which are wholly or partly subsidized

by the National Fund or which have been subsidized for public use, Justification of disqualification, handicap or condition.

conclusion

Social welfare administration is a process through which, government and private social work services are organized and operated.

Social welfare services are often provided to such people who have been deprived of their personality development and social

functioning in the society because of their weak and low status. In these services, welfare programs for women and children, youth,

elderly, laborers, pensioners, destitute persons of rural areas, destitute persons of urban divorce, socially disabled, handicapped,

persons who are unable to work due to diseases, etc. have been included.

Question 10 – Explain the disorder of education in India and critically evaluate the National Education

Policy 1986.

Answer - Introduction

Right to Education in India - 21(A) was added to the Constitution by the 86th Amendment Act 2002 which provides

that the State shall by law make free education compulsory for all children in the age group of 6 to 14 years. To give

practical shape to this right, the Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009 was launched in the Parliament. Which

came into effect from 1 April 2010.

Lewis Macaulay is considered the father of Indian education. On February 2, 1835, Lord Macaulay presented his travel

memoirs.

Disadvantages of Education: Features of the Act

1. It will be compulsory for all children in the age group of 6 to 14 years to get free and compulsory

education. 2. No school can deny admission to children.

3. Children will neither be stopped nor expelled from reaching the next class and it will not be compulsory to

pass the examination. 4. The Central and State Governments will jointly bear the expenses for the

implementation of this law.

5. The infrastructure of the school is not good, it has to be rectified within the stipulated time, otherwise the

recognition will be terminated. Along with the quantitative growth in education, qualitative education will also

6. be provided to the children. For this the following efforts will be made Recruitment of qualified teachers.

8. Effective text.

9. Training of teachers. A

10. certificate will be given to the student who completes the primary education.

Critical Evaluation of National Education Policy 1986

According to the National Education Policy 1986, it was said to provide equal opportunities for education to all. The

medium of imparting education was made in vernacular and regional language. Education was divided into primary

education, upper primary education, secondary education, higher secondary education and higher education.

1. The educational rights and responsibilities of the Central and State Governments have not been fixed in

this education policy. In 1976, education was brought on the committee list by the Constitution Act, but it

did not ensure the educational rights and duties of the central and state governments. Often those schemes

are not implemented and get partial grant-in-aid. The result is that there is no system of education in the

whole country. In the field of finance, instead of cooperation, there is exploitation. In this education

2. policy, it has been talked about the promotion of public cooperation for the system of education. To achieve

this, an action plan has been presented to form parent committees in educational institutions and to obtain

public cooperation through this committee. The first 10 years core curriculum has not been implemented

till date . After the announcement of the National Education Policy 1968 AD, in 1975 the "National Council

3. of Educational Research and Training" prepared a 10-year basic curriculum. After that it presented its

second draft in 1988 and the third in 2000. Despite the emphasis on following the basic curriculum in the

National Education Policy 1986, each province has its own type of curriculum. The allegation of the Center

is that the Provincial Governments are acting arbitrarily and the allegation of the Provincial Governments is

that the Central Government is obstructing the preparation of syllabus according to the regional situation.

Two buildings of primary schools have been constructed under the Black Board scheme and the

furniture and materials sent for them are of very good quality. According to the Revised National Education

4. Policy and Action Plan 1992, so far only about 75 thousand primary schools have been given 40-40

thousand funds.

5. The white elephant of Nidoya Vidyalaya has become perfect. The Nodaya Vidyalayas were established with the hope that

deserving children from marginalized areas, marginalized classes and targeted castes would be admitted, they would be

given opportunities for their development and in the first place, despite such regulations Big hairy fair is also happening.

They are not being taken advantage of for which they were established.

6. Meanwhile, whatever vocational courses have been started at +2 in the forest provinces, they have failed. These courses

were introduced in many schools, they lacked resources and trained teachers and these courses were neither useful nor

useful in their own right. Dual policy has been adopted in relation to higher education. In this education policy, on the

7. one hand, it has been talked about the control of admission in higher education and on the other hand, it has been said to

make the opportunities of higher education accessible to all and for this, it has been said to establish open universities and

start correspondence courses. Due to this, deserving students are getting admission in most of the institutions of higher

education. 8. In this education policy, permission was given for caitation fees with the condition that these institutions will

give admission to a certain percentage of students selected by the government without caitation fees. In the name of equality of

educational opportunities, the politics of education has been done. Equality of educational opportunities in India means

9. to make compulsory and free primary education accessible to all the children of the country, to make secondary and higher

education as well as special education accessible to all according to their merit without making any distinction on any basis.

10. In this education policy, more emphasis has been laid on internal value rather than external evaluation. Weight institutions have

also implemented it where it has been misused. This has resulted in loss instead of profit. Giving grade in place of category

has also not been of any use.

conclusion

The National Education Policy 1986 was such a policy which tried its best to implement successfully, but it would be wrong to say that

it was completely successful in its objective, this is why we are saying that if we talk about the present situation of India, the present

education The system has proved incapable of providing employment to all. According to the National Education Policy 1986 equal

opportunity for education to all

Was asked to provide. The medium of imparting education was made in vernacular and regional language.

Education was divided into primary education, upper primary education, secondary education, higher secondary

education and higher education.

Question 11- Critically examine the Freedom of Information Act, 2005.

Answer

Introduction - The court also believed that the freedom of expression in Article 19 (1) of the constitution also

includes the freedom to get information. Some similar decisions were then pronounced in other high courts as

well. Apart from this, in the recommendations of the Second Press Commission (1978-82), it was said to bring

relaxation in Section-5 of the Official Secrets Act and freedom of information. In this commission, first PK

Goswami and later on reconstitution K. , Of . Mathew was made the president.

Similarly, Justice Dinkar Lal Mehta of the High Court in Rajasthan, while deciding a public interest litigation filed

regarding the pollution of Jaipur city, said that every citizen of the city has the right to get information about the

city's activities, administration's performance and efforts. is entitled. In the year 1987, the then Prime Minister

G. . Singh supported legalization of Right to Information for clean and transparent administration.

After this, again in the year 1991, economic reforms took shape in the country , which resulted in

liberalization in the economic sector and this challenged the functioning of public administration. Along with

autonomy, new slogans of Accountability, Transparency and Good Governance, Excellence, Honesty and Good

Governance started being raised.

Right to Information Act, 2005

The UPA government, which came to power in the year 2004, presented the new Right to Information Bill

in the Parliament on 23-December-2004 , in which after a long debate and discussion and with 146

amendments, it was approved by the Lok Sabha on 11-May-2005 and Rajya Sabha approved it the very next day.

As soon as the approval of the President was received (June 15, 2005), most of its provisions came into force

from this day itself and the remaining provisions after 120 days (after the approval of the President). This was

published in the Government of India Gazette dated 21-June-2005. In this way, the Right to Information Act

2005 will be applicable to the whole of India from 12th October 2005 and its country's first Chief Information

Commissioner, J&K cadre, I.A. S. Officer Jajahat Habibullah was made and the then President Dr. A. . J. Abdul

Kalam handed over the bed to Shri Habibullah on 26 October 2005. Features of the Freedom of Information

Act, 2005

R.T. Placed under I. Information can be sought from the Public Information Officer of each department by paying

a fee of Rs 10 (through electronic means or postal mail).

No fee is given for BPL families. Intimation has to be given within 30 days of receiving the application. But if it

is a matter related to the life and liberty of a person, then there is a provision to give this information within 48

hours.

Certain information such as those related to sovereignty, security, strategic interests of the country, issues

related to courts, breach of privilege of Parliament, etc. are excluded from RTI. The Central Information

Commission has been constituted, it may have a Chief Information Commissioner and at least 10 Central

Information Commissioners.

In the context of their appointment, there is a provision for a committee, whose chairman is the Prime Minister

and other members are the leaders of education in the Lok Sabha and another Union Minister, who has to be

nominated by the Prime Minister, their tenure is 5 years and 65 years, whichever is earlier. They can be removed by

the President. 250 to 25000 penalty has to be given for not giving timely information to the officials.

Some of the major provisions of the Right to Information Act, 2005 are as follows

1. All government departments, district sector units, non-governmental organizations running with any kind

of government help, educational institutions, etc. departments are included in this. Completely private

institutions are not under the purview of this law, but if under any law any government department can

ask for any information from a private institution, then that information can be sought through that

department. 2. One or more Public Information Officers have been constituted in every Government

Department, who accept applications under the Right to Information, collect the information sought and

provide it to the applicant. 3. It is the duty of the Public Information Officer to inform within 30 days or 48

hours in the case of life and liberty.

Provide the information sought inside.

4. If the Public Information Officer refuses to take the application, does not provide the information within the

stipulated time or gives false or misleading information, then a fine of Rs 250 per day for delay up to Rs

25000 can be deducted from his salary Also, he has to be informed. 5. Application fee has to be paid for

seeking information. The central government has fixed a fee of Rs 10 along with the application, but it is

higher in some states. BDL card holders are exempted from application fee.

Results of Right to Information in various fields

In these ten years many results have been seen from Right to Information. Which has brought changes in

political and administrative, legal and economic and social etc. fields. The contemporary trends and demands

of those times are also responsible for these changes.

The trends of good governance and global governance, efforts to eradicate corruption, demand for freedom

of press, movement of civil society, information based economy, society and development, citizen consumer

responsibility, citizen declaration etc. have increased the relevance of Right to Information. This has resulted

in the following areas

1. Political and Administrative Consequences - Right to Information has increased the productivity to a great

extent. Due to which there have been expectations of modernization in political and administrative work-culture.

There have been changes in the democratic processes. Informed voters have increased control and accountability

at the level of the legislature and the executive. Due to which these institutions have felt public pressure in bringing

changes in some policies and laws. The exchange of information at intergovernmental level among different

governments in a federal system has led to multiple political participation in the public policy process.

2. Economic and Social Consequences - Right to Information has furthered the concept of 'Open Government'.

Due to which more contribution is being made in 'open market' and 'open civilized society'. Government in various

fields such as research and development, standards in respect of economic units, strong environment of competition,

exchange of economic information etc. Ra's radical thinking and steps have strengthened the Indian economy.

Due to this law, signal planning and information protection, consumer responsibility and investor confidence

have increased. The difference between public service prices and commercial prices has narrowed somewhat. The

private economy has accelerated the process of fulfilling its social responsibility as an informed and aware society

has increased pressure group activity on these fronts.

3. Legal Consequences- Right to Information has ushered in the expectation of increasing legal inefficiency on

account of administrative discretion. Its impact has spread over the laws of different countries. In the context of

important programmes, the trend of regulation has increased in the laws. In the event of more information being

available, the number of petitions against the administration has increased. Efforts are also being made to revise

the civil service codes of conduct. With the advent of the Right to Information, quasi-judicial institutions like the

Information Commission have been used. This has raised the importance of information technology to a new height.

Question 12- What is Lokpal? Explain the role of Lokpal in India.

Ans- The word “Lokÿl” is derived from the Sanskrit word “Loka” which means people and “Lÿla” which

means protector or keeper. Together it means "protector of the people". The purpose of holding such a

law is to eliminate corruption at all levels of Indian politics.

historical background

The institution of Lokwal originated in the Scandinavian (referring to Denmark, Norway and Sweden)

countries. The institution of the Lokval first came into existence in Sweden in 1713 when a "Chancellor

of Justice" was appointed by the king to act as an overseer to oversee the functioning of an organized

government.

In India, the Lokpal is known as Lokpal or Lokayukta. The concept of a constitutional Lokwal was

first introduced in the Parliament in the 1960s by the then Law Minister Ashok Kumar Sen. The words

Lokal and Lokayukta were coined by Dr. L.M. Congress created the Indian model of Lokwal for the

redressal of public grievances, it was started in the year 1968 in the Lok Sabha, but it ended with the

dissolution of the Lok Sabha and since then has been held several times in the Lok Sabha Have missed

Role of Lokpal in India

The institution which is called Ombudsman in most of the countries of the world is known as Lokal or

Lokayukta in our country. Lokal or Lokayukta in India was named in 1963 by the famous jurist Dr. L.

M. Singhadi had given it. The word Lokwal is derived from the Sanskrit words loka (people) and bala

(protector).

Many enlightened speakers of the country have written on the importance of this institution. For

example, Justice Gajendragarhkar, former Supreme Court Justice, in his book "Law, Liberty and Social

Justice" has mentioned that unless we develop an institution like 'Ambus' in India and

Unless constitutional status is given to this institution through amendment or legislative process, the problem of corruption in

the country will not be effectively resolved.

The Administrative Reforms Committee in its report recommended the constitution of a statutory institution like

'Ombudsman' , whose work is to keep an eye on the proceedings of the Board and in such cases, where the action taken by

any agency of the government is illegal, unjust or arbitrary, the existing rules or be contrary to and in violation of the established

procedure and to investigate those complaints in which there is a clear allegation of misconduct.

The first Administrative Reforms Commission was constituted in our country on 5th January, 1966 under the

chairmanship of Shri Morari Desai. In its 1966 interim report related to the "Problem of Return of Citizens' Greens", this

commission, considering the widespread outrage against the corruption prevailing in the system, inefficiency and insensitivity

of the administration towards the needs of the general public, has It was recommended that a legal institution called Lokwal in

the center and Lokayukta in the states should be established to investigate complaints alleging corruption and injustice arising

out of public grievances and malpractice system, but this recommendation was not accepted for a long time. Went. Now

acceptance has been done but its implementation has not yet taken concrete shape.

The Lokpal was first established in Orissa in the year 1970 where in 1995 the new Lokpal and Lokayukta Act was enacted.

Recently, the Odisha Legislative Assembly has passed the Odisha Lokayukta Bill 2014 incorporating very effective provisions.

In the year 1971, the institution of Lokayukta was established in Maharashtra, in 1973 in Rajasthan and thereafter in more

than 20 states. Apart from this, there was a public nuisance department in Rajasthan to take care of public nuisance, but the

government

There was no provision in this system for any such institution, through which the complaints of misappropriation of funds,

corruption and inefficiency against ministers, secretaries and public servants could be investigated and investigated.

As a result, to inculcate a sense of confidence and satisfaction in the public and to provide clean, honest and efficient

administration, independent to look into and investigate complaints of misuse of office, corruption and inefficiency, etc., against

ministers, secretaries and public servants. agency

It was immediately considered necessary to create a Lokayukta, and for this purpose, in the year 1973,

the Rajasthan Lokayukta and the Lokayukta Ordinance was promulgated, which became effective in

Rajasthan from February 3, 1973. It got the assent of the then President on March 26, 1973 and since

then it is effective in the state as an Act.

The much awaited Lokwal and Lokayuk Act, 2013 -2014 was enacted by the Parliament for the

establishment of the institution of Central National Lokal and National Lokayukta, which received

the assent of the then President on January 1, 2014. This Act has been published in the Gazette

of India dated the 16th January, 2014 with effect from the 16th January, 2014.

Q13 - Comment on the following.

i. world charter

II. bill type

iii. Definition of right to food security iv.

Dimensions of e Guinness

world charter

Ans- A citizen's declaration is a document in which an organization systematically describes its

commitment to its citizens with respect to the standards of its services, organization related information,

advice and counselling, non-discriminatory access to services, grievance redressal and courtesy etc.

And in this it is also ensured that the services of the organization are citizen centric. What are the

services provided by an organization under Citizen's Charter, the process of getting them and the time

taken to get them and who is responsible for it? etc. are described.

It is a well-accepted fact all over the world that good governance is essential for sustainable

development, both economic and social. The emphasis is on the three essential aspects of governance,

accountability and responsiveness of administration. The Citizen's Charter is an attempt to address the

problems that are faced by the day to day citizens while contending with the organizations that interact with the public services

The concept of Citizen's Charter is to establish trust between the service provider and its user. The above concept

first took concrete form in the year 1991 under the Congress Government of United Kingdom of John Mayer

and was implemented in the form of a national program with the common goal of continuously improving the quality

of public services to the people of the country. These services can be tailored to the needs and desires of the users.

The program was relaunched in 1998 by Tony Blair's Labor government under the name 'Services First'.

How to make citizen empowered in India

India has made remarkable progress in the field of economic development over the years. Along with this, the

substantial growth in the literacy rate has made Indian citizens highly aware of their rights. Citizens have become

more vocal and expect the administration to not only fulfill their demands but also anticipate them.

In this context, in the year 1996, a consensus was formed in the government with regard to effective and reactive

administration, in the meeting of chief ministers of various states and union territories held in New Delhi on May 24,

1997, under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister, for "effective and responsive government at the center and at

the state level" . Action Plan' was adopted. One of the major objectives of this conference was that the Central

and State Governments would prepare a Citizen's Charter, starting with the most populous areas (railway,

telecommunication, post, public distribution system). It was intended to include a time limit that the public would

reasonably expect, an opportunity for redressal of grievances, and a provision for an independent inquiry with the

participation of citizen and consumer groups.

The Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances initiated the work of coordination,

drafting and implementation of the Citizen's Charter in the Government of India. Charter preparation guidelines

and a list of 'Do's and Don'ts' were communicated to various government departments and organizations to enable

them to develop focused and effective charters. The Center and State Government agencies were advised to set up

a task force with user representatives, senior management and frontline staff to prepare the Charter.

The basic objective of the Citizen's Charter is to empower the citizens in the context of public service delivery .

• Bringing excellence to the organization

• Making the organization customer oriented

• Holding employees of the organization accountable

• To accelerate the organization and make it result oriented and

• Attentiveness to customer needs

Citizen's Charter Principles

• Quality: Improving the quality of services

• Alternatives: Wherever possible

• Criteria: Specifying

• Value: For Taxpayers Like

• Accountability: Individuals and organizations and

• Privacy: Rules, Procedures, Plans and Grievances

Problems before Citizen's Charter

• Lack of awareness among citizens

• Lack of ability of the organization's staff to respond to the needs of the citizens

• Organization's working style and culture not developed smoothly • Organization's

working style and charter not updated with changing environment

• Non-propriety of employees with respect to customer feedback Non-incorporation of good standards in the citizen's

charter is also a major problem, which also leads to lack of accountability in the organization as a good citizen's

charter makes the organization accountable and responsible towards its customers makes. Therefore it is very

important to have a good citizen's charter in effect.

Measures to make Citizen's Charter effective

• Following the Model Citizen's Charter Code * Emphasis on research and research while preparing the Citizen's

Charter

• Involving civil society to make the process of creation of the Citizens Charter transparent and transparent.

Ensuring effective role of media

• Re-evaluating the Citizen Charter from time to time

• Making necessary amendments or additions to the Citizen's Charter based on public feedback and

• To give legal status to the Citizen's Charter.

Evaluation of Citizen's Charter

The evaluation of the charters prepared by various government agencies was done in October, 1998 by the

Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances and Non-Government Consumer Coordination

Committee, New Delhi. The results were extremely encouraging considering the scale of this initiative in India.

The questionnaire has been circulated to all the departments and State Governments and Union Territories to

enable them to initiate their Citizen's Charter Local Level Assessment. Organizations have also been advised to

get external evaluation done by giving them the same priority as NGOs.

During the year 2002-2003, the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances appointed a

professional agency to prepare a standardized model for internal and external evaluation of the Citizen's Charter

in a more effective, result-oriented and realistic manner. This agency also evaluated the implementation of

charters of 5 organizations of the Central Government and 15 departments and organizations of the State

Governments of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh. The agency was expected to suggest methods

for increasing awareness within the organization and among users, and suggest possible methods for staff and

management optimization in the job of Susan Charteris.

bill types

Answer – Different Forms/Types of Budget

To make the budget more effective, different formats of the budget are being used from time to time. The following is an

analysis of the different forms of budget used in India from time to time

1. Execution Bill

In India, the intergovernmental budget system was adopted, so that the necessary control over the budget is kept by the

Parliament. But in the 1950s, there was also a focus on efficiency in the budget. It was during this tenure that the use of

performance budgeting was introduced by the Hare Commission (1949) in America. This commission suggested the introduction

of performance budgeting in America.

The main objective of the traditional budget in India was to control the government expenditure and to carry out

development works and not to develop at a faster pace. As a result this finance of traditional budget was unable to solve the

problems of independent India and achieve the goal of development. This is the reason why the need and importance of

'Performance Budget' was accepted in India and it is presented as a 'supplement' to the traditional budget.

Performance budget is the budget prepared on the basis of the results of the work. Performance budgeting is basically

based on 'goal-oriented' and 'objective-oriented' method in which the 'outcomes of work' are made the basis of evaluation

rather than merely accounting for organizational income and expenditure.

2. Zero dependent bill

There are two main reasons for rejecting this budget -

A. Persistent deficit in the country's budget.

b. Non-successful implementation of the performance budgeting system.

c. It puts a check on the growth of taxes.

d. It leads to critical evaluation of the program plan which leads to economy in the plan.

e. It makes use of limited resources on a temporary basis.

Zero based budgeting system was first used in India in 1983 in the Department of Science and Technology.

After this V.D. It was introduced in the Grand Budget process in 1987-88 by Singh, the then Finance Minister.

Went.

3. Program Bill

Program budgeting also originated in America. Program budgeting was introduced in 1965 by US President

Johnson. This budget was not implemented in America for a long time and in 1971 it was abandoned in

America. In the program budgeting system, plan program and budget are merged together. In this,

effectiveness is given more importance than its efficiency.

4. Target Driven Budget

This budgeting system has characteristics of various earlier budgeting systems such as performance

budgeting, zero-based budgeting, and program budgeting. In this budget system, the central administration

has the right to determine the objectives of a program and the expenditure on it. Apart from this, this

budgeting system can also be understood in such a way that where the traditional budgeting is from bottom to

top, on the other hand, in the target based budgeting system, budgeting is from the center to the local

department. Thus, the central forest control has been made more effective in this budget.

5. Result Bill

In the result budget, the main attention is paid to the fact that how much money is spent on a program and

whether its result is commensurate with this expenditure or not. The outcome budget also serves as a

'benchmark' in the performance of the Ministries and Departments for further improvement in service delivery,

production process, evaluation of programs and results. This ensures that the development programs can be

made more effective through outcome budgeting and also get accurate information about the coverage of the

targets set for them.

6. Vendor dependent bill

Recognizing the contribution of the budget towards women's empowerment and women's empowerment in

our country, for the first time in the budget of the year 2005-2006, the Central Government practically started

the gear budgeting and in the year 2006-2007, this system was further expanded. Bill was given for effective

implementation.

In the current budget, the weight of all those schemes and programs related to women and child welfare,

how much money has been allocated, it is considered as a jail-based budget. Through jair budgeting, the

government makes provision to ensure provision of a fixed amount every year for schemes and programs

related to the development, welfare and empowerment of women.

Right to food security explained

Answer -

Introduction - "Food security" means the assured supply of food items and the availability of food items

for the general public. Food security has always been a topic of discussion throughout history. In the World

Food Conference in 1974, the definition of 'Food Security' was given, in which the emphasis was on food

replacement.

Law To provide the right to food to every citizen of the country, the Parliament of India enacted a law in

2013 called the National Food Security Act, 2013.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), food security is a state when all people

at all times have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their

dietary needs for an active and healthy life. related needs and food preferences can be predicted.

right to food security

The right to food security is a principle established by international human rights law. It sets the

responsibility for respect, protection and provision of the right to food security for member states. The

general principle of food security includes four major dimensions namely – access, availability, industry

and sustainability. As a member of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International

Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, India has an obligation to eliminate hunger and ensure

the right to adequate food.

The National Human Rights Commission in its interpretation said that the right to food is a fundamental

right of Indians. Along with this, in 2003, it was further clarified that 'the right to be free from the

land is a fundamental right'.

The right to food is not included in the Indian Constitution, but various judgments of the Supreme Court have clarified

that the right to food under Right to Life (Section 21) is implicit in the right to dignity, employment etc. The states are enjoined

by the constitution to make such a policy that every citizen equally has the right to an adequate means of livelihood and to

make efforts to improve public health by raising the nutrition and standard of living of the citizens . Articles 39(a) and 47

have said that it will be the primary responsibility of the nation.

According to Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, every person has the right to liberty of life

and to the security of the body. The Right to Development Declaration of 1986 also made it clear that the night for

development would ensure that people have access to opportunities in terms of basic resources such as food, housing,

education, employment, etc.

The right to food has been included as a human right in the interpretation of parts 3 and 4 of the constitution and in the

international declarations that India has ratified. Here it is necessary to mention the public interest litigation filed in 2001 by

DUCL (TV Union for Civil Liberties). In this the Government of India, the Food Corporation of India and all the State

Governments were made partners. It said that the right to food is a fundamental right (under section 21) but the central

and state governments are violating it.

Action was requested in this petition-

(a) Employment work should be available to all in drought affected villages.

(b) The entitlement of food grains in public distribution should be increased.

(C) Subsidized food grains should be given to all the families and for all this programs the central government will provide free of cost.

Provide food grains.

National Food Security Act

The Government has notified the National Food Security Act, 2013, enacted by the Parliament on 10th September,

2013, with the objective of ensuring availability of good quality food grains at affordable prices to the people to lead a

dignified life. Providing them with food and nutritional security from a human life-cycle point of view while making them

available in quantity.

The Act provides for coverage of 75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population to receive subsidized

food grains under the Targeted Social Distribution System (TVDS), thus covering almost two-thirds of the population. The

individual farmer is entitled to receive 5 kgs of foodgrains per month per farmer at subsidized prices of Rs.3/ 2/1 per kg of

rice/wheat/coarse cereals respectively. The existing Antyodaya Anna Yojana households, which include the specified

number of persons, will continue to receive 35 kg food grains per household per month.

The Act also lays special emphasis on nutritional support for women and children. Pregnant women and lactating

mothers are also entitled to receive maternity benefit of at least Rs.6000 in addition to food during pregnancy and 6

months after child birth. Children up to the age of 14 years are also entitled to receive food as per the prescribed

nutritional standards. In the event of non-replenishment of entitled food grains or meals, the beneficiaries will receive food

security allowance. The Act also provides for setting up of grievance redressal machinery at the district and state levels.

Separate provisions have also been made in this Act to ensure accountability and accountability.

Dimensions of Food Security

The general principle of food security includes three major dimensions. Which are as follows –

1. Availability - Getting food grains from natural resources-

• Well organized distribution system

• Satisfying nutritional requirement •

Conforming to traditional food practices • Being safe

• Being of standard quality

2. Access –

Economic Access - It should be ensured that the price of food grains is not so high that the individual or the family

cannot consume the quantity and nutritional value according to their needs. It is natural that food security should be

provided through social security schemes to the targeted and deprived sections of the society.

Physical access – It means that adequate quantity of food grains should be available within the reach of every

person. In this regard, it is necessary to facilitate access for physically-psychologically challenged and forest-

dependent people.

3. Growth in food production and poverty

India has registered a below average and unsustainable growth in poverty rate since the mid-1960s. Despite this,

according to the latest announcement of the government, only 26 percent of the country's population is below the

poverty line; However, this figure has been challenged at several levels. It is clear from this that even after the

production has increased four times in the country, the question of people's bread remains the same. We are still not

in a position to meet the food requirements of the people.

Naturally, the observed experience suggests that the growth of food production is not directly related to the

condition of food security of the society and it has to be accepted that the share of non-food grains in the increase

in the country's production is very high. Has increased at a faster pace like- oil, sugar, milk, meat, grains,

vegetables and fruits. These giants now hold 60 per cent of the total consumption share of the people.

National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013

Unannounced: September 10, 2013

Objective: Its objective is to provide food and nutritional security to the people by providing them adequate quantity

of good quality food grains at affordable prices to lead a dignified life.

provision

• 5 kg of food grains per person per month, including rice at Rs.3 a kg, wheat at Rs.2 a kg and millets at Re.1 a

kg. • However, under the Antyodaya Anna Yojana, the existing 35 kg of food grains per family per month is

provided.

Will continue to do

• There is a provision to provide maternity benefit of at least Rs.6000 to pregnant women and mothers giving birth,

apart from food during pregnancy and six months after the birth of the child. • Meals for children up to 14 years

of age.

• Food security allowance to the beneficiaries in case of non-recovery of food grains or food. •

Setting up of district and night wise grievance redressal mechanism.

The Government has notified the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 on 10th September, 2013.

It is deemed to have come into force on 5th July, 2013, the date on which the National Food Security Ordinance,

2013 was promulgated.

However, in the NFSA, a period of one year i.e. up to 4.7.2014 was provided to the State Governments to identify

the households to be covered under the Targeted Public Distribution System (TVDS).

Was.

Dimensions of E Guinness

Introduction

E-governance means making all government work accessible to the public through online service so that both the

government office and the public can save more time, and you do not need to visit different offices again and again. Simply

put, all government works have been made online under e-governance so that people can apply online for government

works sitting at home.

E-governance generally refers to the use of information and communication technology at all levels of government to

provide services to citizens, interact with business enterprises, and communicate and exchange information between

various agencies of government in a faster, easier, convenient and transparent manner. The experiment is understood.

Dimension of e-Guinness

There are 4 types of E-Governance and all four have different systems and functions, under which it works, a complete

system has been created in it, which helps in achieving the objective. Some of its types are as follows:

1. G2G (Government to Government): G 2 G means government to government, when the exchange of information and

services takes place within the confines of a government, it is called G 2 G interaction. Works between local government

agencies and between different levels of the unit.

2. G2C (Government to Citizen): G2C means Government to Citizen, it works between government and general public

and between different levels of units and between different levels of units.

3. G2B (Business to Government): G2B (Business to Government), this e-Governance helps business people to interact

with the government in a seamless manner. The objective is to establish transparency in the business environment and to

interact with the government.

4. G2E (Government to Employes): G2E i.e. Government to Employees, Government of any country

is the biggest employer and hence it regularly works with the employee, which makes it effective and

efficient between the government and the employees. Helps in making faster contracts and helps in

increasing their profits. Also reaching their level of satisfaction.

Benefits of e-Guinness

1. E-governance improves the efficiency and quality of administrative work and

services. 2. All the data is easily available to the government through e-governance.

3. Governments take better decisions by analyzing these data while formulating various plans and policies

Can

4. As a result of e-governance, a common data is generated which can be used for various purposes.

This can be done.

5. This can strengthen healthy and forward-looking dialogue between the public and the government. 6. One

of the important steps for good governance is to simplify the processes of the government so that the distance learning

system can be speeded up by making it transparent and this is possible only through e-governance. 7. Business

and new opportunities have been created by e-Ginance.

conclusion

E-governance services are gaining momentum in India, but there is a need to increase public awareness

and reduce digital divide. The success of e-governance initiatives largely depends on the availability of

high-speed internet, and in the near future 5 Nationwide spread of G-tech will strengthen our resolve.

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